Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
  • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
  • B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
  • B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
  • B01D53/8628—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/14—Silica and magnesia
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/42—Platinum
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/65—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/80—Mixtures of different zeolites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/34—Mechanical properties
  • B01J35/38—Abrasion or attrition resistance
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
  • C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
  • C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
  • C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
  • C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
  • C10G11/182—Regeneration
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/50—Zeolites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
  • B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
  • B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
  • B01J2229/30—After treatment, characterised by the means used
  • B01J2229/42—Addition of matrix or binder particles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
  • B01J29/084—Y-type faujasite
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
  • B01J37/0027—Powdering
  • B01J37/0045—Drying a slurry, e.g. spray drying
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
  • C10G2300/405—Limiting CO, NOx or SOx emissions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to NO x reduction compositions and the method of use thereof to reduce NO x emissions in refinery processes, and specifically in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes. More particularly, the present invention relates to NO x reduction compositions and their method of use to reduce the content of NO x off gases released from a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) regenerator during the FCC process without a substantial change in hydrocarbon conversion or the yield of valuable cracked products.
• FCCU fluid catalytic cracking unit
• FCCU Fluid catalytic cracking units
• FCCU Fluid catalytic cracking units
• Some of this coke-nitrogen is eventually converted into NO x emissions, either in the FCC regenerator or in a downstream CO boiler.
• all FCCUs processing nitrogen- containing feeds can have a NO x emissions problem due to catalyst regeneration.
• catalyst particles inventory are continuously circulated between a catalytic cracking zone and a catalyst regeneration zone.
• coke deposited on the cracking catalyst particles in the cracking zone is removed at elevated temperatures by oxidation with oxygen containing gases such as air.
• oxygen containing gases such as air.
• the removal of coke deposits restores the activity of the catalyst particles to the point where they can be reused in the cracking reaction.
• the regenerator flue gas when coke is burned with a deficiency of oxygen, the regenerator flue gas has a high CO/CO 2 ratio and a low level of NO x , but when burned with excess oxygen, the flue gas has a high level of NO x and a reduced CO content.
• U.S. Patent Nos. 4,973,399 and 4,980,052 disclose reducing emissions of NO x from the regenerator of the FCCU by incorporating into the circulating inventory of cracking catalyst separate additive particles containing a copper-loaded zeolite.
• Many additive compositions heretofore used to control NO x emissions have typically caused a significant decrease in hydrocarbon conversion or the yield of valuable cracked products, e.g., gasoline, light olefins and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), while increasing the production of coke. It is a highly desirable characteristic for NO x additives added to the FCCU not to affect the cracked product yields or change the overall unit conversion.
• the operation of the FCCU is typically optimized based on the unit design, feed and catalyst, to produce a slate of cracked products, and maximize refinery profitability.
• This product slate is based on the value model of the specific refinery. For example, during the peak summer driving season many refiners want to maximize gasoline production, while during the winter season refiners may want to maximize heating oil production. In other cases a refinery may find it profitable to produce light olefins products that can be sold in the open market or used in an associated petrochemical plant as feedstocks.
• the FCCU may have insufficient air capacity to burn the extra coke and may result in a lower feed throughput in the unit. If the additive increases the production of low value dry gas, the production of more valuable products may decrease. An increase in dry gas may exceed the ability of the unit to handle it, thus forcing a reduction of the amount of feed processed. While an additive that increases light olefins production may be desirable if the refinery values these products and the unit has the equipment necessary to process the extra light hydrocarbons, the additive may, however, reduce profitability if the refinery's goal is to maximize gasoline production. Light olefins are typically made in the FCCU at the expense of gasoline production. Even an additive which increases unit conversion may be undesirable if it affects product yields, causes the unit to reach an equipment limitation, and/or decreases the amount of feed that can be processed.
• a ferrierite zeolite component with a catalytically cracking catalyst inventory, in particular a cracking catalyst inventory containing an active Y-type zeolite, being circulated throughout a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) during a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process provides superior NO x control performance without substantially changing or affecting the hydrocarbon conversion or the yield of cracked petroleum products produced during the FCC process.
• FCCU fluid catalytic cracking unit
• FCC fluid catalytic cracking
• novel NO x reduction compositions are provided.
• the NO x reduction compositions comprise a particulate composition containing particles of ferrierite zeolite.
• the ferrierite zeolite may be added as a separate additive particle to a circulating inventory of the cracking catalyst or incorporated directly into the Y-type zeolite containing cracking catalyst as an integral component of the catalyst.
• the ferrierite zeolite are separate additive particles bound with an inorganic binder.
• the binder preferably comprises silica, alumina or silica alumina.
• the ferrierite zeolite is exchanged with hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal and combinations thereof.
• the preferred alkali metal is sodium, potassium and combinations thereof.
