WO2005053029A1 - ダイヤモンドn型半導体、その製造方法、半導体素子、及び電子放出素子 - Google Patents
ダイヤモンドn型半導体、その製造方法、半導体素子、及び電子放出素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005053029A1 WO2005053029A1 PCT/JP2004/017077 JP2004017077W WO2005053029A1 WO 2005053029 A1 WO2005053029 A1 WO 2005053029A1 JP 2004017077 W JP2004017077 W JP 2004017077W WO 2005053029 A1 WO2005053029 A1 WO 2005053029A1
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- diamond
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- type semiconductor
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- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 292
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 292
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 271
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 24
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 23
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 15
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 10
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- 230000005355 Hall effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
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- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- UNPLRYRWJLTVAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cloperastine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)OCCN1CCCCC1 UNPLRYRWJLTVAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091006149 Electron carriers Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/12—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
- H01L29/16—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
- H01L29/1602—Diamond
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/12—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
- H01L29/16—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/30—Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode
- H01J1/308—Semiconductor cathodes, e.g. cathodes with PN junction layers
Definitions
- Diamond n-type semiconductor manufacturing method thereof, semiconductor device, and electron-emitting device
- the present invention relates to a diamond n-type semiconductor, a method for manufacturing the same, a semiconductor device to which the diamond n-type semiconductor is applied, and an electron-emitting device to which the diamond n-type semiconductor is applied.
- n-type or p-type semiconductors Power devices to which semiconductor materials such as SCR, GTO, SIT, IGBT, and MISFET are applied are manufactured using n-type or p-type semiconductors.
- concentration of each carrier it is important to form a very high carrier concentration and reduce the resistance. This is because it is preferable that the contact resistance with the electrode metal supplying the current is small.
- high-concentration doping has formed an n + layer and a P + layer, and realized ohmic characteristics with low contact resistance with the metal layer through that layer.
- the n + layer and the p + layer may be formed by epitaxial growth, or may be formed by forming a metal or the like and diffusing elements by annealing. Also, it can be formed by ion implantation or the like.
- the n-type layer having a low resistance affects the characteristics of a semiconductor, it greatly affects not only! / ⁇ ⁇ but also an electron-emitting device applicable to a display, an electron gun, a fluorescent tube, a vacuum tube, and the like.
- a wide gap material tends to have a low electron affinity, and if an n-type layer is formed, it can be used as a material having a low work function! / And is promising as an electron emission material.
- the carrier concentration is low, even if a bias is applied, electrons cannot be sufficiently accumulated, and the effect of applying a noise cannot be effectively used, so that electron emission cannot be facilitated.
- a semiconductor having a high carrier concentration is important for both semiconductor applications and electron emission applications.
- p-type semiconductors can be easily doped at a very high concentration by vapor phase growth, but n-type semiconductors have been difficult to dope at a high concentration.
- P (phosphorus) doping ⁇ S (sulfur) doping It was very difficult to increase the doping concentration.
- these elements are larger than C (carbon), which is a constituent atom of diamond, and are therefore difficult to be incorporated during crystal growth!
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a diamond semiconductor in which a P-doped film and an S-doped film are vapor-phase synthesized on a diamond substrate, respectively.
- Patent Literature 3 and Non-Patent Literature 1 describe diamond semiconductors heavily doped with N (nitrogen) as an n-type dopant and B (boron) as a p-type dopant, respectively.
- Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3 each describe that a P-doped film is vapor-phase synthesized on a diamond ⁇ 111 ⁇ substrate.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that an S-doped film is vapor-phase synthesized on a diamond ⁇ 100 ⁇ substrate.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 1704860
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 2081494
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent No. 3374866
- Non-patent document l Shiomi et al. JJAP, Vol. 30 (1991) p.1363
- Non-Patent Document 2 Terachi et al., New Diamond Vol.17 No.l (2001) p.6
- Non-Patent Document 3 Koizumi et al. Appl.Phys. Lett.Vol. 71, No. 8 (1997) p. L065
- Non-Patent Document 4 Gamo et al., New Diamond Vol. 15 No. 4 (1999) p. 20
- the inventors have found the following problems. That is, the conventional diamond n-type semiconductor has a very large change in carrier concentration in a temperature range from room temperature to a high temperature, where the carrier concentration at room temperature is low and the force is low. Therefore, the amount of change in the resistance value was very large.
- the carrier concentration typically, the carrier concentration of 10 13 cm- 3 at room temperature - While it is 10 14 cm one 3 about, 500. In the high-temperature C 10 17 cm- 3 - it is about 10 18 cm- 3.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and has a diamond n-type semiconductor in which the amount of change in carrier concentration is sufficiently reduced in a wide temperature range, a method for manufacturing the same, and a method for manufacturing the same. It is an object to provide a semiconductor element to which an n-type semiconductor is applied and an electron-emitting element to which the diamond n-type semiconductor is applied.
