CN100449595C - 电润湿显示器 - Google Patents

电润湿显示器 Download PDF

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CN100449595C
CN100449595C CNB2004800293774A CN200480029377A CN100449595C CN 100449595 C CN100449595 C CN 100449595C CN B2004800293774 A CNB2004800293774 A CN B2004800293774A CN 200480029377 A CN200480029377 A CN 200480029377A CN 100449595 C CN100449595 C CN 100449595C
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fluid
substrate
display
electrode
electric field
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CN1864191A (zh
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J·M·雅各布森
T·H·怀特赛德斯
M·D·麦克里里
R·J·保利尼
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E Ink Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
    • G02B26/005—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid based on electrowetting
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
    • G09F9/372—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the positions of the elements being controlled by the application of an electric field
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
    • G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
    • G09G2300/0452—Details of colour pixel setup, e.g. pixel composed of a red, a blue and two green components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
    • G09G2310/0202—Addressing of scan or signal lines
    • G09G2310/0221—Addressing of scan or signal lines with use of split matrices

Abstract

通过下面的措施可以改善电润湿显示器的性能：(a)提供隐蔽部件(112)，当流体(108)限制到小区域时它隐蔽移动的流体(108)；(b)使用移动的流体覆盖滤波器或反射器的一个或多个部分，该滤波器或反射器具有不同颜色部分；(c)在微单元的后表面和侧表面之间移动移动的流体；(d)对所述移动流体的润湿具有抵抗力的衬底用作所述移动流体的衬底，该衬底被多个导电通孔穿透，所述多个导电通孔被所述流体润湿的材料覆盖；以及(e)使用色素或纳米颗粒对移动流体进行着色。

Description

电润湿显示器
本发明涉及电润湿显示器。
一个世纪前就已经知道两个不混溶电介质之间的界面张力可以通过在这些电介质间施加电势来控制；例如，见Lippmann，M.G.，Ann.Chim.Phys.，5，494(1875)。很久以前就已经知道施加的电势(V)和得出的表面张力(γ)之间的数学关系可以用李普曼(Lippmann)公式表达：
