WO2005041384A1 - 電源装置 - Google Patents
電源装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005041384A1 WO2005041384A1 PCT/JP2004/015851 JP2004015851W WO2005041384A1 WO 2005041384 A1 WO2005041384 A1 WO 2005041384A1 JP 2004015851 W JP2004015851 W JP 2004015851W WO 2005041384 A1 WO2005041384 A1 WO 2005041384A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- power supply
- phase inverter
- supply device
- load
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
- H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
- H02J3/1807—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators
- H02J3/1814—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators wherein al least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. unified power flow controllers [UPFC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
- H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
- H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
- H02J9/062—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for AC powered loads
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/10—Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a power supply device, and more particularly to a power supply device in which a direct-feed switch is connected in series to a power system.
- a power supply device for compensating for interruption or fluctuation of a system voltage has various circuit configurations.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 1-2222635 (see Patent Document 1) and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 8-223822 (see Patent Document 2) have been proposed.
- the conventional hitless power supply device disclosed in Patent Document 1 is a constant-voltage / constant-frequency power supply device (CVCF) that converts an AC input voltage to DC once, and then converts it back to AC and outputs it again. It has a bypass circuit with a semiconductor switch that bypasses the CVCF, and has a configuration in which the AC is converted to DC through a converter and the DC is converted to AC by an inverter in both normal and voltage drops. For this reason, current always passes through the semiconductor even in a normal state, causing a loss to occur at all times, lowering the overall efficiency of the entire device, and increasing the size of the device due to cooling. In addition, since the inverter output requires a PWM-controlled rectangular wave, a large filter is required for smoothing the output.
- CVCF constant-voltage / constant-frequency power supply device
- the commercial line is directly connected to the load by the direct feed switch in a normal state, but when the commercial line drops below a certain voltage, the direct feed is performed.
- the switch is disconnected and the battery power is supplied to the load through the inverter and the step-up transformer.
- the step-up transformer needs to have a function of smoothing the rectangular voltage generated by the inverter, and must transmit a commercial frequency voltage. Therefore, there is a problem that a large and expensive system is required.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 222635/1990
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-8-223822 Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problem, and it is possible to compensate for a change in system voltage in a normal state by combining outputs of two types of single-phase inverters,
- the present invention is to provide a power supply device that supplies a predetermined voltage to a load even after the direct-current switch is disconnected because the voltage drops below a predetermined voltage.
- a power supply device includes a direct-feed switch connected between a power supply and a load for supplying / interrupting power to a system, a first single-phase inverter connected in parallel to the load, A second single-phase inverter inserted in series with the load; and a DC output means connected to the DC side of the first and second single-phase inverters.
- the combination of the single-phase inverter performs the voltage increase and the voltage decrease compensation, and the voltage compensation at the time of the power failure can be performed. Has the effect of being able to supply
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration diagram of a hitless power supply according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- a power supply 1 is usually a commercial AC power supply having a system voltage V, such as a relay.
- Electric power is supplied directly to the load 2 via the direct switch 3 consisting of a mechanical switch.
- the load 2 is connected to a first single-phase inverter 4 whose respective AC terminals are inserted in parallel with the load and a second single-phase inverter 5 that is inserted in series with the load. Have been.
- the DC terminal of the first single-phase inverter 4 is connected to the DC-DC converter 6 via a capacitor C1
- the DC terminal of the second single-phase inverter 5 is connected to a DC-DC converter 7 via a capacitor C2.
- the other ends of the DC-DC converters 6 and 7 are commonly connected to energy storage means such as a battery 8.
- the combination of DC-DC converters 6 and 7 and energy storage means 8 is a DC output This is grasped as a means, and various modifications exist as described later.
- the single-phase inverters 4 and 5 may have a well-known configuration including a single-phase bridge-connected semiconductor element such as a MOSFET, and a diode connected in anti-parallel to each element.
- DC converters 6 and 7 convert input DC voltage into AC by a switching circuit composed of MOSFETs and control ICs, and rectify the voltage converted by a transformer to obtain a DC voltage different from the input. Configurations can be used.
- Reference numeral 9 denotes a smoothing filter, and reference numeral 10 denotes an abnormal voltage drop detection circuit.
- the direct-feed switch 3 may be constituted by a semiconductor switch such as a thyristor other than a mechanical switch such as a relay.
- the direct feed switch 3 is closed and the system voltage V is supplied directly from the power supply 1 to the load.
- the single-phase inverters 4 and 5 function as rectifiers, and the battery 8 is charged through the DC-DC converters 6 and 7.
- the AC side terminal of the single-phase inverter 5 may be short-circuited with another relay, and the battery 8 may be charged only with the single-phase inverter 4. ,.