- a diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention includes a first diamond semiconductor having an n-type conductivity.
- This diamond semiconductor is characterized in that the temperature dependence of the electron concentration of the conductor shows a negative correlation at a temperature range of 100 ° C or higher within a temperature range of at least 0 ° C and a temperature range of 300 ° C.
- the carrier concentration there is a temperature region in which the temperature dependence of the electron concentration of the conductor, that is, the carrier concentration has a negative correlation.
- the carrier concentration The fact that the temperature dependence shows a negative correlation means that the carrier concentration decreases as the temperature increases.
- the carrier concentration is always positively correlated with the temperature because the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration shows a negative correlation over the temperature range of 100 ° C or more in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C.
- the change in carrier concentration over a wide temperature range is smaller than that of a conventional diamond n-type semiconductor showing Moreover, the fact that such a correlation appears in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C is very useful for the application of diamond n-type semiconductors. This is because, in general, this temperature range is included in the operating temperature of the semiconductor device or the electron-emitting device. Therefore, the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention can be widely applied to various semiconductor devices and electron-emitting devices.
- the amount of change in the carrier concentration means the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the carrier concentration in the considered temperature range. Specifically, the amount of change in the carrier concentration of the diamond n-type semiconductor in the temperature range from 0 ° C. to 500 ° C. is less than three digits, and more preferably less than one digit.
- the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of the conductor shows a positive correlation at least in the temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C in a temperature range of 100 ° C or more.
- the Hall coefficient of the conductor is proportional to the electron concentration, that is, the reciprocal of the carrier concentration. That is, when the temperature dependence of the electron carrier concentration shows a negative correlation, the Hall coefficient of the conductor shows a positive correlation.
- the variation of the Hall coefficient means the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the Hall coefficient in the considered temperature range.
- the change amount of the Hall coefficient in the temperature range from 0 ° C. to 500 ° C. is less than three digits, and more preferably less than one digit.
- the first diamond semiconductor when used to form a stacked structure with an n-type layer having a lower donor element concentration than that of the first diamond semiconductor, the first diamond semiconductor force is also reduced to the n-type layer.
- a high carrier effect can be obtained.
- the above-mentioned temperature range preferably exists in a temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C over 200 ° C or more.
- the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration shows a negative correlation over the temperature range of 200 ° C or higher
- the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of the conductor shows a positive correlation over the temperature range.
- the amount of change in carrier concentration in the temperature range is sufficiently small.
- the first diamond semiconductor preferably has a resistivity of 500 ⁇ cm or less at least at any temperature within a temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C. .
- the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration shows a negative correlation
- the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient shows a positive correlation.
- the first diamond semiconductor preferably has an electron concentration of at least 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 in a temperature range from 0 ° C. to 300 ° C.
- the electron concentration is always 10 16 cm- 3 or more, that is, the minimum value of the carrier concentration in this temperature region
- the effect of applying a bias is more than 10 16 cm— 3 or the maximum value of the Hall coefficient is 6.25 ⁇ 10 2 C_1 cm 3.
- the first diamond semiconductor may one or more donor elements containing more than a total of 5 X 10 19 cm- 3.
- a gas containing hydrogen gas and carbon as a raw material is introduced into a synthesis device (chamber) that is maintained at a pressure of about 1.33 ⁇ 10 3 Pa to 1.33 ⁇ 10 4 Pa.
- active species such as including radicals and ions of hydrogen and carbon by giving, grown as always maintained SP 3 bond of carbon on the substrate.
- the temperature around the substrate during the growth is 600 ° C.
- the gas flow of the chamber is designed so that these active species efficiently reach the substrate surface.
- a doping gas containing a donor element is introduced into such a device.
- high concentration doping is difficult. Because these gases begin to decompose below 600 ° C, very little of the donor element is transported onto the substrate, and the rest adheres to the chamber walls or is exhausted outside the chamber. Such a loss is inferior in doping efficiency due to the large atomic radius, and becomes fatal in the case of high concentration doping in the case of a donor element.
- the inventors have established a position for introducing a doping gas into the chamber, for example, on a substrate support so that many donor elements can reach the substrate while diamond grows on the substrate.
- the donor element is preferably an element containing at least P.
- the first diamond semiconductor which contains at least P as a donor element, has a more remarkable effect of being able to suitably manufacture a diamond n-type semiconductor having a sufficiently high carrier concentration. Is done.
- the donor element may be an element containing at least S.
