Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
  • G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
  • G02B26/005—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid based on electrowetting
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
  • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
  • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
  • G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
  • G09F9/372—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the positions of the elements being controlled by the application of an electric field
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
  • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
  • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
  • G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
  • G09G2300/0452—Details of colour pixel setup, e.g. pixel composed of a red, a blue and two green components
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
  • G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
  • G09G2310/0202—Addressing of scan or signal lines
  • G09G2310/0221—Addressing of scan or signal lines with use of split matrices

Definitions

• This invention relates to electro- wetting displays.
• ⁇ 0 is the surface tension of the solid-liquid interface at the potential zero charge (i.e., when there is no charge at the surface of the solid)
• c is the capacitance per unit area, assuming that the charge layer can be modeled as a symmetric Helmholtz capacitor.
• electro-osmotic and electro-capillary displays have also been developed; all these types of displays rely upon the change in wetting characteristics of a liquid in the presence of an electric field. See, for example, Sheridon, N.K., “Electrocapillary Imaging Devices for Display and Data Storage", Xerox Disclosure Journal 1979, 4, 385-386; and U.S. Patents Nos.
• a thin dielectric layer between the electrode and the liquid in an electro-wetting apparatus can emulate the electric double layer present in conventional electro-wetting apparatus.
• the dielectric layer can block electron transfer while sustaining the high electric field at the interface that results in charge redistribution when a potential is applied.
• Using a hydrophobic dielectric and an aqueous liquid provides a large initial contact angle, and thus room for a large change in contact angle upon electro-wetting.
• This display is of the electro-wetting on dielectric type and uses a cell having at its base a transparent electrode disposed over a white substrate. The electrode is covered by a hydrophobic dielectric layer. The cell further contains a colored (dyed) oil and water. When no voltage is applied, the colored oil wets the hydrophobic dielectric, so that the color seen is that of the oil.
• CMYK color scheme can be realized by dividing a pixel into three sub- pixels, the sub-pixels each having a white substrate, but with each sub-pixel having two oil layers of differing colors, for example cyan and magenta.
• this invention relates to various improvements in electro- wetting displays which can reduce or eliminate the aforementioned problems.
• this invention provides a display comprising: a substrate; a first fluid disposed adjacent the substrate, the first fluid absorbing at least one wavelength of light; a light-transmissive second fluid immiscible with the first fluid; at least one electrode for applying an electric field to the first fluid; and a concealment member spaced from the substrate and formed from a substantially opaque material, such that, in the absence of an electric field, the first fluid covers a first area of the substrate, but that upon application of an electric field to the first fluid by the at least one electrode, the first fluid moves to a second area smaller than the first area and substantially confined between the concealment member and the substrate, so that the concealment member substantially conceals the first fluid from an observer viewing the display from the opposed side of the concealment member from the substrate.
• the term "light-transmissive" is used herein to mean that the second fluid must transmit sufficient light to enable an observer, viewing the movement of the first fluid through the second fluid, to see this movement.
• the term “light- transmissive” must of course be understood to mean transmissive of the wavelength(s) of electromagnetic radiation at which the display is read, and other terms used below referring to light should be construed accordingly.
• the light-transmissive second fluid will be transparent, but we do not exclude the possibility that some color might be present in the second fluid to adjust the colors displayed.
• this display may hereinafter be called the
• the substrate may comprise a dielectric surface adjacent the first fluid, and/or may comprise a colored or reflective layer.
• the substrate has a substantially planar surface and the concealment member includes a substantially planar section extending substantially parallel to, but spaced from, the substantially planar surface of the substrate.
• this invention provides a display comprising: a substrate having at least first and second portions having first and second optical characteristics differing from one another; a first fluid, the first fluid absorbing at least one wavelength of light and having a third optical characteristic differing from at least one of the first and second optical characteristics; a light-transmissive second fluid immiscible with the first fluid; and a first electrode adjacent the first portion of the substrate and a second electrode adjacent the second portion of the substrate, such that by controlling the potentials applied to the first and second electrodes, the first fluid can be made to assume a first position, wherein the first fluid substantially covers the second portion of the substrate, leaving the first portion uncovered, and a second position, wherein the first fluid substantially covers the first portion of the substrate, leaving the second portion uncovered.
• this display may hereinafter be called the "color shifting display" of the present invention.