γ＝γ0-0.5cV2
其中，γ0是基本为零电荷时(即，当在固体的表面没有电荷时)固体-液体界面的表面张力，假设电荷层可以模拟为对称的赫尔姆霍茨电容器，c是单位面积的电容。还已经研发了电渗透和电毛细管显示器；所有这些类型的显示器依赖于电场存在下液体的润湿特性的改变。例如见Sheridon，N.K.，“Electrocapillary Imaging Devicesfor Display and Data Storage”，Xerox Disclosure Journal1979，4，385-386；和美国专利No.5,956,005；5,808,593；5,757,345；5,731,792；5,659,330；4,569,575；6,603,444；以及6,449,081。Richard B.Fair和他的同事们在Duke大学研发了使用该原理的各种显示器；例如，见http://www.ee.duke.edu/Research/microfluidics。
最近，发现电润湿装置中电极和液体之间的薄电介质层(由此形成“电介质上的电润湿”装置)可以仿效常规电润湿装置中的电双层。该电介质层可以阻隔电子传输同时维持界面的高的电场，该电场导致施加电压时电荷的再分布。使用疏水的电介质和含水的液体提供了大的初始接触角，以及当电润湿时接触角的大的改变空间。而且，通过采用液体和电极之间的电介质层，事实上可以使用任何种类的液体，而不管界面的极性如何；见Moon，H.等在J.Appl.Phys，2002，92，4080上发表的“Low voltage electrowetting-on-dielectric”。
荷兰Eindhoven的Philips研究实验室的研究人员描述了一种电润湿显示器，声明能用于视频速率应用；见Nature，425，383(2003)和国际专利申请WO 2004/068208；WO 2004/027489；和WO 03/071346。该显示器属于电介质类型的电润湿，在它的底部使用具有透明电极的单元，该透明电极布置在白色衬底上。电极被疏水的电介质层覆盖。该单元还包含带颜色的(着色的)油和水。当没有施加电压时，带颜色的油润湿疏水电介质，所以颜色呈现油的颜色。然而，当在透明电极和与水接触的第二电极之间施加电压时，油移动到像素的一小部分，所以像素的主要部分呈现衬底的白色。通过分割像素成三个子像素可以实现CMYK色彩方案，每个子像素具有白衬底，但每个子像素具有两个不同颜色的油层，例如青色和洋红色。
这类显示器存在很多问题。因为油到像素的一小部分的限制仅在施加场的时候保持，所以该显示器不是双稳态的。当显示器用于连续地显示视频时这不是严重的问题，但存在这样的应用情况，其中特别是在便携式装置中，用户希望暂停视频并且检查独立帧，这时如果显示器是双稳态的话则是有利的，使得可以完成每个独立帧的检查而不连续消耗电池中的耗用功率。在一小部分像素中油的可见度减小了显示器的对比度。使用溶解在油中的染料可以导致长期的问题，这是因为溶液中的大多数染料由于长期暴露于辐射将产生不利影响，该辐射一般导致染料的褪色。这在依赖使用不同颜色的油的显示器中可能是特殊的问题，这些油褪色的速度不同，所以随着时间的流逝，显示的颜色可能偏移。
本发明涉及电润湿显示器的各种改进，这些显示器减少或消除了上述问题。
一个方面，本发明提供一种显示器，包括：
衬底；
与所述衬底相邻的第一流体，所述第一流体吸收至少一种光波长；
与所述第一流体不混溶的透光第二流体；
至少一个电极，用于施加电场到所述第一流体；以及
隐蔽部件，与所述衬底隔开并由基本不透明材料制成，
在没有电场时，使得所述第一流体覆盖衬底的第一区域，但一旦通过该至少一个电极施加电场到第一流体时，所述第一流体移动到小于所述第一区域的第二区域，并且基本限制在所述隐蔽部件和衬底之间，所以隐蔽部件基本隐蔽第一流体，防止从距离衬底的隐蔽部件的相对侧观看显示器的观察者看见所述第一流体。
这里使用的术语“透光”表示第二流体必须传输足够的光以使透过第二流体观察第一流体移动的观察者看见这种移动(在显示器是读取非光学波长的机器的情况，术语“透光”当然必须理解成读取显示器的电磁辐射的波长是透射的，下面使用的涉及光的其他术语也应相应理解)。一般地，透光第二流体是透明的，但我们不排除这种可能性，即第二流体中可能存在一些颜色以调节显示的颜色。例如，很多人更喜欢具有些许蓝色调的“白”而不是纯白，所以，例如，下面参考图1和图2描述的颜色从白色变化成黑色的这种类型的显示器中，注入一些轻微的蓝色以使得白色状态轻微地呈现蓝-白色可能是有优势的。