- the first diamond semiconductor contains at least S as a donor element, the above-described effect that a diamond n-type semiconductor having a sufficiently high carrier concentration can be preferably manufactured is more remarkable. Is played.
- the first diamond semiconductor may contain an impurity element other than the donor element together with the donor element.
- an impurity element other than the donor element By doping the donor element while introducing an impurity element other than the donor element in this manner, an effect that the donor element can be doped at a very high concentration while suppressing the crystallinity of diamond is suppressed.
- the first diamond semiconductor may contain 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more of Si as the impurity element.
- the first diamond semiconductor can contain a donor element at a very high concentration while suppressing the crystallinity of diamond by containing 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more of Si as an impurity element. The effect is more remarkably exhibited. This effect appears when the PZC (number ratio of phosphorus atoms to carbon atoms) in the vapor phase is 5, OOOppm or more when the P-doped diamond semiconductor is produced by vapor phase growth.
- the first diamond semiconductor is preferably a single crystal diamond. In this case, a diamond n-type semiconductor having particularly excellent characteristics as an n-type semiconductor as compared with polycrystalline diamond can be obtained.
- the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention may further include a second diamond semiconductor provided adjacent to the first diamond semiconductor and determined as n-type.
- the second diamond semiconductor it is preferable that the temperature dependence of the electron concentration of the conductor does not show a negative correlation and the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of the conductor does not show a positive correlation.
- the carriers permeate (diffuse) into the second diamond semiconductor adjacent to the first diamond semiconductor, and the carrier concentration of the entire diamond n-type semiconductor including the first and second diamond semiconductors increases.
- the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration of the diamond semiconductor has a negative correlation
- the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of the conductor has a positive correlation. It's ok.
- the first diamond semiconductor and the second diamond semiconductor are diamond semiconductors having different characteristics from each other.
- a diamond semiconductor according to a conventional technology corresponds.
- the semiconductor device according to the present invention is at least partially constituted by a diamond n-type semiconductor having the above-described structure (a diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention).
- a semiconductor element which can operate well in a wide temperature range can be obtained.
- a diamond n-type semiconductor can be applied to a contact portion of a semiconductor element with an electrode metal. In this case, good ohmic contact is realized.
- the electron-emitting portion is composed of the diamond n-type semiconductor having the above-described structure (the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention).
- the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- the first diamond semiconductor is epitaxially grown on the diamond substrate while artificially introducing an impurity element other than the donor element into the diamond substrate.
- This prevents the donor crystal from being heavily doped while preventing the crystallinity of the diamond from significantly deteriorating.
- the obtained diamond n-type semiconductor can be obtained.
- artificially introducing the impurity element is intended to exclude a case where impurities other than the donor element are naturally or accidentally mixed.
- the formation of the first diamond semiconductor while artificially introducing strains and defects into the crystal also makes it possible to prevent the crystallinity of the diamond from being significantly degraded and to reduce the donor element. It is possible to obtain a diamond n-type semiconductor heavily doped with Nb.
- the impurity element introduced into the diamond substrate is preferably Si.
- Si is used as an impurity, the above effect of obtaining a diamond n-type semiconductor doped with a large amount of a donor element while preventing the crystallinity of the diamond from being greatly degraded is further remarkably exhibited.
- the technique of artificially introducing an impurity element other than the donor element and the technique of artificially imparting crystal strain or crystal defect improve the crystallinity of the diamond by increasing the purity. This is inconsistent with the direction aimed at by the prior art, and is the knowledge obtained by the present inventors as a result of earnest research.
- the prior art even if P and S can be doped at a high concentration as donor elements, since these elements are larger than carbon, which is a constituent atom of diamond, the crystal lattice is distorted and the crystallinity is deteriorated. If the crystallinity of the diamond breaks down or defects are introduced into the crystal, the electrical resistance may increase. In the case where the defect to be introduced graphically contains a pi bond, the electrical resistance may be low, but since the conductivity is metallic, n-type determination is not made in the measurement and evaluation.
- a diamond n-type semiconductor in which the amount of change in carrier concentration is sufficiently reduced in a wide temperature range, a method for manufacturing the same, a semiconductor element using the diamond n-type semiconductor, and an electron emission device An element is realized.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a typical example of a diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a carrier seepage effect.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the measurement results regarding the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration of a sample manufactured as a diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a measurement result regarding the temperature dependence of a Hall coefficient of a sample manufactured as a diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing a measurement result regarding the temperature dependence of resistivity of a sample manufactured as a diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph showing an electron-emitting portion of an electron-emitting device to which the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 7 is a table showing conditions for synthesizing a phosphorus-doped layer and measurement results of the Hall effect for a plurality of samples manufactured as the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 shows the measurement of the phosphorus doping layer synthesis conditions, the Si atom concentration in the SIMS result, and the Hall effect of a plurality of samples manufactured as the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention when Si was supplied by gas. It is a table showing a result.
