WO2006013928A1 - 光回路装置 - Google Patents
光回路装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006013928A1 WO2006013928A1 PCT/JP2005/014310 JP2005014310W WO2006013928A1 WO 2006013928 A1 WO2006013928 A1 WO 2006013928A1 JP 2005014310 W JP2005014310 W JP 2005014310W WO 2006013928 A1 WO2006013928 A1 WO 2006013928A1
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- Prior art keywords
- optical
- optical circuit
- polarization
- circuit device
- waveguide
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/126—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind using polarisation effects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
- G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
- G02B6/12019—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the optical interconnection to or from the AWG devices, e.g. integration or coupling with lasers or photodiodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
- G02B6/2726—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means in or on light guides, e.g. polarisation means assembled in a light guide
- G02B6/274—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means in or on light guides, e.g. polarisation means assembled in a light guide based on light guide birefringence, e.g. due to coupling between light guides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
- G02B6/2753—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means characterised by their function or use, i.e. of the complete device
- G02B6/2793—Controlling polarisation dependent loss, e.g. polarisation insensitivity, reducing the change in polarisation degree of the output light even if the input polarisation state fluctuates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29346—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by wave or beam interference
- G02B6/2935—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means
- G02B6/29352—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means in a light guide
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of optical communications.
- Thermo-optic effect is generally used as a means for expressing a variable characteristic function in these optical circuits.
- the thermo-optic effect is a phenomenon in which the refractive index of quartz glass changes with temperature.
- the effective refractive index of the changed optical waveguide changes, and the phase of the light propagating there changes.
- a variable waveguide interferometer can be constructed to realize a variable characteristic function.
- FIG. 14 shows the gain characteristics of the optical amplifier and dynamic equalizer with respect to wavelength in a configuration using a conventional dynamic gain equalizer.
- Figure 14 (b) also shows the gain flattening characteristics with respect to wavelength.
- FIG. 14 (a) shows the result of performing the flattening shown in FIG. 14 (b) on the gain wavelength characteristic with the optical amplifier power using a dynamic gain equalizer. At this time, the insertion loss was 7. OdB.
- FIG. 15 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 1000.
- the optical circuit device 1000 includes a PLC optical circuit 1010, a polarization beam splitter / combiner 1020, and PMF (Polarizati on Maintaining optical ber) 1031 and 1032.
- the optical circuit 1010 and the polarization beam splitter / combiner 1020 are connected via the PMFs 1031 and 1032.
- the polarization beam splitter / combiner 1020 is connected to the circulator 200 via an SMF (Single Mode Optical Fiber) 300.
- SMF Single Mode Optical Fiber
- Incident light that has passed through the circulator 200 is first connected to the polarization splitting / combining unit 1020 by the SMF 300, and the polarization splitting / combining unit 1020 uses the two polarizations whose polarization planes are orthogonal to each other (for example, in FIG. TE polarized light and TM polarized light).
- One of the separated polarized waves (TM polarized light in FIG. 15) rotates the polarization plane by 90 degrees by rotating the PMF 1032 and enters the optical circuit 1010 (as TE polarized light in FIG. 15).
- the other polarization (TE polarization in Fig.
- Non-Patent Literature 1 Doerr, “An Automatic 40- Wavelength Channelized Equalizer”, ⁇ P hotonics technology Letters, vol.12, No.9, September 2000, PI 195
- the polarization planes of the PMF1031, 1032 and the optical circuit 1010 are perfectly matched when connecting the optical circuit 1010. It is necessary to make it.
- the alignment of the optical axis at the connection between the PMF and other optical components is difficult to realistically shift, resulting in a deterioration in the polarization extinction ratio and causing PDL. there were.
- connection loss Since there are connection points with 300 and there are many connections between optical components, the connection loss also increases, and the insertion loss of the optical circuit device 1000 is large.
- the optical circuit device 1000 has a problem in that the connection cost increases because there are many connections between optical components. In addition, since there are many connections between the optical components, the problem is that the reliability of the connection portion deteriorates.
- the optical circuit device 1000 has a problem in that the module size is increased due to the arrangement of the PMF1031 and 1032. Another problem is that the PMF block with the same direction of stress application of PMF1031 and 1032 is expensive and the cost is high.
- An object of the present invention is to reduce PDL and insertion loss in an optical circuit device that separates incident light into two polarized waves and enters the optical circuit.
- the first aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is:
- a polarization demultiplexer that separates the incident wave into two polarizations, and combines the two polarizations into the outgoing wave
- a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide connected between the optical circuit and the polarization splitter / combiner, wherein the two separated polarized waves are individually incident;
- a polarization rotation that is arranged in the first optical waveguide and rotates so that the polarization plane of one polarization separated by the polarization separation combiner becomes the polarization plane of the other polarization separated.
- the polarization beam splitting / combining device includes a polarization beam splitting / combining circuit having a polarization beam splitting / combining function connected in cascade in at least two stages in the plane substrate. Ru This is an optical circuit device.
- a third aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is an optical circuit device characterized in that the polarization rotation element is a half-wave plate.
- a fourth aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is an optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is an optical circuit having a variable characteristic function using a thermo-optic effect.
- a fifth aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is the optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is a dynamic gain equalizer.
- a sixth aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is the optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is a transversal filter.
- a seventh aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is an optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is a variable dispersion compensator.
- An eighth aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is an optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is a variable optical attenuator.