为方便起见，该显示器此后可以称为本发明的“隐蔽部件显示器”。这种显示器中，衬底可以包括与第一流体相邻的电介质表面，和/或可以包括带颜色的层或反射层。这种显示器的一个优选形式中，衬底具有基本平坦表面，隐蔽部件包括基本平坦部分，该基本平坦部分基本平行于衬底的基本平坦表面延伸，但是与所述衬底的基本平坦表面隔开。
另一个方面，本发明提供一种显示器，包括：
衬底，具有至少第一和第二部分，第一和第二部分具有相互不同的第一和第二光学特性；
第一流体，第一流体吸收至少一种光波长，并具有第三光学特性，该第三光学特性不同于第一和第二光学特性的至少其中之一；
与第一流体不混溶的透光第二流体；以及
与衬底的第一部分相邻的第一电极和与衬底的第二部分相邻的第二电极，
使得通过控制施加到第一和第二电极的电势，第一流体可以占据第一位置和第二位置，第一位置中第一流体基本覆盖衬底的第二部分，使第一部分没有覆盖，第二位置中第一流体基本覆盖衬底的第一部分，使第二部分没有覆盖。
为方便起见，该显示器此后称为本发明的“色彩偏移显示器”。这种显示器中，第一流体能够占据第三位置，其中第一流体覆盖显示器的第一和第二部分。
在色彩偏移显示器中，衬底可以具有多于两个的不同颜色的部分。例如，衬底可以具有第三部分，第三部分的光学特性不同于第一、第二和第三光学特性，该显示器还可以包括与衬底的第三部分相邻的第三电极，使得通过控制施加到第一、第二和第三电极的电势，第一流体可以占据第三位置，其中第一流体基本覆盖衬底的至少第一和第二部分的其中之一，使第三部分没有覆盖。例如，衬底的第一、第二和第三部分可以是任意排列的红色、绿色和蓝色，或黄色、青色和洋红色。而且，衬底可以具有第四部分，它的光学特性不同于第一、第二和第三光学特性、且不同于衬底的第三部分的光学特性，该显示器还包括与衬底的第四部分相邻的第四电极，使得通过控制施加到第一、第二、第三和第四电极的电势，可以使第一流体占据第四位置，其中第一流体基本覆盖至少衬底的第一、第二和第三部分的其中之一，使第四部分没有覆盖。例如，衬底的第一、第二、第三和第四部分可以是任意排列的红色、绿色、蓝色和黑色，或黄色、青色、洋红色和黑色。
在本发明的色彩偏移显示器中，一般地，衬底的第一和第二部分(以及第三和第四部分，如果存在的话)将是共面的。这些部分可以呈现不同的几何形状。例如，这些部分可以具有基本等边三角形形式。备选地，第一和第二部分可以具有基本圆形的形式，所述基本圆形的第一和第二部分通过管颈部分相连，所述管颈部分的宽度小于每个基本圆形部分的直径。电极可以布置在该管颈部分上或与之相邻。
另一方面，本发明提供一种显示器，包括：
第一衬底，通过它观察者可以观看显示器；与所述第一衬底隔开的第二衬底；以及至少一个在第一和第二衬底之间延伸的侧壁，所述第一和第二衬底与侧壁一起定义了一个腔，该腔具有第一衬底表面、第二衬底表面和至少一个侧壁表面；
布置在所述腔中的第一流体，所述第一流体吸收至少一种光波长；
透光第二流体，与所述第一流体不混溶且布置在所述腔中；
第一电极，与所述腔的第二衬底表面相邻；
与腔的侧壁表面相邻布置的第二电极；以及
延伸到所述腔中并与第二流体电接触的第三电极，
通过控制施加到第一、第二和第三电极的电势，使得第一流体可以占据第一位置和第二位置，在所述第一位置中第一流体与所述腔的第二衬底表面相邻，在所述第二位置中第一流体与所述腔的侧壁表面相邻。
为方便起见，这种显示器此后称为本发明的“微单元显示器”。在这种显示器中，衬底可以包括与第一流体相邻的电介质表面，和/或可以包括带颜色的层或反射层。该显示器还包括绝缘块，与腔的第二衬底表面和侧壁表面之间的结相邻，第三电极经过该绝缘块。
另一方面，本发明提供一种显示器，包括：
流体；
衬底，具有对所述流体的润湿具有抵抗力的暴露的表面；
至少三个导电的通孔，穿过所述衬底延伸并在所述暴露的表面附近终止；以及
帽部件，覆盖与所述暴露的表面相邻的导电通孔的端部，该帽部件由被所述流体润湿的材料形成。
为方便起见，这种显示器此后称为本发明的“导电通孔显示器”。这种显示器中，导电通孔可以以二维阵列排列。而且，流体可以是含水的，暴露的表面是疏水的，帽部件由亲水材料形成。