• the first fluid may be capable of assuming a third position in which it covers both the first and second portions of the display
• the substrate may have more than two portions of differing colors.
• the substrate may have a third portion having an optical characteristic differing from the first, second and third optical characteristics
• the display may further comprise a third electrode adjacent the third portion of the substrate, such that by controlling the potentials applied to the first, second and third electrodes, the first fluid can be made to assume a third position, wherein the first fluid substantially covers at least one of the first and second portions of the substrate, leaving the third portion uncovered.
• the first, second and third portions of the substrate may be red, green and blue, or yellow, cyan and magenta in any arrangement.
• the substrate may have a fourth portion having an optical characteristic differing from the first, second and third optical characteristics and from the optical characteristic of the third portion of the substrate
• the display may further comprise a fourth electrode adjacent the fourth portion of the substrate, such that by controlling the potentials applied to the first, second, third and fourth electrodes, the first fluid can be made to assume a fourth position, wherein the first fluid substantially covers at least one of the first, second and third portions of the substrate, leaving the fourth portion uncovered.
• the first, second, third and fourth portions of the substrate may be red, green, blue and black, or yellow, cyan, magenta and black, in any arrangement.
• first and second (and third and fourth, if present) portions of the substrate will be coplanar. These portions may assume various geometric forms. For example, these portions may have substantially the form of equilateral triangles. Alternatively, the first and second portions may have substantially the form of circles, the substantially circular first and second portions being connected by a neck section having a width smaller than the diameter of each substantially circular portion. An electrode may be disposed on or adjacent this neck section.
• this invention provides a display comprising: a first substrate through which an observer can view the display, a second substrate spaced from the first substrate and at least one sidewall extending between the first and second substrates, the first and second substrates and the sidewall together defining a chamber having a first substrate surface, a second substrate surface and at least one sidewall surface; a first fluid disposed within the chamber, the first fluid absorbing at least one wavelength of light; a light-transmissive second fluid immiscible with the first fluid and disposed within the chamber; a first electrode disposed adjacent the second substrate surface of the chamber; a second electrode disposed adjacent a sidewall surface of the chamber; and a third electrode extending into the chamber and in electrical contact with the second fluid, such that, by controlling the potentials applied to the first, second and third electrodes, the first fluid can be made to assume a first position, wherein the first fluid lies adjacent the second substrate surface of the chamber, and a second position, wherein the first fluid lies adjacent a sidewall surface
• this display may hereinafter be called the "microcell display” of the present invention.
• the substrate may comprise a dielectric surface adjacent the first fluid, and/or may comprise a colored or reflective layer.
• the display may further comprise an insulator block disposed adjacent the junction between the second substrate surface and a sidewall surface of the chamber, with the third electrode passing through the insulator block.
• this invention provides a display comprising: a fluid; a substrate having an exposed surface resistant to wetting by the fluid; at least three conductive vias extending through the substrate and terminating adjacent the exposed surface thereof; and cap members covering the ends of the conductive vias adjacent the exposed surface, the cap members being formed of a material wetted by the fluid.
• this display may hereinafter be called the "conductive via display” of the present invention.
• the conductive vias may be arranged in a two-dimensional array.
• the fluid may be aqueous, the exposed surface hydrophobic and the cap members formed of a hydrophilic material.
• this invention provides a display comprising: a substrate; a first fluid disposed adjacent the substrate, the first fluid absorbing at least one wavelength of light; a light-transmissive second fluid immiscible with the first fluid; and at least one electrode for applying an electric field to the first fluid, such that, in the absence of an electric field, the first fluid covers a first area of the substrate, but that upon application of an electric field to the first fluid by the at least one electrode, the first fluid moves to a second area smaller than the first area, wherein the first fluid is colored with pigment particles or nanoparticles.
• this display may hereinafter be called the
• this invention provides a display comprising: spaced first and second electrodes, the second electrode being light- transmissive; first and second fluids confined between the first and second electrodes, the first and second fluids being immiscible with each other, the first and second fluids being non-light-transmissive and having differing colors, the display having a first stable state wherein the first fluid lies adjacent the first electrode so that the color of the second fluid is visible to an observer viewing the display through the second electrode, and a second stable state wherein the first fluid lies adjacent the second electrode so that the color of the first fluid is visible to the observer.
• this display may hereinafter be called the “dual colored fluid display” of the present invention.