- a ninth aspect of the optical circuit device of the present invention is an optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is an optical switch.
- An optical circuit device is characterized in that a monitor input waveguide and a monitor output waveguide connected to the optical circuit are formed in the planar substrate. Circuit device.
- An eleventh aspect of the optical circuit device according to the present invention is an optical circuit device characterized in that the optical circuit is a tunable dispersion compensator using a transversal filter circuit.
- the plurality of polarization-separation combining circuits connected in cascade are configured by connecting through ports and cross ports. Road device.
- the polarization splitting synthesizer separates the incident light into two polarizations, one polarization is incident on the optical circuit, and the other polarization is rotated by the polarization rotation element. Since the polarization planes are matched and incident on the optical circuit, there is only polarization of the same polarization plane in the optical circuit, and PMF is not used, so the polarization extinction ratio does not deteriorate and PDL is greatly increased. Can be reduced. Also Because no PMF is used, there is no connection between the PMF and other parts, and insertion loss and connection costs can be greatly reduced, and the reliability of the connection can be improved. In addition, since no PMF is used, the module size of the optical circuit device can be reduced without the need for PMF handling. In addition, since no expensive PMF block is used, the manufacturing cost of the optical circuit device can be reduced.
- the polarization separation / combination circuit is connected in cascade at least in two stages, the incident wave can be more clearly separated into two polarizations, and a high polarization extinction ratio can be obtained. Can do.
- one polarization plane of two polarized waves orthogonal to each other separated by the polarization beam splitter / combiner is rotated by 90 degrees, and the other polarized wave is rotated.
- the light can enter the optical circuit according to the plane of polarization of the wave.
- PDL and insertion loss can be reduced in an optical circuit having a variable characteristic function using a thermo-optic effect.
- PDL and insertion loss can be reduced in a dynamic gain equalizer.
- PDL and insertion loss can be reduced in the transversal filter.
- PDL and insertion loss can be reduced in the tunable dispersion compensator.
- the PDL and insertion loss can be reduced in the variable optical attenuator.
- the optical characteristics of the optical circuit can be obtained by inputting the test light to the optical circuit via the monitor input waveguide and measuring the test light output through the monitor output waveguide. Can be measured without passing through other optical components, and the characteristics of the optical circuit can be adjusted based on the optical characteristic result.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 100 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. is there.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 400 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of the optical circuit device 100A of Example 1 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 4 (a) is a diagram showing gain characteristics of an optical amplifier and a dynamic equalizer with respect to wavelength in a configuration using the optical circuit device 100A.
- Figure 4 (b) shows the gain flattening characteristics with respect to wavelength.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 100B of Example 2 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 100C of Example 3 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing variable dispersion characteristics with respect to relative wavelengths in a configuration using the optical circuit device 100C.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing transmission wavelength characteristics in a configuration using the optical circuit device 100C.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 400A of Example 4 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 10 (a) is a graph showing variable dispersion characteristics with respect to relative wavelength of a variable dispersion compensator 50A using a monitor input waveguide 61 and a monitor output waveguide 62.
- FIG. 10 (b) is a graph showing the tunable dispersion characteristics with respect to the relative wavelength of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A using polarization diversity.
- FIG. 11 (a) is a graph showing the transmission wavelength characteristics of a variable dispersion compensator 50A using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62.
- FIG. 11 (b) is a graph showing the transmission wavelength characteristics of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A using polarization diversity.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the distribution of the phase error with respect to the arrayed waveguide number of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A, measured using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing variable dispersion characteristics after phase error correction in the variable dispersion compensator 50A, measured using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62.
- FIG. 14 (a) is a diagram showing gain characteristics of an optical amplifier and a dynamic equalizer with respect to wavelength in a configuration using a conventional dynamic gain equalizer.
- Figure 14 (b) shows the gain flattening characteristics versus wavelength.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 1000.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical circuit device 100Y of Example 5 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing an intersection of a waveguide through which signal light propagates and a monitor port waveguide.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the polarization extinction ratio characteristics of the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20B (through port-cross port connection) of the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the characteristics of the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20B (through port-through port connection) of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 20 is a characteristic diagram showing a group delay spectrum measurement result of the tunable dispersion compensator 10D in the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a characteristic diagram showing measurement results of the loss spectrum of the tunable dispersion compensator 10D in Example 5.
- FIG. 22 is a characteristic diagram showing changes in pass bandwidth and chromatic dispersion with respect to coefficient ⁇ in Example 5.
- Figure 1 shows the optical circuit device of this embodiment.
- the configuration of device 100 is shown.
- the optical circuit device 100 is a PLC, and on a flat substrate, the optical circuit 10, the polarization separating / combining device 20, the polarization rotating element 30, and the optical waveguides 41 and 42 Are monolithically integrated on a single chip.
- the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20 formed on the optical circuit device 100 is connected to the circulator 200 via the SMF 300.
- the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20 is connected to the optical circuit 10 via two optical waveguides, ie, an optical waveguide 41 and an optical waveguide 42.
- the polarization rotation element 30 is provided on the optical waveguide 42.
- the optical circuit 10 is assumed to be an optical circuit such as a dynamic gain equalizer, for example.
- the polarization separator / combiner 20 separates the incident light incident from the circulator 200 into two polarizations whose polarization planes are orthogonal to each other, combines the two polarizations, and outputs the resultant light to the circulator 200 as outgoing light.