- FIG. 9 shows the synthesis conditions of the phosphorus-doped layer when Si was supplied as a solid, the concentration of the Si element in the SIMS result, and the Hall effect of a plurality of samples manufactured as the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention. It is a table
- Region (a) in Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the first embodiment of the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- the diamond n-type semiconductor 1 according to the first embodiment includes a diamond substrate 10 and a first diamond semiconductor layer 12.
- a single crystal diamond is used.
- the diamond substrate 10 it is more preferable to use a single crystal diamond which can use a heteroepitaxy substrate or a highly oriented polycrystalline film.
- a first diamond semiconductor layer 12 is formed on the main surface S1 of the diamond substrate 10.
- the formation of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 is preferably performed by a microwave plasma CVD method in a device in which the introduction of the dopant gas has been optimized since the controllability of the donor concentration is good.
- a microwave plasma CVD method in a device in which the introduction of the dopant gas has been optimized since the controllability of the donor concentration is good.
- other forming methods may be used.
- P phosphorus
- S sulfur
- a hydride such as phosphine (PH) or hydrogen sulfide (HS) is preferably used as a source material of the donor element.
- the plane orientation of the main surface S1 is preferably ⁇ 111 ⁇ when P is a donor element, and ⁇ 100 ⁇ when S is S.
- the main surface S1 having a plane orientation of ⁇ 111 ⁇ may be obtained by forming a fine ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane on the ⁇ 100 ⁇ substrate by an appropriate processing technique.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 can be used for an appropriate semiconductor evaluation device or measurement device. Therefore, the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration (electron concentration) shows a negative correlation in a part of the temperature region where the n-type determination is made, and the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of the conductor is positive.
- the correlation is shown.
- the temperature region where such a correlation appears is at least within the temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C, and preferably exists over the temperature range of 100 ° C or more, and more preferably 200 ° C. It is preferably present over a temperature range of at least ° C. As an example of this case, as shown in FIG. 3, the above-mentioned correlation appears in a temperature range from 100 ° C to 300 ° C.
- the above correlation is preferably positive in the carrier concentration and negative in the Hall coefficient, as in the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the prior art.
- the carrier concentration decreases with increasing temperature from room temperature to 300 ° C, and the carrier concentration increases with increasing temperature at higher temperatures.
- the room temperature here is 25 ° C
- the donor element is heavily doped.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 preferably contains at least 5 ⁇ 10 cm ′′ or more of one or more types of donor elements. Further, it is preferable that the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 contains at least P as a donor element. It may contain at least S as a donor element.In order to dope the donor element in a large amount, for example, the introduction position of the doping gas into the chamber may be a gas introduction port provided on the substrate support.
- the methane concentration in the microwave plasma CVD method is very low.
- the methane concentration is preferably less than 0.08%, more preferably less than 0.03%, whereas if the methane concentration is too low and less than 0.003%, the diamond growth rate will be too slow. Therefore, the methane concentration is preferably 0.003% or more because it is not practical for film formation.
- the donor element in order to dope the donor element in a large amount while suppressing the crystallinity of diamond, it is necessary to introduce impurities other than the donor element together with the donor element when forming the first diamond semiconductor layer 12. Is preferred. Such impurities are more abundant than the above donor elements. Introduced at low concentrations. As an impurity, Si is suitable, and its concentration is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm " 3 or more. The effect that the donor element can be doped at a very high concentration while suppressing the deterioration of the crystallinity of diamond is as follows.
- PZC number ratio of phosphorus atoms to carbon atoms
- A1 may be used as an impurity.
- the donor element may be doped while artificially imparting strain or point defects to the diamond crystal.
- the carrier concentration of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 is 0 Oite the temperature range from ° C to 300 ° C at all times, 10 16 cm- 3 or more is preferably not 5 X 10 than is preferred instrument of 16 cm — 3 or more. Further, the resistivity of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 is preferably not more than 500 ⁇ cm at least in any temperature range from 0 ° C. to 300 ° C.!
- the diamond n-type semiconductor 1 has a temperature region in which the temperature dependency of the carrier concentration shows a negative correlation and the temperature dependency of the Hall coefficient of the conductor shows a positive correlation. I do. For this reason, the carrier concentration is always positively correlated with temperature, and the Hall coefficient is always negatively correlated with temperature dependence. Small change in carrier concentration. Specifically, the change amount of the carrier concentration in the temperature range from 0 ° C. to 500 ° C. is less than three digits, and more preferably less than one digit. The same phenomenon can be understood even when considering a plurality of carriers having different mobilities. In other words, it is also a force that superimposes a phenomenon in which one carrier decreases and a phenomenon in which the other carrier increases. Therefore, the diamond n-type semiconductor 1 can be widely applied to various semiconductor devices and electron-emitting devices.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 when used to form a stacked structure with an n-type layer having a lower donor element concentration than the first diamond semiconductor layer 12, the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 From the carrier to the n-type layer, an effect of exuding can be obtained.