• the first fluid may comprise an oil and the second fluid be aqueous.
• the display may further comprise first and second dielectric layers disposed between the first and second electrodes respectively and the fluids.
• Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings is a schematic side elevation of a concealment member display of the present invention with the second fluid covering a large first area of a substrate;
• Figure 2 is a schematic side elevation similar to Figure 1 but showing the second fluid confined to a smaller second area of the substrate.
• Figure 3 is a top plan view of the substrate of a four-color color shifting display of the present invention.
• Figure 4 is a schematic side elevation of a bistable dual colored fluid electro- wetting display of the present invention.
• Figure 5 is schematic side elevation of a microcell display of the present invention.
• Figure 6 is a top plan view of a second color shifting display of the present invention.
• Figure 7 is a schematic side elevation of a conductive via display of the present invention.
• a microcell display of the invention might use a first fluid colored with pigment particles or nanoparticles in accordance with the pigment/nanoparticle aspect of the invention.
• the first (moving) fluid is typically an oil
• the second fluid is typically aqueous.
• the description below may use the terms “oil” and “water” instead of first and second fluids, but these terms “oil” and “water” should not be construed in a limitative sense.
• the present invention provides a concealment member display having a concealment member for concealing the oil when an electric field is applied; the present invention also provides a method for operating such a display.
• a specific concealment member display of the invention is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
• the electro-wetting display (only a single pixel of which is illustrated) comprises a substrate 102 (typically colored white), a transparent first electrode 104, and a dielectric layer 106.
• a layer of a colored first fluid (oil) is spread over a large first area (illustrated as the whole) of the dielectric layer 106, and a transparent second fluid (water) 110 overlies the oil layer 108.
• the electro-wetting display further comprises a concealment member 112 which has a first portion extending away from the dielectric layer 106 and a second portion extending parallel to the planar dielectric layer 106; the surface of the second portion of the concealment member 112 carries a second electrode (not shown).
• Figure 1 shows the electro-wetting display with no field being applied between the two electrodes, so that a colored oil layer 108 is spread uniformly over the surface of the dielectric layer 106.
• the single pixel illustrated displays the color of the oil.
• Figure 2 shows the display with a field applied between the two electrodes.
• the oil layer is no longer spread uniformly over the surface of the of the dielectric layer 106 but instead is gathered into the compact droplet 108' covering a second area lying beneath the concealment member 112, so that an observer viewing the display in the intended direction (namely from the opposed side of the concealment member 112 from the substrate 102, i.e., from above in Figures 1 and 2) sees primarily the white substrate 102, with the concealment member 112 concealing the oil droplet 108' from the observer.
• the contrast ratio of the pixel can be altered by varying the color of the visible surface of the concealment member 112 (i.e., the surface remote from the dielectric layer 106). For example, making this visible surface white will increase the brightness of the white state of the pixel (as illustrated in Figure 2) although at some cost to the darkness of the dark state (shown in Figure 1). Alternatively, the maximum contrast ratio might be achieved by making the visible surface an intermediate gray shade.
• the second electrode be located on the concealment member, so long as the second electrode is in electrical contact with the water 110.
• each pixel of the display may have a separate second electrode; instead, the display may use an electrode arrangement similar to that of conventional active matrix displays, with a common front electrode (shaped to appropriately direct the movement of the first fluid, as described below) extending across a large number of pixels and typically the whole display) but with individual first electrodes 104 for each pixel.
• the substrate could be transparent, so that the display acts as a light modulator.
• a colored filter or reflector could be disposed in any suitable location.
• Figure 3 is a highly schematic top plan view of one pixel of the substrate of a four-color color shifting display of the present invention.
• the pixel is equilaterally triangular, and is composed of four equilaterally triangular sub-pixels, with the central sub-pixel being black (K) and the others red (R), green (G) and blue (B); obviously, cyan, yellow and magenta sub- pixels could be used in place of the red, green and blue ones if desired.
• This pixel is provided with four electrodes (not shown), one at each of the vertices of the triangular pixel and the fourth at its center.
• the electrodes could be provided on concealment members similar to that shown in Figures 1 and 2, with the exposed surfaces of the concealment members colored to match the underlying portion of the pixel.