- the incident light that has passed through the circulator 200 is incident on the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20 of the optical circuit device 100 via the SMF 300.
- the light is separated into two orthogonally polarized waves (in this embodiment, TE polarized light and TM polarized light) by the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20.
- the separated polarized wave propagates while maintaining the plane of polarization by the optical waveguides 41 and 42 in the optical circuit device 100.
- One of the separated polarized waves (TM polarized light in FIG. 1) is rotated by 90 degrees in the plane of polarization by the polarization rotation element 30 inserted in the optical waveguide 42, and enters the optical circuit 10 as TE polarized light.
- the light is emitted from the circuit 10 and synthesized by the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20.
- the other polarized light (TE polarized light in Fig. 1) separated by the polarization separator / synthesizer 20 is incident on the optical circuit 10 while maintaining the plane of polarization, and then is emitted from the optical circuit 10 to be converted into a polarization rotation element.
- the polarization plane is rotated 90 degrees by 30 and synthesized by the polarization beam splitter 20.
- the optical circuit device 100 that separates incident light into two polarized waves with orthogonal polarization planes and enters the optical circuit 10, only one polarized wave is generated in the optical circuit 10. Only exists in addition, since no PMF is used, there is no connection between the PMF and other optical components, and there is no deterioration in the polarization extinction ratio due to the polarization angle deviation at the time of connection, and the PDL can be greatly reduced.
- connection points between the optical components there are five connection points between the optical components (two connection points between the optical circuit 1010 and the PMF 1031 and 1032, and the polarization beam splitter / combiner 10 20. And PMF1031, 1032, and SMF300 and Polarization Separator / Synthesizer 1020 (1)), so the connection loss was large. Since the connection of the circuit device 100 (the polarization splitting / combining device 20) can be reduced to one place, the connection loss can be reduced, and the insertion loss of the optical circuit device 100 can be greatly reduced. Moreover, since the number of connection points can be reduced, the connection cost can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, since the number of connection points can be reduced, the reliability of the connection part can be improved.
- the module size of the optical circuit device can be reduced without the need for the PMF. Furthermore, the cost of manufacturing optical circuit devices can be reduced by not using expensive PMF blocks.
- FIG. 2 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 400 of the present embodiment.
- the optical circuit device 400 of the present embodiment is a PLC, and on a flat substrate, the optical circuit 50, the polarization separation combiner 20, the polarization rotation element 30, The optical waveguides 41, 42, the monitor input waveguide 61, and the monitor output waveguide 62 are monolithically integrated on one chip.
- the optical circuit device 400 has a configuration in which the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62 are added to the optical circuit device 100 of the first embodiment.
- parts having the same functions as those described in the above-mentioned figures are given the same reference numerals and explanations thereof are omitted.
- the monitor input waveguide 61 is connected to the optical circuit 50, and the test light for motor input to the optical circuit 50 is guided.
- the monitor output waveguide 62 is connected to the optical circuit 50, and the test light for monitoring output from the optical circuit 50 is guided.
- the configuration in which an optical signal is input to and output from the optical circuit 50 by separating and synthesizing incident light is the same as that in the first embodiment.
- test light for monitoring is input through the monitoring input waveguide 61 and is incident on the optical circuit 50.
- the test light emitted from the optical circuit 50 is output through the monitor output waveguide 62 and measured.
- the optical characteristics of the optical circuit 50 can be grasped and the optical circuit 50 can be determined based on the optical characteristic result before the circulator 200 is attached or without using the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20. It is possible to adjust the characteristics.
- the second embodiment in the state of the PLC chip before the circulator 200 is connected, it is possible to evaluate the characteristics of the optical circuit 50 formed in the optical circuit device 400 of the PLC. It becomes easy. It is also easy to select PLC chips and adjust their characteristics before the assembly process such as mounting the circulator 200. Furthermore, when measuring characteristics after mounting the circulator 200, the characteristics of the optical circuit 50 can be measured accurately without being affected by the optical characteristics of the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20. .
- FIG. 3 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 10 OA of this example.
- the integrated PLC optical circuit device 100A of this embodiment is provided with a dynamic gain equalizer 10A as the optical circuit 10 in the optical circuit device 100 of FIG.
- a half-wave plate 30A is provided.
- the optical branching coupler 21 as an optical circuit having a polarization beam splitting / combining function is connected in two stages in the same substrate.
- the optical branching coupler 21 uses two directional couplers that can branch and couple light while confined in the waveguide, and an optical circuit that has two optical waveguide forces connecting them.
- the difference between the effective optical path lengths of the two optical waveguides is such that one of the two orthogonal electric field components has one electric field component. Therefore, it differs by an integer multiple of the wavelength of the incident light, and differs from the other electric field component by (integer + 1Z2) times the wavelength of the incident light.
- each optical branching coupler 21 the effective optical path difference length differs for TE polarized light by an integral multiple of the wavelength of incident light.
- the effective optical path difference length differs by (integer + 1Z2) times the wavelength of the incident light, and TM polarized light can be emitted to the through port. That is, each optical branching coupler 21 can separate TE polarized light and TM polarized light.
- an optical branching coupler is obtained by combining two directional couplers and two optical waveguides connecting them (directional coupler + two waveguides + directional coupler).
- the present invention is not limited to this, and may be configured by a combination of at least two directional couplers and two optical waveguides connecting them.