另一方面，本发明提供一种显示器，包括：
衬底；
与所述衬底相邻布置的第一流体，所述第一流体吸收至少一种光波长；
与所述第一流体不混溶的透光第二流体；以及
至少一个电极，用于施加电场到所述第一流体，
在没有电场时，使得所述第一流体覆盖衬底的第一区域，但一旦通过该至少一个电极施加电场到所述第一流体，所述第一流体移动到小于所述第一区域的第二区域，
其中所述第一流体被色素颗粒或纳米颗粒着色。
为方便起见，该显示器此后称为本发明的“色素/纳米颗粒显示器”。
最后，本发明提供一种显示器，包括：
隔开的第一和第二电极，所述第二电极是透光的；以及
第一和第二流体，限制在所述第一和第二电极之间，所述第一和第二流体相互不混溶，所述第一和第二流体是不透光的且具有不同的颜色，
该显示器具有第一稳定状态和第二稳定状态，在所述第一稳定状态中所述第一流体与第一电极相邻，使得所述第二流体的颜色为透过第二电极观察显示器的观察者所见，在所述第二稳定状态中所述第一流体与第二电极相邻，使得所述第一流体的颜色为观察者所见。
为方便起见，该显示器此后称为本发明的“双色流体显示器”。这种显示器中，第一流体可以包括油，第二流体可以含水。该显示器还包括分别布置在第一电极和流体以及第二电极和流体之间的第一和第二电介质层。
附图的图1是本发明的隐蔽部件显示器的示意性侧视图，第二流体覆盖衬底的大的第一区域；
类似于图1，图2示出了第二流体被限制到衬底的较小的第二区域的示意性侧视图。
图3是本发明的四色色彩偏移显示器的衬底的顶视图。
图4是本发明的双稳态双色流体电润湿显示器的示意性侧视图。
图5是本发明的微单元显示器的示意性侧视图。
图6是本发明的第二色彩偏移显示器的顶视图。
图7是本发明的导电通孔显示器的示意性侧视图。
如前所述，本发明具有很多不同方面。下面将分别描述各个方面，但应当理解单个显示器可以利用本发明的多个方面。例如，本发明的微单元显示器根据本发明的色素/纳米颗粒可以使用色素颗粒或纳米颗粒着色的第一流体。
本显示器中，第一(移动)流体一般是油，而第二流体一般是含水的。为便于理解，下面的描述使用术语“油”和“水”代替第一和第二流体，但这些术语“油”和“水”不应理解成限制的意思。
首先，如前所述，本发明提供一种隐蔽部件显示器，具有隐蔽部件，用于施加电场时隐蔽油；本发明还提供一种操作这种显示器的方法。附图的图1和图2中示出了本发明的特定的隐蔽部件显示器。如图1所示，电润湿显示器(仅示出了单个像素)包括衬底102(一般是着色成白色)、透明的第一电极104和电介质层106。一层带颜色的第一流体(油)在电介质层106的大的第一区域(如图所示在整个电介质106上)铺开，透明的第二流体(水)110位于油层108之上。该电润湿显示器还包括隐蔽部件112，其具有远离电介质层106延伸的第一部分以及平行于平坦电介质层106延伸的第二部分；隐蔽部件112的第二部分的表面支撑第二电极(未示出)。
图1示出了两个电极之间没有施加电场的电润湿显示器，所以带颜色的油层108在电介质层106的表面上均匀地铺开。这样，示出的单个像素显示了油的颜色。图2示出了在两个电极之间施加电场时的显示器。油层不再在电介质层106的表面上均匀铺开，而是集中成紧凑的液滴108’，覆盖位于隐蔽部件112之下的第二区域，所以在指定方向(从隐蔽部件112远离衬底102的相对一侧，即在图1和2中从上面)观察显示器的观察者主要看见白色衬底102，隐蔽部件112隐蔽了油滴108’，观察者看不到油滴。
很显然可以通过改变隐蔽部件112的可见表面(即，远离电介质层106的表面)的颜色改变像素的对比度。例如，将该可见表面制成白色将增加像素的白色状态的明度(brightness)(如图2所示)，尽管会损失黑色状态的黑度(如图1所示)。备选地，通过将该可见表面制成中间灰影(gray shade)可以获得最大对比度。
可能存在图1和2所示的显示器的各种变形。例如，第二电极不必位于隐蔽部件之上，只要第二电极与水110电接触即可。实际上，显示器的每个像素不必具有分离的第二电极；而是，显示器可以使用类似于常规有源矩阵显示器的电极结构，每个像素具有穿过大量像素(一般地穿过整个显示器)延伸的公共前电极(如下所述，制备成适合引导第一流体移动的形状)，以及独立的第一电极104。而且，显示器的一个光学状态不必示出衬底的颜色。例如，衬底可以是透明的，所以该显示器用作光调制器。备选地，带颜色的滤波器或反射器可以布置在任何合适的位置。