- the above temperature range exists over 100 ° C. in the temperature range from 0 ° C. to 300 ° C. In this case, the amount of change in carrier concentration in a wide temperature range becomes sufficiently small. When the above temperature range exists over 200 ° C., the variation of the carrier concentration in a wide temperature range becomes much smaller.
- the negative correlation of the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration and the positive correlation of the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient appear in the temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C because of the application of the diamond n-type semiconductor 1. , Very useful. This is because, in general, this temperature range is included in the operating temperature of the semiconductor device or the electron-emitting device.
- the diamond n-type semiconductor 1 When the diamond n-type semiconductor 1 has a resistivity of 500 ⁇ cm or less at least at any temperature in the above temperature range, the diamond n-type semiconductor 1 is applied to a semiconductor device or an electron-emitting device. The contact resistance with the electrode metal supplying the current is reduced.
- the carrier concentration is always 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or more in the above temperature range
- the effect of applying a bias becomes remarkable, and therefore good electron Release characteristics are obtained.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 contains one or more kinds of donor elements, for example, P element or S element in more than 5 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3, the diamond n having a sufficiently high carrier concentration The type semiconductor 1 is obtained.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 When the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 is formed while introducing an impurity element other than the donor element together with the donor element, a large amount of the donor element is doped while preventing the crystallinity of diamond from being significantly degraded. A diamond n-type semiconductor is obtained.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 2 preferably contains Si as the impurity element other than the donor element at a concentration of IX 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the above effect that the donor element can be doped at a very high concentration while suppressing the crystallinity of diamond is more remarkably exhibited. This effect appears when PZC (number ratio of phosphorus atoms to carbon atoms) in the gas phase is 5, OOOppm or more when P-doped diamond semiconductor is produced by vapor phase growth.
- Region (b) in Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a second embodiment of the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention.
- the diamond n-type semiconductor 2 according to the second embodiment includes a diamond substrate 10, a first diamond semiconductor layer 12, and second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b.
- a second diamond semiconductor layer 14a, a first diamond semiconductor layer 12, and a second diamond semiconductor layer 14b are sequentially formed.
- the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 is grown using a microwave plasma CVD system with an optimized dopant gas introduction method, and the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b are grown epitaxially with a normal microwave CVD system. It can be formed by this.
- the diamond substrate 10 and the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 are as described for the first embodiment shown in the area (a) in FIG.
- the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b are similar to the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 in that the n-type determination is made, but the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration has a more negative correlation, and the hole of the conductor is The temperature dependence of the coefficients does not have a positive correlation. That is, the carrier concentration of the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b is always either a force having a positive correlation with the temperature or a constant value regardless of the temperature.
- the names of the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b are given for convenience in order to distinguish them from the first diamond semiconductor layer 12.
- the carrier also seeps into the second diamond semiconductor layers 14 a and 14 b adjacent to the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 with the force of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12. Therefore, the carrier concentration of the entire diamond n-type semiconductor 2 increases.
- the temperature dependency of the carrier concentration of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 has a negative correlation as described above, the effect of exuding carriers is particularly high.
- only one of the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b may be provided. That is, in the diamond n-type semiconductor 2 according to the second embodiment shown in the region (b) in FIG. 1, both surfaces of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 are covered by the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b. Force Only one surface of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 may be covered by the second diamond semiconductor layer 14a or the second diamond semiconductor layer 14b. Alternatively, in the diamond n-type semiconductor 2 according to the second embodiment shown in a region (b) in FIG. 1, the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a, 14b are formed so as to cover substantially the entire surface of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12.
- the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and Z or the second diamond semiconductor layer 14b may be provided so as to cover only a part of the surface of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12. ⁇ .
- at least a portion of the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 has a second diamond semiconductor layer 14a, Since 14b is provided adjacent to the diamond n-type semiconductor 2 according to the second embodiment, the effect that the carrier concentration increases due to the exudation of carriers as described above is obtained.
- the diamond n-type semiconductor 2 according to the second embodiment shown in the area (b) in FIG. 1 only the first diamond semiconductor 12 is provided, but the first diamond semiconductor Needless to say, a configuration in which a plurality of semiconductor layers similar to 12 are provided and alternately stacked with a plurality of second diamond semiconductor layers is also possible.