- a Y branch circuit or an MMI (Multi Mode Interference) circuit may be used or a combination thereof may be used. Good.
- each optical coupler 21 includes (Y branch circuit + 2 waveguides + Y branch circuit), (MMI circuit + 2 waveguides + MMI circuit), (directional coupler + 2 waveguides) (Waveguide + Y branch circuit), (Directional coupler + 2 waveguides + MMI circuit), (Y branch circuit + 2 waveguides + MMI circuit).
- the optical branching couplers 21 having different configurations may be combined. Which optical branch coupler is used can be selected in a timely manner in consideration of the wavelength characteristics of the polarization demultiplexing / combining function and manufacturing errors of the optical branch coupler.
- Half-wave plate 30A is a birefringent plate that emits light after rotating the polarization plane of incident light by 90 degrees.
- a transversal filter type optical circuit was applied to the dynamic gain equalizer 10A.
- PMF was not used for the optical circuit device 100A, and the optical circuit device 100A and the circulator 200 were connected by SMF300.
- a silica-based glass undercladding film and core film are formed on a silicon substrate using a flame hydrolysis deposition method, and then a photo depicting the dynamic gain equalizer 10A and polarization splitting synthesizer 20A shown in Fig. 2 is drawn. Photolithography was performed through a mask, and the core was patterned using a reactive ion etching method. Then again, use the flame hydrolysis deposition method to overfill the silica glass. A clad film was formed.
- an optical branching coupler 21 as a polarization splitting / combining circuit, an optical branching coupling force bra 14, a phase adjusting means 16 on the optical delay lines 15a to 15h, and an optical branching coupling force
- the TiZNi heater provided in Bra 17 and the TiZNiZAu electrode for power supply were formed, and an integrated PLC of dynamic gain equalizer 10A and polarization separation synthesizer 20A was produced.
- a groove is formed by dicing in one optical waveguide 42 connecting the dynamic gain equalizer 10A and the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A, and a polyimide half-wave plate 30A is inserted to form the optical circuit device 100A. did. Finally, the circulator 200 and the optical circuit device 100A are connected by the SMF300 to configure the polarization diversity.
- the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20 A is configured to include the two-stage optical branching coupler 21.
- the dynamic gain equalizer 10A includes a multistage optical branching coupling force bra 11 having a three-stage optical branching coupling strength bra 14, and a light having phase adjusting means 16 by TiZNi heaters on eight optical delay lines 15a to 15h.
- a connection circuit 12 and a multistage optical branching / coupling force bra 13 having a three-stage optical branching / coupling force bra 17 are provided.
- a light amplitude variable means is constituted by a TiZNi heater.
- at least one of the multistage optical branching coupling strength bras 11 and at least one of the multistage optical branching coupling strength bras 13 and at least one of the multistage optical branching coupling strength bras 13 is not limited to this configuration.
- the optical amplitude variable means may be provided.
- the optical branching coupler 21 is configured with the optical amplitude variable means by the TiZNi heater, the optical branching coupler 21 may be configured without the optical amplitude variable means, which is not limited to this configuration.
- the number of stages of the optical branching coupler 21 in the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A is not limited to two, but is preferably at least two. It can be clearly separated and a high polarization extinction ratio can be obtained. Further, the number of stages of the multistage optical branching and coupling force bras 11 and 13 is not limited to three, and the number of optical delay lines and phase adjusting means is not limited to eight.
- the optical delay lines 15a to 15h give the propagation light a set time delay corresponding to the length thereof. Based on the length of the optical delay line 15a, the optical delay line 15b is formed to be dL longer than the optical delay line 15a. It is. Similarly, the optical delay lines 15c, 15d, 15e, 15f, 15g, and 15h are formed 2dL, 3dL, 4dL, 5dL, 6dL, and 7dL longer than the optical delay line 15a, respectively.
- an incident wave incident through the SMF 300 from the circulator 200 force is separated into a TE polarization and a TM polarization by the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A.
- the separated TE polarized light is branched by the multistage optical branching and coupling force bra 11 and incident on the optical connection circuit 12, and the phase of the incident light is adjusted by the optical connection circuit 12 and output from the optical connection circuit 12.
- the branched TE polarized light is coupled by the multistage optical branching coupling force bra 13, and the coupled TE polarized light is converted to TM polarized light through the half-wave plate 30A and is incident on the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A.
- the TM polarized wave separated by the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A is changed to the TE polarized wave via the half-wave plate 30A, and the TE polarized wave is split by the multistage optical branching coupling force bra 13 for optical connection.
- the branched TE polarized light that is incident on the circuit 12 and adjusted in phase and output from the optical connecting circuit 12 is coupled by the multistage optical branching coupling force bra 11, and the combined TE polarized wave is combined with the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A. Is incident on.
- the incident TE polarized wave and TM polarized wave are combined, and the combined outgoing wave is output to the circulator 200 via the SMF 300.
- Fig. 4 (a) shows the gain characteristics of the optical amplifier and dynamic equalizer with respect to wavelength in the configuration using the optical circuit device 100A.
- Figure 4 (b) shows the gain flattening characteristics versus wavelength.
- the optical circuit device 100A shows that the gain characteristics of the optical amplifier can be flattened at a practical level for TE polarized light and TM polarized light.
- the insertion loss was about 4.5 dB or less, and a lower loss was achieved compared to the configuration without the optical circuit device 100A.
- This loss includes propagation loss of the circuit in the PLC, excess loss of the circuit, and connection loss of the SMF 300 and the circulator 200.