• novel ferrierite zeolite-containing NO x reduction compositions are provided which are added to a circulating inventory of the catalytic cracking catalyst as a separate admixture of particles to reduce NO ⁇ emissions released from the FCCU regenerator during the FCC process.
• novel NO x reduction compositions are provided which comprise ferrierite zeolite incorporated as an integral component of the FCC catalyst, preferably containing a Y-type zeolite active component.
• novel NO x reduction compositions are provided which compositions reduce NO x emissions from the FCCU regenerator during the FCC process while substantially maintaining hydrocarbon conversion and the yield of cracked petroleum products and minimizing an increase in the production of coke.
• Another aspect of the invention is to provide improved FCC processes for the reduction of the content of NO x in the off gases of the FCCU regenerator without substantially affecting hydrocarbon conversion or the yield of petroleum products produced during the FCC process.
• FIGURE is a graphic representation of the effectiveness of Additive A and Additive B, prepared in EXAMPLES 1 and 2, respectively, to reduce NO x emissions from a DCR regenerator versus time on stream, when the additives are ® blended with a commercially available cracking catalyst (SUPERNOVA -DMR+, obtained from Grace Davison, Columbia, MD), which contains 0.25 weight percent of a platinum promoter, CP-3 " (obtained from Grace Davison, Columbia, MD) and which was deactivated using the Cyclic Propylene Steaming procedure as described in
• NO x will be used herein to represent nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (the principal noxious oxides of nitrogen) as well as N 2 O 4 , N Os and mixtures thereof.
• the present invention encompasses the discovery that the use of ferrierite zeolite containing NO x reduction compositions in combination with a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, preferably a catalyst comprising an active Y-type zeolite, is very effective for the reduction of NO ⁇ emissions released from the FCCU regenerator under FCC process conditions without a substantial change in hydrocarbon feed conversion or the yield of cracked products.
• FCC fluid catalytic cracking
• the NO x reduction compositions typically comprise a paniculate composition containing particles of ferrierite zeolite.
• the ferrierite particles are boun with an inorganic binder.
• novel ferrierite zeolite-containing NO x reduction compositions may be added to the circulating inventory of the catalytic cracking catalyst as a separate particle additive or incorporated as an integral component into the cracking catalyst.
• a substantial change in hydrocarbon feed conversion or the yield of cracked products is defined herein to mean in the alternative, (i) less than a 50% relative change, preferably less than a 30% relative change and most preferably less than a 15% relative change in the yield of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as compared to the baseline yield of the same or substantially the Same product; or (ii) less than a 30% relative change, preferably less than a 20% relative change and most preferably less than a 10% relative change in the yield of LCO (light cycle oils), bottoms and gasoline in combination with LPG as compared to the baseline yield of the same or substantially the same products; or (iii) less than a 10% relative change, preferably less than a 6.5% relative change and most preferably less than a 5%
• the conversion is defined as 100% times (1 - bottoms yield - LCO yield).
• the baseline is the mean conversion or yield of a product in the FCCU, operating with the same or substantially the same feed and under the same or substantially the same reaction and unit conditions, but before the additive of the present invention is added to the catalyst inventory.
• a significant change in the hydrocarbon conversion or yield of cracked products is determined using a baseline defined as the mean conversion or yield of a product in the same or substantially the same FCCU operating with the same or substantially the same feed, under the same or substantially the same reaction and unit conditions, and with a cracking catalyst inventory comprising the same or substantially the same cracking catalyst composition as that containing the NO x reduction composition, except that the NO x reduction composition is replaced in the cracking catalyst with a matrix component such as kaolin or other filler.
• the percent changes specified above are derived from statistical analysis of DCR operating data.
• any ferrierite zeolite is useful to prepare the NO x reduction compositions of the invention.
• the ferrierite zeolite has a surface area of at least 100 m 2 /g, more preferably at least 200 m /g and most preferably at least 300 m 2 /g and a SiO 2 to Al 2 O3 molar ratio of less than 500, preferably less than 250, most preferably, less than 100.
• the ferrierite zeolite is exchanged with a material selected from the group consisting of .hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal and combinations thereof, prior to incorporation into the binder or FCC catalyst.
• the preferred alkali metal is one selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium and mixtures thereof.
• the ferrierite zeolite may contain stabilizing amounts, e.g., up to about 25 weight percent, of a stabilizing metal (or metal ion), preferably incorporated into, the pores of the zeolite.
• a stabilizing metal or metal ion
• Suitable stabilizing metals include, but are not limited to, metals selected from the group consisting of Groups IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IIB, lUA, IVA, VA, the Lanthanide Series of The Periodic Table, Ag and mixtures thereof.
• the stabilizing metals are selected from the group consisting of Groups IIIB, HA, IIB, 11IA and the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table, and mixtures thereof.