• the pixel is used in combination with a black colored oil, and functions in a manner very similar to the display shown in Figures 1 and 2. When no field is applied by any of the electrodes, the oil is spread uniformly over the entire pixel, which thus appears black throughout. If a voltage is applied using only the central electrode, the oil is gathered into the central black sub-pixel, leaving the red, green and blue sub- pixels exposed, so that the overall appearance of the pixel will be a "process white" (actually a gray).
• the ink will cover the black and red sub- pixels and a cyan color will be displayed. It will readily be apparent that by applying voltages to one, two or three electrodes, a variety of colors can be displayed on the pixel.
• bistable electro-wetting displays It is also possible to produce bistable electro-wetting displays. Most prior art electro-wetting displays are only monostable because only the state in which no electric field is being applied is stable; the other state (similar to that shown in Figure 2) only persists as long as the field is applied.
• dual colored fluid electro-wetting displays of the present invention can be made having two states each of which is similar to that shown in Figure 1.
• One pixel of one form of such a dual colored fluid bistable display is illustrated in Figure 4. This display comprises a substrate 102 (which, for reasons explained below, need not be colored), an electrode 104 (which need not be transparent), and a dielectric layer 106, all of which are, except as indicated, similar to the corresponding integers in Figure 1.
• the display further comprises a colored oil layer 108 and a colored aqueous layer 110', which has a color different from that of the oil layer 108.
• the display of Figure 4 comprises a front transparent dielectric layer 114 and a transparent front electrode 116; in practice, it may be desirable to provide a front substrate (not shown) to provide mechanical support and protection for the display.
• the oil layer 108 can be made to dewet from the dielectric layer 106, form a part-ellipsoidal droplet similar to the droplet 108' shown in Figure 2, and thence (as the driving voltage is removed) wet the front transparent dielectric layer 114, thereby entering a second stable state, which is generally similar to that shown in Figure 4 except that the oil layer lies adjacent the front transparent dielectric layer 114.
• the pixel displays the color of the oil layer, which obscures the color of the aqueous layer 110'. It will readily be apparent that the pixel can be switched between these two stable states as often as desired.
• the display has a threshold for switching; such a threshold may enable such a display to be driven using a passive matrix approach instead of requiring the use of a more complicated active matrix approach.
• a threshold may enable such a display to be driven using a passive matrix approach instead of requiring the use of a more complicated active matrix approach.
• Figure 5 of the accompanying drawings is a schematic side elevation, generally similar to that of Figure 4, and showing a microcell electro-wetting display which operates in a manner generally similar to that of Figure 4.
• Figure 5 shows a single microcell of the display having a rear wall (second substrate) 502, side walls 504 and 506 and a front wall (first substrate) 508 through which the display is viewed.
• the microcell further comprises a rear transparent electrode 510, and a rear dielectric layer 512, which are similar to the corresponding integers shown in Figures 1 and 4 and are disposed adjacent the second substrate surface of the microcell.
• the microcell also comprises a side (second) electrode 514 (which need not be transparent) disposed adjacent the sidewall surface, and an associated side dielectric layer 516.
• the electrodes 510 and 514 are insulated from each other by an insulator block 518, from which a third electrode 520 emerges into an uncolored aqueous medium 110 which substantially fills the microcell.
• the microcell also contains a colored oil phase 522.
• the first stable state of the microcell shown in Figure 5 is similar to that of Figures 1 and 4; when no voltages are applied between the electrodes, the colored oil phase 522 wets the rear dielectric layer 512 so that an observer viewing the microcell through the front wall 508 sees the color of the oil phase 522 through the uncolored aqueous medium 110. However, upon sudden application of a voltage between the rear electrode 510 and the third electrode 520, the oil phase 522 will cease to wet the rear dielectric layer 512 and will form a droplet which will travel past the electrode 520 and end up in a second stable state in which it wets the side dielectric layer 516.
• a simple monochrome display can be provided by moving a black oil phase between a large white electrode and a small black one; obviously, when the black oil phase covers the white electrode, both the black and white electrodes appear black, while when the black oil phase is confined to the small black electrode, the overall appearance of the pixel is essentially white.
• More complex effects, including color can be produced by using (for example) an oil phase having substantially the same color as a small electrode, while an adjacent larger electrode is of a complementary color.
• a color display might make use of individual pixels having the following oil/electrode combinations: red oil/small red electrode/large cyan electrode; green oil/small green electrode/large magenta electrode; and blue oil/small blue electrode/large yellow electrode.