- the PDL is 0.5 dB or less, and the PDL can be significantly reduced by using the optical circuit device 100A.
- the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization split combiner 20A connected in cascade was 40 dB or more.
- an optical circuit device 100A as an integrated polarization diversity configuration with low insertion loss and low PDL can be manufactured.
- the polarization splitting multiplexer 20A in the PLC, a configuration in which two stages are cascade-connected as in this embodiment is performed in exactly the same process as the fabrication of a single stage polarization splitting synthesizer.
- the polarization splitter / combiner 20A can be manufactured and the characteristics of the polarization splitter / synthesizer can be improved at low cost.
- the optical connection circuit 12 is provided with the phase adjusting means 16 on the optical delay lines 15a to 15h.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the optical delay lines 15a to 15h and the phase adjusting means 16 may be connected in a column, and the connection order may be reversed.
- FIG. 5 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 100B of this example.
- the integrated PLC optical circuit device 100B of this embodiment is a low-loss polarization diversity configuration in place of the dynamic gain equalizer 10A in the optical circuit device 100A of FIG.
- the dynamic gain equalizer 10B is provided.
- the dynamic gain equalizer 10B includes a multistage optical branching coupling strength bra 11, an optical connection circuit 12B, a multistage optical branching coupling strength bra 13, and an optical branching coupling strength bra 18 and a phase adjustment on the optical delay line 15B.
- the joint means 16B and the optical branching / coupling force bra 19 are provided.
- the optical connection circuit 12B includes phase adjusting means 16 using TiZNi heaters on the eight optical delay lines 15i to 15p.
- the optical delay lines 15j to 15p and the optical delay line 15B are formed to be longer by the optical delay line 15 beam dL, 2d L, 3dL, 5dL, 6dL, 7dL, 8dL, and 4dL, respectively.
- the phase adjusting means 16B may be configured with a force that is configured by a Ti / Ni heater. Further, the optical delay lines 15i to 15p and the phase adjusting means 16 may be connected in cascade, and the connection order may be reversed. Further, the optical delay line 15B and the phase adjusting means 16B may be connected in cascade, and the connection order may be reversed. In the optical branching coupling force bras 18, 19, it is assumed that the optical amplitude variable means is constituted by Ti ZNi heater, but it is not constituted.
- the gain flattening characteristics of the optical amplifier In addition to being equivalent to the optical circuit device 100A of Example 1, the insertion loss of the optical circuit device 100B is about 3.5 dB or less, and a further low loss can be realized. Also, the optical circuit device 100B has a PDL force SO. 5 dB or less, and can reduce PDL.
- the optical circuit 10 of the optical circuit device 100 of FIG. 1 has a polarization diversity having a variable characteristic function.
- Configuration of Configuration A configuration to which a dispersion compensator is applied will be described.
- FIG. 6 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 100C of this example.
- the optical circuit device 100C of the present embodiment has a configuration in which a variable dispersion compensator 10C is provided instead of the dynamic gain equalizer 10A of the optical circuit device 100A of the first embodiment.
- a phase shifter is provided in the arrayed waveguide portion of an AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating), and an optical circuit that obtains a tunable dispersion amount by applying a phase to propagating light is applied.
- the tunable dispersion compensator 10C includes a slab waveguide 11C connected to the optical waveguide 41, an array waveguide 12C composed of a plurality of channel channel waveguides 12Ca, and a plurality of channel waveguides 12Ca.
- a phase adjustment unit 13C including a plurality of phase shifters 13Ca provided and a slab waveguide 14C connected to the optical waveguide 42 are provided.
- the fabrication of the optical circuit device 100C is similar to the fabrication of the optical circuit device 100A of the first embodiment, but it is a pattern using a photomask in which the variable dispersion compensator 10C and the polarization separation multiplexer 20A are drawn. This is done by forming a Ti / Ni heater for the phase shifter 13Ca part by sputtering or sputtering.
- a phase adjusting unit 13C is provided in the AWG arrayed waveguide 12C and a phase is given to propagating light to obtain a tunable dispersion amount.
- the number of channel waveguides 12Ca and phase shifters 13Ca is twelve forces in the drawing, but is not limited to this. For example, a configuration in which a large number, such as 100, may be provided.
- M is a positive integer
- an incident wave incident from the circulator 200 via the SMF 300 is separated into a TE polarization and a TM polarization by the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A.
- the separated TE polarized light is branched by the slab waveguide 11C and incident on the arrayed waveguide 12C.
- the branched light propagates through each channel waveguide 12Ca, and the phase is adjusted by each phase shifter 13Ca.
- the TE polarization is coupled by the slab waveguide 14C, and is converted into TM polarization via the half-wave plate 30A and is incident on the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A.
- the TM polarized wave separated by the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A is turned into TE polarized light via the half-wave plate 30A, and the TE polarized light is branched by the slab waveguide 14C to be connected to each channel waveguide 12Ca.
- the phase is adjusted by each phase shifter 13Ca, coupled by the slab waveguide 14C, and the coupled TE polarization is incident on the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A.
- the incident TE polarized wave and TM polarized wave are combined, and the combined outgoing wave is output to the circulator 200 via the SMF 300.