• the stabilizing metals are selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and mixtures thereof.
• the metal may be incorporated into the pores of the ferrierite zeolite by any method known in the art, e.g., ion exchange, impregnation or the like.
• the Periodic Table referenced herein above is the Periodic Table as published by the American Chemical Society.
• the amount of ferrierite zeolite used in the NO x reduction compositions of the invention will vary depending upon several factors, including but not limited to, the mode of combining the ferrierite zeolite with the catalytic cracking catalyst and the type of cracking catalyst used.
• the NO x reduction compositions of the invention are separate catalyst/additive compositions and comprise a particulate composition formed by binding particles of a ferrierite zeolite with a suitable inorganic binder.
• the amount of ferrierite zeolite present in the particulate NO x reduction compositions is at least 10, preferably at least 30, most preferably at least 40 and even more preferably at least 50, weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
• the particulate catalyst/additive composition of the invention contains from about TO to about 85, preferably from about 30 to about 80, most preferably, from about 40 to about 75, weight percent of ferrierite zeolite based on the total weight of the catalyst/additive composition.
• Binder materials useful to prepare the particulate compositions of the invention include any inorganic binder which is capable of binding ferrierite zeolite powder to form particles having properties suitable for use in the FCCU under FCC process conditions.
• Typical inorganic binder materials useful to prepare compositions in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, alumina, silica, silica alumina, aluminum phosphate and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the binder is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica alumina. More preferably, the binder comprises alumina. Even more preferably, the binder comprises an acid or base peptized alumina.
• the binder comprises an alumina sol, e.g., aluminum chlorohydrol.
• the amount of binder material present in the particular NO x reduction compositions comprises from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 30 weight percent, most preferably from about 15 to about 25 weight percent, of the NO x reduction composition of the invention.
• Additional- materials optionally present in the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, fillers (e.g., kaolin clay) or matrix materials (e.g., alumina, silica, silica alumina, yttria, lanthana, ceria, neodymia, samaria, europia, gadolinia, titania, zirconia, praseodymia and mixtures thereof).
• fillers e.g., kaolin clay
• matrix materials e.g., alumina, silica, silica alumina, yttria, lanthana, ceria, neodymia, samaria, europia, gadolinia, titania, zirconia, praseodymia and mixtures thereof.
• the additional materials are used in an amount which does not significantly adversely affect the performance of the compositions to reduce NO x emissions released from the FCCU regenerator under F
• the additional materials will comprise no more than about 70 weight percent of the compositions. It is preferred, however, that the compositions of the invention consist essentially of ferrierite and an inor ⁇ anic binder.
• Particulate NO x reduction compositions of the invention should have a particle size sufficient to permit the composition to be circulated throughout the FCCU simultaneously with the inventory of cracking catalyst during the FCC process.
• the composition of the invention will have a mean particle size of greater than 45 ⁇ m.
• the mean particle size is from about 50 to about 200 ⁇ m, most preferably from about 55 to about 150 ⁇ m, even more preferred from about 60 to about 120 ⁇ m.
• the compositions of the invention typically have a Davison attrition index (DI) value of less than about 50, preferably less than about 20, most preferably less than about 15.
• DI Davison attrition index
• the particulate NO x reduction compositions of the invention are prepared by forming an aqueous slurry containing the ferrierite zeolite, optional zeolite components, the inorganic binder and optional matrix materials, in an amount sufficient to provide at least 10.0 weight percent of ferrierite zeolite and at least 5.0 weight percent of binder material in the final NO x reduction composition and, thereafter, spray drying the aqueous slurry to form particles.
• the spray-dried particles are optionally dried at a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time to remove volatiles, e.g., at about 90 C to about 320 C for about 0.5 to about 24 hours.
• the ferrierite zeolite containing aqueous slurry is milled prior to spray-drying to reduce the mean particle size of materials contained in the slurry to 10 ⁇ m or less, preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, most preferably 3 ⁇ m or less.
• the aqueous slurry containing ferrierite zeolite may be milled prior to or after incorporation of the binder and/or matrix materials as desired.
• the spray-dried composition may be calcined at a temperature and for a time sufficient to remove volatiles and provide sufficient hardness to the binder for use in the FCCU under FCC process conditions, preferably from about 320 ° C to about 900 ° C from about 0.5 to about 6 hours.
• the dried or calcined composition is washed or exchanged with an aqueous solution of ammonia or ammonium salt (e.g., ammonium sulfate, nitrate, chloride, carbonate, phosphate and the like), or an inorganic or organic acid (e.g., sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, acetic, formic and the like) to reduce the amount of alkaline metals, e.g. sodium or potassium, in the finished product.