• the second color shifting display of the present invention shown in Figure 6 may be useful.
• This display is essentially dumb-bell shaped, with a dielectric surface having two circular portions 602 and 604 linked by a central, substantially rectangular "neck" portion 606.
• a colored oil phase is disposed on the circular portion 602, with an aqueous phase overlying the colored oil phase and extending into contact with the rectangular electrode 612 and the circular portion 604.
• a voltage is applied to the electrode 608, thereby making this electrode hydrophilic, and no voltage is applied to the electrode 612, so that this electrode becomes hydrophobic. Accordingly, the oil phase moves from portion 602 to neck portion 606.
• a voltage is applied to electrode 612, while keeping the voltage applied to electrode 608, but no voltage is applied to the electrode 610. Accordingly, the oil phase moves from neck portion 606 to circular portion 604.
• circular portion 604 The disposition of the oil phase on circular portion 604 will typically be stable, so that once the oil phase is located on portion 604, no voltage need be applied to any of the electrodes.
• the circular portions 602 and 604 are shown as the same size in Figure 6, these portions could of course vary in shape (for example, one portion could be elliptical rather than circular), size and/or color.
• one of the circular portions could be provided with a concealment member, similar to concealment member 112 in Figure 1, to obscure the oil phase present on that circular portion.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic side elevation of a conductive via electro- wetting display of the present invention.
• This display uses an aqueous (and typically colored) medium as its working fluid.
• the display of Figure 7 comprises a substrate 702 formed of a hydrophobic dielectric material.
• a very high K dielectric is preferred for this purpose, for example a suspension of a ceramic high K dielectric such as barium titanate in a polar polymer such as poly(vinylidene fluoride).
• a ceramic high K dielectric such as barium titanate
• a polar polymer such as poly(vinylidene fluoride
• the substrate 702 could comprise a high K hydrophobic dielectric exposed surface layer on a base of a low K material, for example a polymer such as polyethylene or poly(ethylene terephthalate).
• a plurality of spaced conductive vias 704 extend through the substrate
• Each via 704 is capped by a thin cap member 706 in the form of a hydrophilic coating covering the end of the conductive via 704 adjacent the exposed upper surface of the substrate 702.
• a thin cap member 706 in the form of a hydrophilic coating covering the end of the conductive via 704 adjacent the exposed upper surface of the substrate 702.
• the drop 708 will not wet the hydrophobic surface of the substrate 702, but will "ball up” around the cap member 706 of one of the vias 704 (this is not the situation illustrated in Figure 7).
• the portion of the surface of the substrate 702 between these vias becomes less hydrophobic, and consequently the drop 708 spreads out across the cap members of the two vias to which the voltage has been applied, and the intervening portion of the substrate 702, as illustrated in Figure 7.
• the drop 708 will be stable in the position shown in Figure 7, i.e., the drop will remain in the same position even after removal of voltage from the two electrodes, since the drop is "pinned" at either end by the cap members 706 on the two vias.
• a voltage may be applied to (say) the center and left vias 704. This renders the portion of the exposed surface of the substrate 702 between these vias less hydrophobic, and consequently the drop will flow on to the less hydrophobic portion of the surface, thus assuming the form 708' shown in Figure 7.
• a voltage may be applied to (say) the center and left vias 704. This renders the portion of the exposed surface of the substrate 702 between these vias less hydrophobic, and consequently the drop will flow on to the less hydrophobic portion of the surface, thus assuming the form 708' shown in Figure 7.
• more elaborate manipulations of the aqueous fluid are possible, especially using two-dimensional arrays of vias.
• this invention also extends to the use of pigments and nanoparticles as coloring agents in electro-wetting displays.
• electro- wetting displays have hitherto used dyes dissolved in the oil and/or aqueous phases, dyes in solution are notoriously susceptible to the long term effects of electromagnetic radiation, especially ultra-violet radiation, which tends to cause fading and/or discoloration of the dyes, and such effects may limit the operating lifetime of electro- wetting displays.
• Replacement of dissolved dyes with pigments or nanoparticles provides useful increases in the operating lifetime.
• pigments or nanoparticles also allows for control of the surface properties of the pigments or nanoparticles, for example, by the formation of charged or chargeable groups, or polymers, thereon (see, for example, U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/0185378).

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• Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
• Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)

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