图3是本发明四色色彩偏移显示器的衬底的一个像素的高度示意顶视图。从该图可以看出，像素是等边三角形，由四个等边三角形子像素组成，中心子像素是黑色(K)，其他的是红色(R)、绿色(G)和蓝色(B)；很明显如有需要，可以使用青色、黄色和洋红色子像素代替红色、绿色和蓝色子像素。该像素配备有四个电极(未示出)，三角形像素的每个顶点处都有一个，第四个电极在它的中心。(如有需要，电极可以在与图1和图2类似的隐蔽部件上提供，隐蔽部件的暴露表面着色成与下面像素的部分相匹配。)像素和黑色油一起使用，以与图1和2中所示的显示器相似的方式工作。当不通过任何电极施加电场时，油均匀地在整个像素上铺开，这样全部显示黑色。如果仅在中心电极上施加电压，油集中到中心黑色子像素电极，使红色、绿色和蓝色像素暴露，使得像素的全貌呈现“白颜料(process white)”(实际是灰色)。例如，如果使用中心电极和与红色子像素相邻的电极施加电压，墨水将覆盖黑色和红色子像素，并且将显示青色。很明显通过施加电压到一个、两个或三个电极，可以在像素上显示多种颜色。
还可能制备双稳态的电润湿显示器。最近的现有技术电润湿显示器仅是单稳态的，因为仅在没有施加电场的状态是稳定的；另一个状态(与图2中示出的状态类似)仅在施加电场期间维持。然而，可以制备本发明的双色流体电润湿显示器，它具有两个状态，每个状态与图1所示的状态类似。图4示出了这种双色流体双稳态显示器形式的一个像素。该显示器包括衬底102(因为下面解释的原因，它不一定带颜色)、电极104(它不一定是透明的)和电介质层106，如图所示，它们都与图1中的对应数字类似。该显示器还包括带颜色的油层108和带颜色的含水层110’，该层110’具有不同于油层108的颜色。没有隐蔽部件，但图4的显示器包括前透明电介质层114和透明前电极116；实际上，希望提供前衬底(未示出)以提供用于该显示器的机械支撑和保护。
与图1中示出的条件相同，在图4所示的条件中，油层108在电介质层106上均匀铺开，像素显示(对于透过电极116和电介质层114观察显示器的观察者，即从图4的上面观察显示器的观察者)含水层110’的颜色，该含水层110’使得油层108的颜色变得模糊。然而，通过突然在电极104和与含水层110’接触的电极(未示出)之间施加电压，油层108可以从电介质层106反润湿，形成类似于图2中的液滴108’的部分椭圆的液滴，并从此(当去除驱动电压时)润湿前透明电介质层114，由此进入第二稳定状态，除了油层与前透明电介质层114相邻之外该第二稳定状态通常类似于图4所示的状态。在该第二稳定状态中，像素显示油层的颜色，油层使得含水层110’的颜色变得模糊。很明显，只要需要，像素可以在两个稳定状态之间切换。而且，因为必须施加相当大的电压到显示器以使它在其两个稳定状态之间切换，所以该显示器具有用于切换的阈值；这种阈值使得这种显示器使用无源矩阵方法驱动，而不需要使用更复杂的有源矩阵方法。
如果使用染料对图4的显示器中的油层108和含水层110’进行着色，对于显示器的长期稳定重要的是这些染料在这两层之间没有移动。实际上，这不会造成很大困难，因为可以获得多种溶于水但不溶于油的染料，或溶于油但不溶于水的染料。然而，有利地是采用色素颗粒或纳米颗粒而不是染料作为着色剂。这种色素颗粒或纳米颗粒可以配备有涂覆层(例如，见美国公布的专利申请No.2002/1085378)以使得它们具有强烈的素水性或亲脂性，以便它们将不在油和水层之间移动。
附图的图5是示意性侧视图，一般与图4类似，示出了微单元电润湿显示器，它以类似于图4的方式操作。图5示出了显示器的单个微单元，具有后壁(第二衬底)502、侧壁504和506以及前壁(第一衬底)508，透过该前壁观看显示器。微单元还包括后透明电极510、后电介质层512，它们类似于图1和4中的相应数字，与微单元的第二衬底表面相邻。然而，微单元还包括与侧壁表面相邻的侧(第二)电极514(它不一定是透明的)以及相关的侧电介质层516。电极510和514由绝缘块518相互绝缘，第三电极520从该绝缘块浸入到无色含水介质110，该无色含水介质110基本填充了微单元。所述微单元还包含带颜色的油相522。