• ammonia or ammonium salt e.g., ammonium sulfate, nitrate, chloride, carbonate, phosphate and the like
• an inorganic or organic acid e.g., sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, acetic, formic and the like
• alkaline metals e.g. sodium or potassium
• the catalyst/additive composition is used in an amount of at least 0.1 weight percent of the FCC catalyst inventory.
• the amount of the catalyst/additive composition used ranges from about 0.1 to about 75 weight percent, most preferably from about 1 to about 50 weight percent of the FCC catalyst inventory.
• Separate particle catalyst/additive compositions of the invention may be added to the FCCU in the conventional manner, e.g., with make-up catalyst to the regenerator or by any other convenient method.
• the ferrierite zeolite is integrated or incorporated into the cracking catalyst particles themselves to provide an integral NO x reduction catalyst system.
• the ferrierite zeolite may be added to the catalyst at any stage during catalyst manufacturing prior to spray drying the cracking catalyst slurry to obtain the fluid cracking catalyst, regardless of any additional optional or required processing steps needed to finish the cracking catalyst preparation.
• the ferrierite, and any optional zeolite components, within the cracking catalyst to any specific method of cracking catalyst manufacturing, typically the ferrierite zeolite, any additional zeolites, the cracking catalyst zeolite, usually USY or REUSY-type, and any matrix materials are slurried in water.
• the slurry is milled to reduce the mean particle size of solids in the slurry to less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably to less than 5 ⁇ m, most preferably less than 3 ⁇ m.
• the milled slurry is combined with a suitable inorganic binder, i.e., a silica sol binder, and an optional matrix material, e.g. clay.
• a suitable inorganic binder i.e., a silica sol binder
• an optional matrix material e.g. clay.
• the resulting slurry is mixed and spray-dried to provide a catalyst material.
• the spray-dried catalyst is optionally washed using an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, an ammonium salt, an inorganic or organic acid, and water to remove the undesirable salts.
• the washed catalyst may be exchanged with a water soluble rare-earth salt, e.g., rare-earth chlorides, nitrates and the like.
• a water soluble rare-earth salt e.g., rare-earth chlorides, nitrates and the like.
• the ferrierite zeolite, optional additional zeolites, the cracking catalyst zeolite, any matrix materials, a rare-earth water soluble salt, clay and alumina sol binder are slurried in water and blended. The slurry is milled and spray-dried. The spray-dried catalyst is calcined at about 250 ° C to about 900 C.
• the spray-dried catalyst may then optionally be washed using an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, an ammonium salt, an inorganic or organic acid, and water to remove the undesirable salts.
• the catalyst may be exchanged with a water-soluble rare-earth salt after it has been washed, by any of the methods known in the art.
• the ferrierite zeolite compound When integrated into the FCC catalyst particles, typically represents at least about 0.1 weight percent of the FCC catalyst particle.
• the amount of the ferrierite zeolite used ranges from about 0.1 to about 60 weight percent, most preferably from about 1 to about 40 weight percent, of the FCC catalyst particles.
• the integrated FCC catalyst will typically comprise the ferrierite zeolite along with the cracking catalyst zeolite, inorganic binder materials and optionally, matrix, fillers, and other additive components such as metals traps (for example, traps for Ni and V) to make up the cracking catalyst.
• the cracking catalyst zeolite usually a Y, USY or REUSY-type, provides the majority of the cracking activity and is typically present in a range from about 10 to about 75, preferably from about 15 to about 60 and most preferably from about 20 to about 50 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
• Inorganic binder materials useful to prepare integrated catalyst compositions in accordance with the present invention include, any inorganic material capable of binding the components of the integrated catalyst to form particles having properties suitable for use in the FCCU under FCC process conditions.
• the inorganic binder materials include, but are not limited to, alumina, silica, silica alumina, aluminum phosphate and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the binder is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica alumina.
• the amount of binder material present in the integrated catalyst composition is less than 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the catalyst composition.
• the amount of binder material present in the integrated catalyst composition ranges from about 5 to about 45 weight percent, most preferably from about 10 to about 30 weight percent and even more preferably from about 15 to about 25 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
• the matrix materials optionally present in the integrated catalyst compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to alumina, silica alumina, rare earth oxides such as lanthana, transition metal oxides such as titania, zirconia, and manganese oxide, Group I1A oxides such as magnesium and barium oxides, clays such as kaolin, and mixtures thereof.
• the matrix or fillers may be present in the integral catalyst in the amount of less than 50 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition.
• the matrix and fillers are present in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 45 weight present based on the total weight of the catalyst composition.
• the particle size and attrition properties of the integral catalyst affect fluidization properties in the unit and determine how well the catalyst is retained in the commercial FCC unit.
• the integral catalyst composition of the invention typically has a mean particle size of about 45 to about 200 ⁇ m, more preferably from about 50 ⁇ m to about 150 ⁇ m.