- the region (c) in FIG. 2 relates to the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the second embodiment, and the regions (a) and (b) in FIG. 2 relate to a comparative example.
- the region (a) in FIG. 2 is an energy band when a boron-doped layer (B-dope layer) and an undoped layer (undope layer) are stacked.
- the doped layer also causes carriers to seep into the undoped layer due to diffusion. While the force is acting, a force acts to pull carriers back from the undoped layer to the doped layer due to the potential barrier. For this reason, the entropic force due to diffusion and the potential force due to fixed charges are in opposition to each other, and the seeping force is reduced.
- the region (b) in FIG. 2 is an energy band when a high-concentration boron-doped layer and a low-concentration boron-doped layer are stacked.
- the potential barrier is lower than the energy band shown in the area (a) in FIG. 2, the force for pulling back carriers is also small.
- the force that opposes the exudation of the carrier still works, but the exuding power is also reduced.
- the carrier concentration does not depend on the temperature, that is, takes a constant value regardless of the temperature change.
- the effective band gap becomes small, so that carrier injection into the intrinsic semiconductor becomes difficult.
- the region (c) in FIG. 2 includes a high-concentration phosphorus-doped layer (for example, the first diamond semiconductor layer 12 in the second embodiment) and a low-concentration phosphorus-doped layer (for example, in the second embodiment).
- This is an energy band when the second diamond semiconductor layers 14a and 14b) are stacked.
- the band gap of the high-concentration phosphorus-doped layer is not small, a potential barrier hardly occurs between the high-concentration phosphorus-doped layer and the low-concentration phosphorus-doped layer. Rather, Fermi level (E rear
- the diamond n-type semiconductors 1 and 2 are all SCR, GTO, SIT, It can be suitably applied to semiconductor devices such as IGBT and MISFET.
- semiconductor devices such as IGBT and MISFET.
- the diamond n-type semiconductors 1 and 2 are applied to part or all of the n-type layers of these elements, these elements can operate well in a wide temperature range.
- a semiconductor element such as a pn diode can be formed by making a pn junction between a diamond n-type semiconductor and a diamond p-type semiconductor.
- the diamond n-type semiconductors 1 and 2 can be suitably applied to electron-emitting devices used for displays, electron guns, fluorescent tubes, vacuum tubes, and the like.
- An electron-emitting device in which the diamond n-type semiconductor 2 is applied to an electron-emitting portion can operate well in a wide temperature range and has high electron-emitting characteristics.
- a target plate for receiving electrons may be provided, and the electron-emitting device may be configured to positively charge the target plate and negatively charge the diamond n-type semiconductor.
- Phosphorus-doped diamond was epitaxially grown on a 2mm square single crystal diamond IIa ⁇ ll ⁇ substrate by a microwave plasma CVD apparatus optimized for dopant gas introduction under the following conditions.
- FIG. 7 is a table showing the synthesis conditions of a plurality of samples manufactured as the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention, the synthesis conditions of the phosphorus-doped layer, and the measurement results of the Hall effect. is there.
- the minimum carrier concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 1 It was found to be 6 cm— 3 or more. This is because in a temperature range below a certain temperature, the carrier concentration tends to increase as the temperature decreases, so that the carrier concentration is below a certain amount (ie, the carrier concentration at the boundary temperature between the positive correlation and the negative correlation). It is related to not decreasing.
- a p-type diamond layer is an n-type layer in which the temperature dependency of the carrier concentration has a negative correlation in a temperature range of 100 ° C or more within a temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C.
- a layer with a negative correlation in the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration in a temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C and below 100 ° C or
- a pn diode is obtained by joining a layer having only a positive correlation and a p-type diamond layer without a temperature dependence of carrier concentration having a negative correlation.
- the rectification ratio and forward resistance of the latter pn diode changed by more than three orders of magnitude, whereas the former pn diode changed by less than 11 digits.
- the force changed by only one or two orders of magnitude.
- the temperature control of the element requires that the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration be within a temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C and a temperature range of 100 ° C or more.
- the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C is less than 100 ° C. It was much easier than using a diamond n-type semiconductor with only negative or positive correlation.
- a diamond n-type semiconductor whose temperature dependence of carrier concentration has a negative correlation in the temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C and a temperature range of 100 ° C or higher, is used as an electron emitter (electron emission unit).
- the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration is negatively correlated, or the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration is positive in the temperature range below 100 ° C.
- the distance between the emitter and the anode was 100 m. Comparing the threshold voltage (electron emission start voltage) and the maximum emission current value, the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration in the temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C in the temperature range above 100 ° C.