- the power supply 1 loses power or the system voltage V becomes abnormally low at time t0 as shown in Fig. 2 (a).
- the abnormal voltage drop detection circuit 10 operates to disconnect the relay 3, but the relay 3 generates an arc when the current does not become zero, and the current continues for a period of time. It needs to be controlled to zero. Therefore, the voltage VI is PWM-controlled by the first single-phase inverter 4 and smoothed by the smoothing filter 9 to output the same voltage as the system Vo. As a result, no voltage is applied to both ends of the relay, and when the current becomes zero, the relay is completely opened.
- the single-phase inverters 4 and 5 operate completely, and the inverters 4 and 5 receive the voltages V1 and V2 from the battery 8 through the DC-DC converters 6 and 7, respectively.
- DC voltage is applied.
- the voltage VI is set to a value higher than the voltage V2
- V1 + V2 is set to be approximately the maximum absolute voltage value of Vo (141 V for 100 V AC).
- the single-phase inverters 4 and 5 output output voltages VB1 and VB2 corresponding to the input voltages V1 and V2, and the output voltages are superimposed on each other, and as shown in FIG. And start supplying to the load. That is, first V2, VI—V2, VI, V1 + V2 are generated by the combination of the output patterns of the single-phase inverter 4 and the second single-phase inverter 5. Can be formed.
- FIG. 2 (a) shows a typical output pattern obtained by the voltage relationship of V1: V2.
- V1: V2> 3: 1 a pseudo sine wave in which the intermediate voltage is extended is obtained.
- a so-called voltage compensation operation for supplying a predetermined voltage to the load can be performed even after the system has dropped below the predetermined voltage and the direct-feed switch has been disconnected.
- Vo is the system voltage, which decreases with time
- Vd is the voltage applied to the load, which is shown in comparison with the waveforms of VB1 and VB2.
- the detection of the abnormality (drop) of the voltage at time to is started, and the voltage is compensated from time tl, for example. From time tl, the second single-phase inverter 5 is operated so that the load voltage increases. As a result, the peak value of the voltage supplied to the load is almost equal to that at the normal system voltage.
- Figure 4 shows the voltage increase waveforms in various patterns.
- a in Fig. 4 shows the system voltage (dashed line) during normal operation and the system voltage Vo during voltage drop.
- B shows the waveform when the voltage of VB2 is evenly added to the entire range of the reduced system voltage.
- the effective value of the voltage applied to the load is slightly larger than the normal value.
- C shows an example in which VB2 is added by a certain width from the middle of the rising part of the sine wave. In this case, by adjusting the pulse width of VB2 output, the effective voltage to the load can be made to match the normal value, which is very convenient for loads where the effective value is important. .
- the maximum value of the waveform coincides with the normal value.
- D shows an example of the case where the maximum value of the waveform is larger than the value at normal time!
- the pulse width should be set relatively narrower than A and B in order to adjust the effective voltage to the load.
- E, F, and G are VB2 so that the maximum value of the waveform to the load is constant. Are shown (the width is constant) when the voltage is controlled. This makes it possible to reliably compensate the waveform for a load in which the maximum value of the waveform is important.
- FIG. 5 shows waveforms of voltage reduction in various patterns when the system voltage Vo increases to a predetermined value or more.
- a in Fig. 5 shows the system voltage (dashed line) during normal operation and the system voltage Vo during voltage increase.
- B shows the waveform when the voltage of VB2 is equally subtracted over the entire range of the reduced system voltage. In this case, the effective value of the voltage applied to the load is slightly smaller than the normal value.
- C shows an example in which VB2 is subtracted by a fixed width from the middle of the rising part of the sine wave. In this case, by adjusting the width, the effective voltage to the load can be made to match the normal value, which is very convenient for loads where the effective value is important.
- the maximum value of the waveform is the same as the normal value.
- D shows an example where the maximum value of the waveform is larger than the value at the time of normality.
- the pulse width should be set relatively narrower than A and B to adjust the effective voltage to the load.
- E and F show examples when the voltage of VB2 is controlled so that the maximum value of the waveform to the load is constant. As a result, the waveform can be compensated reliably for loads where the maximum value of the waveform is important.
- FIG. 6 is a modification of FIG. 1 showing the second embodiment of the present invention, and is completely the same as FIG. 1 except that the second single-phase inverter 5 is directly connected to the battery 8.
- the voltage compensating operation that is, the voltage increasing / decreasing operation is the same as in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 7 shows a modification of the hitless power supply according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- the connection position of the second single-phase inverter 5 is between the first single-phase inverter 4 and the load 2, but in FIG. 7, the position of the second single-phase inverter 5 is It is between the system power supply 1 and the first single-phase inverter 4.
- the following operation is different from the embodiment described above. That is, first, the system voltage drops and the relay turns off.