- FIG. 7 shows variable dispersion characteristics with respect to relative wavelengths in a configuration using the optical circuit device 100C. As shown in FIG. 7, it can be seen that variable dispersion is obtained even in the configuration using the optical circuit device 100C. At this time, the insertion loss was about 3.5 dB, and a low loss key of about 1. OdB was realized compared to the configuration without the optical circuit device 100 C. This loss includes the propagation loss of the circuit in the optical circuit device 100C, the excess loss of the circuit, the connection loss of the SMF 300 and the circulator 200.
- FIG. 8 shows the transmission wavelength characteristics when the maximum dispersion amount is set in the configuration using the optical circuit device 100C.
- the PDL of the optical circuit device 100C is 0.5 dB or less.
- the PDL can be significantly reduced.
- the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization separation multiplexer 20A connected in cascade was 40 dB or more.
- the insertion loss and PDL can be reduced.
- optical circuit used for the tunable dispersion compensator is not limited to the configuration using AWG.
- any optical circuit that can be formed in a PLC such as an optical circuit using a lattice filter or an optical circuit using a ring resonator, may be used.
- the optical circuit 50 of the optical circuit device 400 of FIG. 2 has a polarization diversity having a variable characteristic function.
- FIG. 9 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 400A of this example.
- the optical circuit device 400A of the present embodiment is provided with a variable dispersion compensator 50A using AWG as the optical circuit 50 in the optical circuit device 400 of FIG.
- a polarization separation combiner 20A is provided as 20, and a half-wave plate 30A is provided as the polarization rotation element 30.
- the tunable dispersion compensator 50A includes a slab waveguide 51 connected to the optical waveguide 41 and the input waveguide 61, an arrayed waveguide 52 including a plurality of channel waveguides 52a, and a plurality of channel waveguides 52a.
- a phase adjustment unit 53 comprising a plurality of phase shifters 53a provided on each of them, a characteristic adjustment unit 54 comprising a plurality of characteristic adjustment heaters 54a respectively provided on a plurality of channel waveguides 52a, an optical waveguide 42 and an output waveguide And a slab waveguide 55 connected to the waveguide 62.
- the tunable dispersion compensator 50A has a configuration different from that of the tunable dispersion compensator 10C of the third embodiment.
- the first input waveguide connected to the end face of the slab waveguide 51 in the outer direction of the arrayed waveguide 52 with respect to the focal position of the slab waveguide 51, and the focal point of the slab waveguide 55 The first output waveguide formed on the end face of the slab waveguide 55 in the inner direction of the arrayed waveguide 52 with respect to the position is defined as a first set of input / output waveguides.
- the second input waveguide connected to the end face of the slab waveguide 51 at a position symmetrical to the first input waveguide with respect to the focal position of the slab waveguide 51, and the focal position of the slab waveguide 55
- the second output waveguide connected to the end face of the slab waveguide 55 at a position symmetrical to the first output waveguide, and the second set of input / output waveguides.
- the first input waveguide and the first output waveguide are connected to the polarization beam splitter / multiplexer 20A via the optical waveguide 41 and the optical waveguide 42, respectively.
- the second input waveguide and the second output waveguide are connected to a monitor input waveguide 61 and a monitor output waveguide 62 formed on two different chip end faces, respectively.
- the first input Transmission wavelength characteristics of light output from the waveguide to the AWG circuit and output from the first output waveguide force and transmission wavelength characteristics of light output from the second input waveguide and output from the second output waveguide force Are almost identical.
- the test input light is input to the first input waveguide of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A using the monitor input waveguide 61, and the first output waveguide force is output to the monitor output guide.
- the transmission wavelength characteristics of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A formed in the PLC optical circuit device 400A can be measured without using the circulator 200.
- a characteristic adjustment heater 54a different from the dispersion variable heater (phase shifter 53a) is formed on each channel waveguide 52a.
- phase shifter 53a phase shifter
- variable dispersion and transmission wavelength characteristics of the variable dispersion compensator 50A and the optical circuit device 400A that separates and combines the optical signals via the polarization splitting / combining device 20A after mounting the circulator 200 (polarization diversity configuration)
- the variable dispersion characteristics and transmission wavelength characteristics of the variable dispersion compensator 50A in FIG. Fig. 10 (a) shows the tunable dispersion characteristics for the relative wavelength of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A, measured using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62.
- Figure 10 (b) shows the tunable dispersion characteristics with respect to the relative wavelength of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A, measured using polarization diversity.
- Figure 11 (a) shows the transmission wavelength characteristics of the tunable dispersion compensator 5OA measured using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62.
- Figure 11 (b) shows the transmission wavelength characteristics of the variable dispersion compensator 50A, measured using polarization diversity.
- variable dispersion compensation obtained by inputting TE polarized test light from the monitor input waveguide 61 and measuring the light output from the monitor output waveguide 62
- the variable dispersion characteristics of 50A are almost the same as the variable dispersion characteristics measured using the polarization diversity shown in Fig. 10 (b). The same characteristics are obtained, and it is clear that the dispersion characteristics can be grasped without the circulator 200.
- the variable dispersion obtained by inputting the TE polarized test light from the monitor input waveguide 61 and measuring the light output from the monitor output waveguide 62 The transmission wavelength characteristics of the compensator 50A are less than that measured using the polarization diversity shown in Fig. 11 (b) because the transmission wavelength characteristics of the compensator 50A are not transmitted through the circulator 200 and the polarization separation multiplexer 20A. Although it was about 5 dB smaller, almost the same transmission wavelength characteristics were obtained, and it was confirmed that the transmission wavelength characteristics could be grasped.