• the attrition properties of the integral catalyst as measured by the Davison Attrition Index (DI), have a DI value of less than 50, more preferably less than 20 and most preferably less than 15.
• the FCC cracking catalyst contains a Y-type zeolite.
• the ferrierite zeolite may be added as a separate additive particle to a circulating inventory of the cracking catalyst or incorporated directly into the Y-type zeolite containing cracking catalyst as an integral component of the catalyst. In either case, it is preferred that ferrierite zeolite is present in the final composition in an amount sufficient to provide in the total catalyst inventory a ratio of ferrierite zeolite to Y-type zeolite of less than 2, preferably less than 1.
• additional zeolite components in the ferrierite zeolite containing NO x reduction compositions of the invention.
• the additional zeolite component may be any zeolite which does not adversely affect the NO x reduction performance or cause a substantial change in hydrocarbon conversion or cracked product yields during the FCC process.
• the additional zeolite component is a zeolite having a pore size ranging from about 3 to about 7.2 Angstroms with a SiO 2 to Al 2 O 3 molar ratio of less than about 500, preferably less than 250.
• the additional zeolite component is a zeolite selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, beta, MCM-49, mordenite, MCM-56, Zeolite-L, zeolite Rho, errionite, chabazite, clinoptilolite, MCM-22, MCM-35, MCM-61 , Offretite, A, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-18, ZSM-22, ZSM-35, ZSM-57, ZSM-61, ZK-5, NaJ. Nu-87, Cit-1 , SSZ-35, SSZ-48, SSZ-44, SSZ-23, Dachiardite, Merlinoite, Lovdarite.
• zeolite selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, beta, MCM-49, mordenite, MCM-56, Zeolite-L, zeolite Rho, errionite, chabazite, clinoptilolite
• the additional zeolite component is selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, beta, MCM-49, mordenite, MCM-56, Zeolite-L, zeolite Rho, errionite, chabazite, clinoptilolite, MCM-22, MCM- 35, Offretite, A, ZSM-12 and mixtures thereof.
• the additional zeolite component is used in any amount that does not significantly adversely affect the performance of the NO x reduction compositions to reduce NO x emissions and substantially maintain the hydrocarbon conversion or the product yields of the cracking catalyst relative to the use of the cracking catalyst without the catalyst/additive composition.
• the additional zeolite component is used in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 80, preferably from about 10 to about 70, weight percent of the catalyst/additive composition.
• the additional zeolite component is preferably used in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 60, most preferably from about 1 to about 40, weight percent of the catalyst composition.
• the FCC process involves the cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks to lighter products by contact of the feedstock in a cyclic catalyst recirculation cracking process with a circulating fluidizable cracking catalyst inventory consisting of particles having a mean size ranging from about 50 to about 150 ⁇ m, preferably from about 60 to about 120 ⁇ m.
• the catalytic cracking of these relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon feedstocks results in the production of a hydrocarbon product of lower molecular weight.
• the significant steps in the cyclic FCC process are: (i).
• the feed is catalytically cracked in a catalytic cracking zone, normally a riser cracking zone, operating at catalytic cracking conditions by contacting feed with a source of hot, regenerated cracking catalyst to produce an effluent comprising cracked products and spent catalyst containing coke and strippable hydrocarbons; (ii) the effluent is discharged and separated, normally in one or more cyclones, into a vapor phase rich in cracked product and a solids rich phase comprising the spent catalyst; (iii) the vapor phase is removed as product and fractionated in the FCC main column and its associated side columns to form gas and liquid cracking products including gasoline; (iv) the spent catalyst is stripped, usually with steam, to remove occluded hydrocarbons from the catalyst, after which the stripped catalyst is oxidatively regenerated in a catalyst • regeneration zone to produce hot, regenerated catalyst which is then recycled to the cracking zone for cracking further .
• FCC catalysts include, for example, zeolite based catalysts with a faujasite cracking component as described in the seminal review by Venuto and Habib, Fluid Catalytic Cracking with Zeolite Catalysts, Marcel Dekker, New York 1979, ISBN 0-8247-6870-1, as well as in numerous other sources such as Sadeghbeigi, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, Gulf Publ. Co. Houston, 1995, ISBN 0-88415-290-1.
• the FCC catalyst is a catalyst comprising a Y-type zeolite active cracking component.
• the FCC catalysts consist of a binder, usually silica, alumina, or silica alumina, a Y-type zeolite active component, one or more matrix aluminas and/or silica aluminas, and fillers such as kaolin clay.
• the Y-type zeolite may be present in one or more forms and may have been ultra stabilized and/or treated with stabilizing cations such as any of the rare-earths.
• Typical FCC processes are conducted at reaction temperatures of 480 C to 600 ° C with catalyst regeneration temperatures of 600 C to 800 C.