- the PWM control or the like is performed only by the first single-phase inverter 4
- the first single-phase inverter The sum of the output voltages of 4 and the second single-phase inverter 5 is applied to the relay, and by controlling each output voltage individually, the relay current can be finely controlled. Can be released.
- the voltages of the DC voltages VI and V2 of the single-phase inverters 4 and 5 also deviate from each other by a predetermined amount during the increase / decrease voltage operation and the voltage compensation operation. there is a possibility. This is because the total output currents of the inverters 4 and 5 do not match.
- the DC-DC converters 6, 7 are operated as follows.
- the voltage of V2 In the voltage increasing operation, the voltage of V2 always tries to decrease. Therefore, in the example of FIG. 1, the energy is sent from the DC / DC converter 6 to the battery 8, and the energy is supplied to the V2 via the DC / DC converter 7. In that case, the voltage of VI tries to drop rapidly, but when the instantaneous value of the system voltage is higher than VI, turning on the single-phase inverter 4 allows energy to be supplied from the system to VI. it can. Conversely, during the voltage reduction operation, the voltage of V2 is supplied to VI via the DC-DC converter 6 via the DC-DC converter 6 and the DC-DC converter 7 via the battery 18 to increase the power. I do. The energy sent to the VI passes through the single-phase inverter 4 and returns energy to the grid by turning on the single-phase inverter 4 during the time when the VI is higher than the instantaneous value of the system voltage.
- the energy outflow / inflow action by the DC-DC converter can be made to function even during the above-described voltage compensation operation.
- the DC-DC converters 6 and 7 are used in the first embodiment (FIG. 1).
- a predetermined compensation voltage waveform can be maintained by using the DC-DC converter 6 to operate to stabilize the above VI and V2.
- the single-phase inverter 4 in the first embodiment is composed of single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c.
- the DC power supply VB4 of 4c is stabilized from the battery 8 through the bidirectional DC-DC converter 6a.
- the VB4 and the DC power supplies VB1, VB2, VB3 of the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b are stabilized by a bidirectional DC-DC converter 7a.
- the output voltages of the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, 4c are controlled by the DC-DC converter 7a so as to always have a specific relationship.
- FIG. 9 describes an example of the relationship between the output voltages of the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c and the total output level thereof.
- the output voltages of the single-phase inverters 4a: 4b: 4c are shown in 10 types from the 1: 2: 4 relationship (A) to the 1: 3: 9 relationship (J).
- the maximum output level can be output.
- FIG. 10 shows the voltage pattern and the waveform image at the time of sine wave output in that case. As a result, a maximum of 13 levels can be changed, so that relatively fine waveform control can be performed and a pseudo sine wave can be generated.
- FIG. 11 shows an example in which PWM control is performed between output levels.
- PWM control the change in each output level is used as the minimum unit, and the average waveform is controlled by the frequency of raising and lowering the level. Can be.
- the entire voltage waveform from VB2 to VB4 becomes very fine, and the smoothing filter 9 requires much smaller capacity than the conventional case.
- Figure 12 shows the operation.
- Fig. 12 (a) shows that the load is delayed, that is, the phase of the load current Id is delayed with respect to the system voltage V.
- the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c are based on the system current I force S
- Each output level is controlled or PWM controlled so that Ix flows into the system from the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c, and Ix is smoothed by the effect of the smoothing filter.
- the system current and the system voltage have the same phase, so that the system power looks like a load with a power factor of 1 is connected, and the reactive power can be compensated. Backflow to the system can be prevented.
- the effective value of the current flowing through the system can be reduced, the loss of cables and the like is reduced.
- FIG. 12B shows an operation example when a rectifier load is connected.
- the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c apply the current Ix to the system so that a current I with a power factor of 1 flows through the system.
- the single-phase inverter 5 is the same as the single-phase inverter 5 in the first embodiment. Therefore, the operation of the single-phase inverter 5 in the voltage increasing / decreasing function is the same as that in the first embodiment. is there.
- the change in the voltage of VB1 when the voltage is increased or decreased is stabilized by causing energy to flow into and out of VB4 by the DC-DC converter 7a.
- the energy sent to VB4 flows into and out of the system under current control by single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c. It is also possible to perform the above-described reactive power compensation control and the increase / decrease voltage control at the same time.
- pattern (a) shows a waveform diagram when PWM control is not used together
- pattern (b) shows a waveform diagram when PWM control is used together.
- the output voltages of the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c are further finely controlled by using PWM control together, the output voltage becomes like Tc in pattern (b), and the current of the relay is increased at high speed. To zero. After the relay is completely opened, supply the load with compensation from time tl.
- the output supplied to the load can be supplied using single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, 4c.
- the waveform in this case is indicated by Tb and Td.
- FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram showing Embodiment 5 of the present invention, which is a modified example of Embodiment 4 (FIG. 8).
- the first single-phase inverter 4a that the DC-DC converter 6a connects directly to the battery 8 is the same as that of FIG. 8 except that it is connected to FIG.
- the single-phase inverter 4a is the single-phase inverter with the largest voltage having nine different voltage ratios, and the flow of energy is the largest. Therefore, particularly at the time of compensation, energy can be directly extracted from the battery 8 without passing through the DC-DC converter 6a, so that the efficiency is extremely improved, and as a result, the device has the effect of being small and lightweight.
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram showing Embodiment 6 of the present invention, which is a modified example of Embodiment 4 (FIG. 8). Exactly the same as Figure 8 except that the DC-DC converter 7a is connected directly from the battery. Since the voltage of the battery 8 is usually constant, it is easy to control the voltage of the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and it is possible to design a DC-DC converter 7a without waste, and the device is small and lightweight. .
- FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram showing Embodiment 7 of the present invention, wherein batteries 8d, 8a, 8b, and 8c are connected to the DC power supplies of the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and 4c, respectively.
- the DC-DC converter 11 is commonly inserted into the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and 4c, so that the respective DC voltages are kept stable.
- the DC-DC converter 11 is commonly inserted into the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and 4c, so that the respective DC voltages are kept stable.
- the DC-DC converter 11 is commonly inserted into the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and 4c, so that the respective DC voltages are kept stable.
- the DC-DC converter 11 is commonly inserted into the single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and 4c, so that the respective DC voltages are kept stable.
- the DC-DC converter 11 is commonly inserted into the single-phase inverters 5, 4a,
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram showing Embodiment 8 of the present invention, and is an example where the position of single-phase inverter 5 is inserted between the system and the inverter group of single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, 4c.
- four single-phase inverters 5, 4a, 4b, and 4c can be used in the control to reduce the relay current to zero, so that finer current control is possible.
- voltage supply to the load is performed only by the single-phase inverters 4a, 4b, and 4c. Since the current at that time does not pass through the single-phase inverter 5, the device efficiency is increased with less occurrence of loss, and there is an effect that a small and lightweight device can be achieved.
- the instantaneous interruption power supply device has been described as an example. However, it is needless to say that the present invention can also be applied to other power supply devices that compensate for system voltage interruption, fluctuation, and the like. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and it is not limited to this. A device that converts to direct current is used instead.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a hitless power supply device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of a voltage increasing / decreasing operation of the hitless power supply device shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a pattern of a voltage increase waveform of the non-interruptible power supply device shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a pattern of a reduced voltage waveform of the non-interruptible power supply shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the hitless power supply according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the hitless power supply device according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the hitless power supply device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a table illustrating an example of a relationship between output voltages of respective inverters included in a single-phase inverter group and a total output level thereof in Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a relationship between a voltage pattern and a waveform image at the time of sine wave output in Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of a case where PWM control is performed between output levels in Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a waveform chart when a single-phase inverter group is operated as a reactive power compensator in Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram of waveforms when a voltage compensation operation is performed in the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 shows the relationship between the operation of each inverter and the output waveform in Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the hitless power supply according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 shows a modification of the hitless power supply according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram.
- FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram showing a modification of the hitless power supply device according to Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram of the hitless power supply device according to Embodiment 8 of the present invention. It is a circuit diagram showing a modified example.
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- Inverter Devices (AREA)
- Stand-By Power Supply Arrangements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/543,173 US7964990B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2004-10-26 | Power supply apparatus |
JP2005515003A JP4445470B2 (ja) | 2003-10-27 | 2004-10-26 | 電源装置 |
US13/043,124 US8502415B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2011-03-08 | Uninterrupted power supply unit |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2003366077 | 2003-10-27 | ||
JP2003-366077 | 2003-10-27 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/543,173 A-371-Of-International US7964990B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2004-10-26 | Power supply apparatus |
US13/043,124 Division US8502415B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2011-03-08 | Uninterrupted power supply unit |
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WO2005041384A1 true WO2005041384A1 (ja) | 2005-05-06 |
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PCT/JP2004/015851 WO2005041384A1 (ja) | 2003-10-27 | 2004-10-26 | 電源装置 |
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US (2) | US7964990B2 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4445470B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100414811C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005041384A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1748349A (zh) | 2006-03-15 |
US20070164613A1 (en) | 2007-07-19 |
JPWO2005041384A1 (ja) | 2007-04-26 |
JP4445470B2 (ja) | 2010-04-07 |
CN100414811C (zh) | 2008-08-27 |
US7964990B2 (en) | 2011-06-21 |
US20110215648A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
JP2009201350A (ja) | 2009-09-03 |
US8502415B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 |
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