- FIG. 12 shows the phase error distribution for the arrayed waveguide number of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A measured using the monitoring input waveguide 61 and the monitoring output waveguide 62.
- FIG. The array waveguide number is a number assigned to each channel waveguide 52a of the array waveguide 52 of the variable dispersion compensator 50A.
- FIG. 12 shows the variable dispersion characteristics after phase error correction in the variable dispersion compensator 50A, measured using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62.
- variable dispersion characteristic of the variable dispersion compensator 50A measured using the monitor input waveguide 61 and the monitor output waveguide 62 is such that the maximum variable dispersion amount is obtained by phase error correction.
- the pre-correction -130 to +80 [ps / nm] force shown in Fig. 10 (a) was greatly improved to about -190 to +130 [psZnm].
- the characteristics of the tunable dispersion compensator 50A can be obtained from the circulator 200 and the polarization separation multiplexer 20A. Measurements can now be made without intervening, so the characteristics of the optical circuit alone can be accurately grasped in advance, and precise phase adjustment has become possible.
- FIG. 16 shows the configuration of the optical circuit device 100Y of this example.
- the integrated PLC optical circuit device 100Y of this embodiment is provided with a variable dispersion compensator 10D as the optical circuit 10 in the optical circuit device 100 of FIG.
- a polarization separation combiner 20B is provided as 0, and a half-wave plate 30A is provided as the polarization rotation element 30
- the optical branching coupler 21 as an optical circuit having a polarization beam splitting / combining function is connected in two stages in the same substrate.
- the light emitted from the through port in the optical branch coupler 21 is emitted from the cross port in the optical branch coupler 22, and the light emitted from the cross port in the optical branch coupler 21 is the optical branch coupler 22.
- the connection path is designed so that the light is emitted from the through port.
- the difference in effective optical path length between the two optical waveguides is such that two orthogonal electric field components have two orthogonal electric field components, and the wavelength of the incident light for one electric field component. It is different by an integer multiple, and the other electric field component is different by (integer + 1Z2) times the wavelength of the incident light.
- the polarized light emitted to the through port in the optical branch coupler 21 is emitted to the cross port in the optical branch coupler 22, and the polarized light emitted to the cross port in the optical branch coupler 21.
- the effective optical path difference length is set so that the wave is emitted to the through port.
- the effective optical path difference length differs for TE polarized light by an integer multiple of the wavelength of the incident light, and the TE polarized light is emitted to the crossport, and in TE optical polarization coupler 22, Therefore, the effective optical path difference length differs by (integer + 1Z2) times the wavelength of incident light, and TE polarized light is emitted to the through port.
- the effective optical path length for TM polarized light is different by (integer + 1Z2) times the wavelength of the incident light, and TM polarized light is emitted to the through port. Therefore, the effective optical path difference length differs by an integral multiple of the wavelength of the incident light, and the TM polarized light is emitted to the cross port.
- the optical input end that is not used for connection is connected to the chip end face as monitor ports 101 to 107 and 110 to 115 for characteristic adjustment. Yes.
- Each of the optical branch couplers 21 and 22 is provided with a thin film heater that is an adjusting means capable of changing the refractive index of the waveguide by the thermo-optic effect and changing the effective optical path difference length!
- each thin film heater is supplied with electric wiring made of a gold thin film, and an optical waveguide film is used on both sides of each thin film heater to reduce power consumption. A heat insulation groove that has been removed until it reaches is formed.
- the tunable dispersion compensator 10D of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 16 is made of a silica-based planar optical waveguide, and is an optical branching coupler VCx-x (x_x is 1) that has a 2-input 2-output MZI circuit power.
- Multi-stage optical branching force bra formed by connecting -1 to 4-8 in the form of a tree and an optical combining force bra that is a 2-input 2-output MZI circuit power
- the multistage optical coupling force VCy-y (yy is an arbitrary value between 5-1 and 8-1) and the optical output terminals of the multistage optical branching force bra VCx-X and the multistage optical coupling formed It has 16 optical delay lines d that are interposed between the corresponding optical input ends of the wave power bra VCy-y and delay the propagation time of propagation light for a set time, and 16 phase shifters PS1 to PS16.
- the optical delay lines d are optical transversal filter circuits that are arranged in parallel with each other at an interval so that the length is increased by a set amount in order toward the one end side force in the parallel arrangement direction toward the other end side. It is configured.
- each of the optical branching force bra VCx-x and the optical multiplexing force bra VCy-y has an optical branching ratio adjusting means capable of changing the refractive index of the waveguide by the thermo-optic effect and changing the branching ratio.
- a thin film heater is formed. Although not shown for simplification, each thin film heater is supplied with electric wiring made of a gold thin film, and on both sides of each thin film heater, an optical waveguide film is used as a substrate to reduce power consumption. The heat insulation groove removed until it reaches is formed.
- each optical delay line d the phase of the propagating light propagating through each optical delay line d is converted into a thermo-optic effect. Accordingly, a thin film heater which is a variable phase adjusting means is formed, and phase shifters PS1 to PS16 are configured.
- one of the two optical input ends of the first-stage optical branching force bra VC1-1 is connected to the optical branching coupler 22, and the other is An optical input port 108 is connected to the chip end face.
- one of the two optical output ends of the optical coupling coupler VC8-1 at the final stage is connected to the optical branching coupler 22, and the other corresponds to the optical input port 104. 208 is connected to the chip end face.