- the electron emission device using a diamond n-type semiconductor which has a negative correlation, has a lower threshold voltage of 550 V or less and a higher maximum emission current value.
- the threshold voltage was as low as 500V or less.
- the "threshold voltage" column in FIG. The threshold voltage measurement results for each sample are shown!
- a carrier concentration (electron concentration) in a temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C over a temperature range of 100 ° C or more is set on a diamond ⁇ 100 ⁇ single crystal substrate having a plurality of microprojections formed on the main surface.
- Electron-emitting device obtained by vapor-growing a diamond n-type semiconductor whose temperature dependence of (concentration) is negatively correlated.
- the temperature range from 0 ° C to 300 ° C on the diamond ⁇ 100 ⁇ single crystal substrate
- Electron emission obtained by vapor-phase growth of a diamond n-type semiconductor that has a negative correlation with the carrier concentration temperature dependence or a positive correlation with the carrier concentration temperature dependence within a temperature range below 100 ° C.
- Fig. 6 shows an electron emission device using a diamond n-type semiconductor whose carrier concentration has a negative correlation in the temperature range of 100 ° C or higher in the temperature range of 0 ° C to 300 ° C. It is a photograph of an electron emission part.
- the electron-emitting portion was arranged so as to have symmetry with respect to a 90-degree rotation about the central axis when the electron-emitting device was viewed from the vertical direction. This symmetry is called "4-fold rotational symmetry". This makes it possible to form the electron-emitting devices regularly and prevent contact with the adjacent electron-emitting portions.
- this electron-emitting device has four continuous ⁇ 111 ⁇ small planes centered on an axis inclined within 10 degrees from the vertical direction, and ⁇ 100 ⁇ arranged at the center and tip of these small planes. And a small plane. All the electron-emitting portions other than the electron-emitting portion shown in FIG. 6 also had the shapes shown in FIG.
- the electron-emitting portion when the electron-emitting device is viewed from the vertical direction, the electron-emitting portion preferably has a four-fold rotational symmetry having a central axis having an inclination of preferably 35 degrees or less from the vertical direction.
- the electron-emitting portion preferably has four-fold rotational symmetry having a central axis inclined within 10 degrees from the vertical direction. As a result, they can be formed more regularly, and can be more reliably prevented from contacting the projections of the adjacent electron-emitting devices.
- the diamond semiconductor contains P as a donor element, and in the case of vapor phase growth, the temperature range of 100 ° C. or more in the temperature range of 0 ° C. to 300 ° C. on the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane.
- the temperature dependence of the electron concentration is negative, and the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient is positive. Seki is easily obtained.
- the electron-emitting device having the electron-emitting portion operates well in a wide temperature range, and can obtain high electron-emitting characteristics.
- Example 2 in addition to this, a solid source of Si (Si semiconductor substrate) was placed near the diamond substrate, mixing of Si was attempted, and the synthesis of a phosphorus-doped layer also produced a diamond n-type semiconductor. obtain.
- FIG. 8 shows the conditions for synthesizing a phosphorus-doped layer (diamond semiconductor layer) when Si was supplied by gas, the Si atom concentration in SIMS results, and the Hall effect of the manufactured sample (diamond n-type semiconductor).
- 5 is a table showing the measurement results of the above.
- Fig. 9 is a table showing the synthesis conditions of the phosphorus-doped layer when Si was supplied as a solid, the Si atom concentration of SIMS results, and the Hall effect measurement results of the manufactured sample (diamond n-type semiconductor). It is.
- the upper two samples are samples to which SiO is supplied as a solid.
- the result force of 8 when Si is mixed atomic concentration 1 X 10 17 or ZCM 3 or more, the 0 ° C or et 300 ° temperature region of up to C, and the temperature range of 100 ° C or higher
- the range of sample formation conditions that exhibit a characteristic that the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration has a negative correlation and the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient has a positive correlation has been widened. That is, in the above specific example 1, the characteristic having the above correlation was exhibited only in the sample having a phosphine concentration of 22, OOOppm or more (see FIG. 7). As shown, the above characteristics were exhibited in samples below 20, OOOppm (10, OOOppm and 5, OOOppm in Fig. 8).
- the threshold voltage which is the measurement result of the electron emission characteristics, as in the specific example 1, is shown in the “threshold voltage” column of FIG.
- the threshold voltage is lower than 700V and the maximum emission current is higher.
- a sulfur-doped diamond was epitaxially grown under the following conditions using a microwave plasma CVD apparatus in which dopant gas introduction was optimized.
- Example 2 Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the rectification ratio and the forward resistance of the pn diode manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 was measured. The threshold voltage of the electron-emitting device manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 was measured, and as a result, all the samples were as low as 700 V or less.