• the catalyst regeneration zone may consist of a single or multiple reactor vessels.
• the compositions of the invention may be used in FCC processing of any typical hydrocarbon feedstock. Suitable feedstocks include petroleum distillates or residuals of crude oils, which when catalytically cracked, provide either a gasoline or a gas oil product. Synthetic feeds having boiling points of about 204 ° C to about 816 ° C, such as oil from coal, tar sands or shale oil, can also be included.
• oxygen or air is added to the regeneration zone. This is performed by a suitable sparging device in the bottom of the regeneration zone, or if desired, additional oxygen is added to the dilute or dense phase of the regeneration zone.
• NO x reduction compositions in accordance with the invention dramatically reduce, i.e., by at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, the emissions of NO x in the FCCU regenerator effluent during the catalyst regeneration, while substantially maintaining the hydrocarbon feed conversion or the yield of cracked products, e.g., gasoline and light olefins, obtained from the cracking catalyst.
• NO x reduction of 90% or greater is readily achievable using the compositions and method of the invention without significantly affecting the cracked products yields or feed conversion.
• the extent of NO x reduction will depend on such factors as, for example, the composition and amount of the additive utilized; the design and the manner in which the catalytic cracking unit is operated, including but not limited to oxygen level and distribution of air in the regenerator, catalyst bed depth in the regenerator, stripper operation and regenerator temperature, the properties of the hydrocarbon feedstock cracked, and the presence of other catalytic additives that may affect the chemistry and operation of the regenerator.
• the effectiveness of the process of the invention may be expected to vary from unit to unit.
• NO x reduction compositions of the invention also prevent a significant increase in the production of coke during the FCC process.
• NO x reduction compositions of the invention may be used alone or in combination with one or more additional NO x reduction component to achieve NO x reduction more efficiently than the use of either of the compositions alone.
• the additional NO x reduction component is a non-zeolitic material, that is, a material that contains no or substantially no (i.e., less than 5 weight percent, preferably less than 1 weight percent) zeolite.
• One such class of non-zeolitic materials suitable for use in combination with the NO x reduction compositions of the invention include noble metal containing NO x reduction compositions such as disclosed and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,660,683 the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• compositions in this class will typically comprise a particulate mixture of (1) an acidic metal oxide containing substantially no zeolite (preferably containing silica and alumina, most preferably containing at least 1 weight percent alumina); (2) an alkali metal (at least 0.5 weight percent, preferably about 1 to about 15 weight percent), an alkaline earth metal (at least 0.5 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent) and mixtures thereof; (3) at least 0.1 weight percent of an oxygen storage metal oxide component (preferably ceria); and (4) at least 0.1 ppm of a noble metal component (preferably Pt, Pd, Rh, lr, Os, Ru, Re and mixtures thereof).
• a noble metal component preferably Pt, Pd, Rh, lr, Os, Ru, Re and mixtures thereof.
• compositions in this class of materials comprise (1) an acidic oxide containing at least 50 weight percent alumina and substantially no zeolite; (2) at least 0.5 weight percent of an alkali metal and/or an alkaline earth metal or mixtures thereof; (3) about 1 to about 25 weight percent of an oxygen storage capable transition metal oxide or a rare-earth (preferably, ceria); and (4) at least 0.1 ppm of a noble metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Rh, lr, and a combination thereof, all percentages being based on the total weight of the oxidative catalyst/additive composition.
• non-zeolitic materials suitable for use in combination with the NO x reduction compositions of the invention include a low NO ⁇ , CO combustion promoter as disclosed and described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,165,933 and 6,358,881, the entire disclosure of these patents being herein incorporated by reference.
• the low NO CO combustion promoter compositions comprise (1) an acidic oxide support; (2) an alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal or mixtures thereof; (3) a transition metal oxide having oxygen storage capability; and (4) palladium...
• the acidic oxide support preferably contains silica alumina.
• Ceria is the preferred oxygen storage oxide.
• the NO x reduction composition comprises (1) an acidic metal oxide support containing at least 50 weight percent alumina; (2) about 1-10 parts by weight, measured as metal oxide, of at least one alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or mixtures thereof; (3) at least 1 part by weight of CeO ; and (4) about 0.01- 5.0 parts by weight of Pd, all of said parts by weight of components (2) - (4) being per 100 parts by weight of said acidic metal oxide support material.
• Yet another class of non-zeolitic materials suitable for use in combination with the NO x reduction compositions of the invention include NO x reduction compositions as disclosed and described in U.S. Patent Nos.
• the NO x reduction compositions comprise (1) an acidic oxide support; (2) an alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal or mixtures thereof; (3) a transition metal oxide having oxygen storage capability; and (4) a transition metal selected from Groups IB and IIB of the Periodic Table.
• the acidic oxide support contains at least 50 weight percent alumina and preferably contains silica alumina.