- the optical input terminals in the second and subsequent optical branching force VCx-x are the monitor ports 101 to 107 and 110 to 115 are connected to the chip end face.
- the optical output ends not used for connection with the preceding optical multiplexing force bra VCy-y are the monitor ports 201 to 207.
- 210 to 215 are connected to the chip end face.
- the optical branch couplers 21 and 22 and the variable couplers can be changed. It can measure the characteristics of the dispersion compensator optical branching force VCx-x, optical multiplexing force bra VCy-y, and phase shifter PSx.
- the energization amount to the thin film heater on each MZI circuit constituting the multistage optical branching force bra VCx-x and the multistage optical multiplexing power bra VCy-y is determined.
- the optical amplitude of the 16 optical paths (taps) can be arbitrarily adjusted.
- the phase of each tap can be arbitrarily adjusted by appropriately adjusting the amount of current supplied to the thin film heater on each optical delay line d. Therefore, variable It is possible to set the characteristics of the dispersion compensator 10D.
- the monitor port waveguide has an optical branching force blur, etc. Since the signal light does not propagate, it is only used when grasping the characteristics, so there is no problem in grasping the characteristics.
- a discontinuous portion is provided in the monitor waveguide at the intersection between the waveguide through which signal light propagates and the monitor port waveguide.
- the waveguide through which light propagates and the monitoring waveguide are not connected and are separated from each other.
- the end face between the discontinuous parts of the monitoring waveguide is made parallel to the waveguide through which the signal light propagates.
- optical circuit device 100Y of the integrated PLC of this example shown in Fig. 16 described above was manufactured as follows.
- an optical transversal filter circuit having a silica-based optical waveguide force was formed on a silicon substrate by using a flame hydrolysis deposition method (FHD method) and reactive ion etching (RIE).
- the relative refractive index difference of the waveguide was 1.5%, and the core size was 5 m x 5 m.
- a thin film heater and a power supply electrode were formed by sputtering.
- a heat insulating groove was formed by RIE.
- the chip was cut out by dicing.
- Figure 18 shows the characteristics of the polarization splitter / combiner 20B (through port-cross port connection). From Fig. 18, a polarization extinction ratio of 40 dB or more is obtained in the wavelength band 1523 to 1568 nm. For comparison, Fig. 19 shows the characteristics of the polarization beam splitter / combiner 20A (through port-through port connection) fabricated in Example 1. From Fig. 19, a polarization extinction ratio of 40 dB or more is obtained in the wavelength band 1526 to 1564 nm. Both have a wide bandwidth of 38nm or more, and 40d It can be seen that a high polarization extinction ratio of B or higher is obtained. In addition, when comparing the two, it is possible to obtain a higher polarization extinction ratio over a wider band by using the through port-cross port connection than using the through port-through port connection. Wow.
- Table 1 shows the various parameters used to construct the tunable dispersion compensator using this optical transversal filter circuit.
- Fig. 20 shows the group delay spectrum of the tunable dispersion compensator thus obtained
- Fig. 21 shows the loss spectrum
- the optical circuit 10 is not limited to this.
- the optical circuit 10 other configurations of dynamic gain equalizers and variable dispersion compensators, other optical circuits having a variable characteristic function using a thermo-optic effect, other transversal filters, variable optical attenuators or optical It can also be used as a configuration where switches are applied.
- the optical circuit 50 includes a dynamic gain equalizer, a tunable dispersion compensator with other configurations, another optical circuit having a variable characteristic function using a thermo-optic effect, a transversal filter, a variable optical attenuator, or an optical switch. As a configuration to apply.
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Abstract
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JP2006146097A (ja) * | 2004-11-25 | 2006-06-08 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 可変分散補償器、可変分散補償デバイス |
WO2008035753A1 (fr) * | 2006-09-21 | 2008-03-27 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Bloqueur de longueur d'onde |
JPWO2008035753A1 (ja) * | 2006-09-21 | 2010-01-28 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 波長ブロッカ |
JP2008250021A (ja) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-10-16 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 光モジュール |
WO2012105247A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-03 | 2012-08-09 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | Soa-plcハイブリッド集積偏波ダイバーシティ回路およびその製造方法 |
US8837869B2 (en) | 2011-02-03 | 2014-09-16 | Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | SOA-PLC hybrid integrated polarization diversity circuit and method for manufacturing the same |
WO2013035259A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-08 | 2013-03-14 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | 光増幅装置 |
US9054486B2 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2015-06-09 | Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Optical amplifier device |
WO2014020669A1 (ja) * | 2012-07-30 | 2014-02-06 | 富士通オプティカルコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 光受信回路 |
JP5920467B2 (ja) * | 2012-07-30 | 2016-05-18 | 富士通オプティカルコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 光受信回路 |
JPWO2014020669A1 (ja) * | 2012-07-30 | 2016-07-11 | 富士通オプティカルコンポーネンツ株式会社 | 光受信回路 |
US9461753B2 (en) | 2012-07-30 | 2016-10-04 | Fujitsu Optical Components Limited | Optical receiver circuit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4927548B2 (ja) | 2012-05-09 |
JP2011197700A (ja) | 2011-10-06 |
US7492983B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 |
JPWO2006013928A1 (ja) | 2008-05-01 |
US20080031566A1 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
JP5261542B2 (ja) | 2013-08-14 |
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