- the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention is broad and has a small amount of change in carrier concentration in a temperature range, and is therefore applicable to semiconductor elements such as diodes and electron-emitting devices. In this case, an element having a small change in element characteristics with respect to temperature can be obtained. Therefore, the diamond n-type semiconductor according to the present invention is publicly applicable to light emitting element transistors and the like.
- the present invention is applicable to semiconductor devices such as SCRs, GTOs, SITs, IGBTs and MISFETs, and to electron-emitting devices that form part of displays, electron guns, fluorescent tubes, vacuum tubes, and the like.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2005515760A JP4835157B2 (ja) | 2003-11-25 | 2004-11-17 | ダイヤモンドn型半導体、その製造方法、半導体素子、及び電子放出素子 |
US10/580,346 US20070272929A1 (en) | 2003-11-25 | 2004-11-17 | Diamond N-Type Semiconductor, Method of Manufacturing the Same, Semiconductor Device, and Electron Emitting Device |
EP04819316A EP1693895B1 (en) | 2003-11-25 | 2004-11-17 | DIAMOND n-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENT, AND ELECTRON EMITTING ELEMENT |
US13/426,375 US20120175641A1 (en) | 2003-11-25 | 2012-03-21 | Diamond n-type semiconductor, method of manufacturing the same, semiconductor device, and electron emitting device |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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JP2003-394183 | 2003-11-25 | ||
JP2003394183 | 2003-11-25 | ||
JP2004087812 | 2004-03-24 | ||
JP2004-087812 | 2004-03-24 |
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US13/426,375 Continuation US20120175641A1 (en) | 2003-11-25 | 2012-03-21 | Diamond n-type semiconductor, method of manufacturing the same, semiconductor device, and electron emitting device |
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WO2005053029A1 true WO2005053029A1 (ja) | 2005-06-09 |
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PCT/JP2004/017077 WO2005053029A1 (ja) | 2003-11-25 | 2004-11-17 | ダイヤモンドn型半導体、その製造方法、半導体素子、及び電子放出素子 |
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US (2) | US20070272929A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1693895B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4835157B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20060122868A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005053029A1 (ja) |
Cited By (7)
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JP2007095975A (ja) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-04-12 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | ダイヤモンドパワー半導体デバイス及びその製造方法 |
JP2008543718A (ja) * | 2005-06-22 | 2008-12-04 | エレメント シックス リミテッド | ハイカラーのダイヤモンド層 |
JP2009518273A (ja) * | 2005-12-09 | 2009-05-07 | エレメント シックス テクノロジーズ (プロプライアタリー) リミテッド | 高結晶品質の合成ダイヤモンド |
JP2012248369A (ja) * | 2011-05-26 | 2012-12-13 | Denso Corp | 電子放出素子 |
JP2015030645A (ja) * | 2013-08-05 | 2015-02-16 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | ナノ多結晶ダイヤモンドおよびこれを備える電子銃 |
JP2015056995A (ja) * | 2013-09-13 | 2015-03-23 | 株式会社デンソー | 熱電子発電素子 |
EP2605282B1 (en) * | 2006-06-13 | 2017-11-15 | Evince Technology Limited | Diamond electrical switching device |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE602004016394D1 (de) | 2003-12-12 | 2008-10-16 | Element Six Ltd | Verfahren zum einbringen einer markierung in einen cvd-diamanten |
US20080193366A1 (en) * | 2005-02-03 | 2008-08-14 | National Institue Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Film of N Type (100) Oriented Single Crystal Diamond Semiconductor Doped with Phosphorous Atoms, and a Method of Producing the Same |
JP5273635B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-25 | 2013-08-28 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 高効率間接遷移型半導体紫外線発光素子 |
US7888171B2 (en) * | 2008-12-22 | 2011-02-15 | Raytheon Company | Fabricating a gallium nitride layer with diamond layers |
US7989261B2 (en) | 2008-12-22 | 2011-08-02 | Raytheon Company | Fabricating a gallium nitride device with a diamond layer |
US7892881B2 (en) * | 2009-02-23 | 2011-02-22 | Raytheon Company | Fabricating a device with a diamond layer |
CN118039466A (zh) * | 2024-04-12 | 2024-05-14 | 山东大学 | 一种具有Si掺杂金刚石改质层的复合衬底及半导体器件 |
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- 2004-11-17 EP EP04819316A patent/EP1693895B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JPWO2005053029A1 (ja) | 2007-12-06 |
US20070272929A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
JP4835157B2 (ja) | 2011-12-14 |
EP1693895B1 (en) | 2013-03-13 |
KR20060122868A (ko) | 2006-11-30 |
EP1693895A1 (en) | 2006-08-23 |
US20120175641A1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
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