• Ceria is the preferred oxygen storage oxide.
• the NO x reduction compositions comprise (1) an acidic oxide support containing at least 50 weight percent alumina; (2) 1-10 weight percent, measured as the metal oxide, of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or mixtures thereof; (3) at least 1 weight percent CeO 2 ; and (4) 0.01-5.0 parts weight percent of a transition metal, measured as metal oxide, of Cu or Ag, all parts by weight of components (2) - (4) being per 100 parts by weight of said acidic oxide support.
• Another class of non-zeolitic NO x reduction materials suitable for use in combination with the NO x reduction compositions of the invention include magnesium-aluminum spine] based additives heretofore being useful for the removal of sulfur oxides from a FCC regenerator.
• Exemplary patents which disclose and describe this type of materials include U.S. Patent Nos. 4,963,520, 4,957,892, 4,957,718, 4,790,982, 4,471,070, 4,472,532. 4,476,245, 4,728,635, 4,830,840, 4,904,627, 4,428,827, 5,371,055, 4,495,304. 4,642,178, 4,469,589, 4,758,418, 4,522,937, 4,472,267 and 4,495,305 the entire disclosure of said patents being herein incorporated by reference.
• compositions in this class comprise at least one metal-containing spinel which includes a first metal and a second metal having a valence higher than the valence of said first metal, at least one component of a third metal other than said first and second metals and at least one component of a fourth metal other than said first, second and third metals, wherein said third metal is selected from the group consisting of Group IB metals, Group IIB metals, Group VIA metals, the rare-earth metals, the Platinum Group metals and mixtures thereof, and said fourth metal is selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, germanium, tin, bismuth, molybdenum, antimony, vanadium and mixtures thereof.
• the metal containing spinel comprises magnesium as said first metal and aluminum as said second metal, and the atomic ratio of magnesium to aluminum in said spinel is at least about 0.17.
• the third metal in the spinel preferably comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of the Platinum Group metals, the rare-earth metals and mixtures thereof.
• the third metal component is preferably present in an amount in the range of about 0.001 to about 20 weight percent, calculated as elemental third metal, and said fourth metal component is present in an amount in the range of about 0.001 to about 10 weight percent, calculated as elemental fourth metal.
• non-zeolitic materials useful in combination with the NO x reduction additives of the invention include, but are not limited to, zinc based catalysts such as disclosed and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,002,654; antimony based NO x reduction additives such as described and disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,988,432; perovskite- spinel NO x reduction additives such as described and disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,364,517 and 5,565,181; hydrotalcite catalyst and additive compositions such as described and disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos.
• NO x reduction compositions of the invention in combination with NO x removal compositions as disclosed and described in PCT International Publication Number WO 03/046112 Al and PCT International Publication No. WO 2004/033091 Al, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
• NO x removal composition generally comprises (i) an acidic oxide support, (ii) cerium oxide, (iii) a lanthanide oxide other than ceria and (iv) optionally, at least one oxide of a transition metal selected from Groups IB and IIB of the Periodic Table, noble metals, and mixtures thereof.
• the additional non-zeolitic NO x reduction compositions are used in an amount sufficient to provide increased NO x reduction when compared to the use of the ferrierite NO x reduction compositions alone.
• the additional non-zeolitic compositions are used in an amount up to about 50 weight percent of the FCC catalyst inventory.
• the non-zeolitic composition is used in an amount up to about 30 weight percent, most preferably up to about 10 weight percent of the FCC catalyst inventory.
• the additional NO x reduction composition may be blended with the FCC catalyst inventory as a separate particle additive.
• the additional NO x reduction composition may be incorporated into the FCC catalyst as an integral component of the catalyst.
• NO x reduction compositions in accordance with the present invention may be used in combination with other additives conventionally used in the FCC process, e.g., SO x reduction additives, gasoline-sulfur reduction additives, CO combustion promoters, additives for the production of light olefins, and the like.
• SO x reduction additives e.g., SO x reduction additives, gasoline-sulfur reduction additives, CO combustion promoters, additives for the production of light olefins, and the like.
• any range of numbers recited in the specification or claims, such as that representing a particular set of properties, units of measure, conditions, physical states or percentages, is intended to literally incorporate expressly herein by reference or otherwise, any number falling within such range, including any subset of numbers within any range so recited.
• the milled ferrierite slurry (4l60g) was combined with 1200g Natka clay (dry basis) and 6000g silica sol binder (10% solids).
• the silica sol binder was prepared from sodium silicate and acid alum.
• the catalyst slurry was then spray-dried in a Bowen spray drier.
• the resulting spray-dried product was washed with ammonium sulfate solution, followed by water to give a catalyst with a Na 2 O level of less than 0.1 weight percent.
• Table 1 The properties of the additive are shown in Table 1 below.
• a composition comprising 75% ferrierite and 25% alumina sol was prepared as follows.
• An aqueous slurry was prepared which contained 2174g of aluminum chlorohydrol solution (23% solids), 1500g (dry basis) of .
• additional water to make a slurry which contained about 40% solids.
• the slurry was milled in a Drais mill to an average particle size of less than 2.5 ⁇ m and then spray-dried in a Bowen spray dryer.
• the spray-dried product was calcined for 90 minutes at 1100 ° F.
• Table 1 The properties of the catalyst are shown in Table 1 below.
• Additives A and B were evaluated for their ability to reduce NO x emissions from a FCCU using the Davison Circulating Riser (DCR).
• the description of the DCR has been published in the following papers: G. W. Young, G. D. Weatherbee, and S. W. Davey, "Simulating Commercial FCCU Yields' With The Davison Circulating Riser (DCR) Pilot Plant Unit,” National Petroleum Refiners_Association (NPRA) Paper AM88-52; G. W. Young, “Realistic Assessment of FCC Catalyst Performance in the Laboratory,” in Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Science and Technology, J. S. Magee and M. M. Mitchell, Jr. Eds. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis Volume 76, p. 257, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam 1993, ISBN 0-444-89037-8.
• the DCR was started up by charging the unit with approximately 1800g of a ® commercially available cracking catalyst, SUPERNOVA -DMR+, obtained from
• the DCR was operated with 1% excess O 2 in the regenerator, and with the regenerator operating at 705 C. After the unit stabilized the baseline NO x emissions data were collected using an on-line Lear-Siegler SO,/NO x Analyzer (SM8100A). Subsequently, lOOg of catalyst were injected into the DCR consisting of 4.75g of a commercial sample of a Pt-based combustion promoter, CP-3 ® (obtained from Grace Davison), which had been deactivated for 20 hours at 788 ° C without any added Ni or V using the Cyclic Propylene Steaming method (CPS) and 95.25 grams of hydrothermally deactivated SUPERNOVA ® -DMR+. The description of the CPS method has been published in L.T. Boock. T.F. Petti, and J.A Rudesill', "Contaminant- Metal Deactivation and Metal-Dehydrogenation Effects During Cyclic Propylene
• Table 4 shows the conversion and product yields with and without the composition of this invention.
• the means of conversion and cracked product yields were calculated using a sample of 7 baseline DCR tests.
• both Additives A and B are especially effective in decreasing NO x emissions without significantly affecting the cracked products yields.
• both overall conversion and gasoline yield do not change substantially, even though the FCC feedstock used in these experiments is a high nitrogen feed.
• a particulate NO x reduction composition (Additive D) was prepared as follows: A slurry was prepared from an aqueous slurry having 20% solids of a peptizable alumina (Versal 700 alumina powder obtained from La Roche Industries Inc., 99% A] 2 O 3 , 30% moisture). The alumina slurry was prepared using 31.6 lbs of the alumina. To the alumina slurry 3.87 lbs of an aqueous sodium hydroxide "solution (50% NaOH) was added. Next, 10.4 lbs of cerium carbonate crystals (obtained from Rhone Poulenc, Inc., 96% CeO 2 , 4% La2O 3 , 50% moisture) was added to the slurry.
• the slurry was diluted with a sufficient amount of water to bring the solids concentration of the slurry to 12%. Finally, 3.38 lbs of ion exchanged silica sol of Nalco 1140 (obtained from Nalco Chemicals Co.) was added to the slurry. The mixture was agitated to assure good mixing and then milled in a stirred media mill to reduce agglomerates to substantially less than 10 ⁇ m. The milled mixture was then spray-dried to form approximately 70 ⁇ m microspheres and thereafter calcined at approximately 650 C to remove volatiles.
• the resulting material was impregnated with an aqueous solution of a Cu containing salt (e.g., CuSO 4 ) to achieve about 2% Cu on the final product, and was flash dried.
• a Cu containing salt e.g., CuSO 4
• the final product had the following analysis (dry basis): 7.8% SiO 2 , 7.1% Na 2 O, 18.5% CeO 2 , 60.2% Al 2 O 3> 1.9% Cu and BET surface area of 111 m 2 /g.
• Additive C and a blend of Additives C and D consisting of 75% Additive C and 25% Additive D where tested in the DCR with a feedstock having the properties shown in Table 6.
• the unit was loaded with 1995g of an equilibrium cracking catalyst (ECAT) having the properties as shown in Table 7 below, and 5g of the commercially available CO combustion promoter CP-3 ® , which had been deactivated for 20 hours at 788 ° C without any added Ni or V using the CPS method. After the unit was stabilized, the baseline NO x emissions data were collected.
• ECAT equilibrium cracking catalyst

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