图5中所示的微单元的第一稳定状态类似于图1和图4中的第一稳定状态；当两个电极之间没有施加电压时，带颜色的油相522润湿后电介质层512，使得透过前壁508观看微单元的观察者透过无色含水介质110看见油相522的颜色。然而，一旦突然在后电极510和第三电极520之间施加电压，油相522将停止润湿后电介质层512，并且将形成一个液滴，该液滴将穿过电极520并且以第二稳定状态结束，在所述第二稳定状态该液滴润湿侧电介质层516。在该第二稳定状态中，透过前壁508观察微单元的观察者看见后电极510或后电介质层512(任何一个)的颜色，它们中的任何一个都是带颜色的(与侧电介质层516相邻的油相522仅占据微单元的横截面的一小部分，基本对观察者不可见)。备选地，后电极510和后电介质层512都可以是无色的，可以在微单元的后面提供带颜色的衬背或反射体，使得微单元可以以“快门模式”操作，参考美国专利No.6,130,774和6,172,798。
应当理解，除了上述参考图1到5描述的实施例，可以使用带颜色的油相生产大量其他类型的彩色电润湿显示器，所述带颜色的油相被移动以覆盖具有其他颜色或可能具有不同面积的电极。已知通过施加电压到与其上停留有油相的电极相邻的电极，在相同平面内的相邻电极间施加电场来移动液滴，由此导致所述油相移动到其上施加有电压的电极。这种移动当然可以反向。通过使用具有不同颜色、可选尺寸以及带颜色的油相的电极，可以产生各种效果。通过在大的白电极和小的黑电极之间移动黑色油相可以提供简单的单色显示器；很明显，当黑色油相覆盖白色电极时，黑和白电极都呈现黑色，而当黑色油相局限在小的黑电极时，像素的全貌基本是白色。可以通过使用(例如)具有与小电极基本相同颜色的油相产生更复杂的效果，包括彩色，而相邻的大电极属于补偿色。这样，彩色显示器可以利用具有下面油/电极组合的独立像素：
红色油/小的红色电极/大的青色电极；
绿色油/小的绿色电极/大的洋红色电极；和
蓝色油/小的蓝色电极/大的黄色电极。
这种显示器中，图6中所示的本发明的第二色彩偏移显示器是有用的。该显示器基本是哑铃形状，电介质表面具有两个圆形部分602和604，它们通过中心的基本矩形的“管颈”部分606连接。存在三个独立可控的电极，分别为两个位于圆形部分602和604的中心的圆形电极608和610，以及一个位于管颈部分606中心的矩形电极612。
图6中示出的显示器以下面的方式操作。假设带颜色的油相布置在圆形部分602上，含水相位于带颜色的油相之上并延伸而与矩形电极612和圆形部分604接触。如果希望移动油相以占据圆形部分604，电压施加到电极608，由此使该电极具有亲水性，没有电压施加到电极612，所以该电极变成疏水。因此，油相从部分602移动到管颈部分606。接着，电压施加到电极612，同时保持施加到电极608的电压，但是没有电压施加到电极610。因此，油相从管颈部分606移动到圆形部分604。油相在圆形部分604的配制通常是稳定的，所以一旦油相位于部分604上，就不需要电压施加到任何电极。
尽管圆形部分602和604在图6中以相同的尺寸示出，但这些部分当然可以在形状(例如，一部分可以是椭圆的而不是圆形的)、尺寸和/或颜色上变化。此外，一个圆形部分可以配备有隐蔽部件，类似于图1中的隐蔽部件112，以使得该圆形部分上存在的油相变得模糊。
图7是本发明的导电通孔电润湿显示器的示意性侧视图。该显示器使用含水(一般是带颜色的)介质作为它的工作流体。图7的显示器包括疏水电介质材料形成的衬底702。为此优选使用极高K值的电介质，例如陶瓷高K电介质悬浮液，例如极性聚合物(例如聚(偏二氟乙烯))中的钛酸钡。出于下面的原因，假设整个衬底702是绝缘的，仅衬底702的暴露的上表面(如图7所示)的属性影响显示器的操作。这样，衬底702可以包括低K值材料底部上的高K疏水电介质暴露的表面层，所述低K值材料例如是诸如聚乙烯或聚(对苯二甲酸亚乙酯)这样的聚合物。
多个隔开的导电通孔704穿过衬底702延伸，并在其暴露的上表面附近终止。每个通孔704被亲水性涂覆层形式的薄的帽部件706覆盖，所述帽部件706覆盖与衬底702的暴露上表面相邻的导电通孔704的端部。尽管图7中示出一行中仅排列三个通孔704，实际上可以使用较大的数目，可以在二维阵列中排列通孔。
如液滴708所示的含水工作流体停留在衬底702的暴露表面上。在任一通孔704上没有电压时，液滴708将不润湿衬底702的疏水表面，而是围绕通孔704的帽部件706“球形隆起”(这不是图7中所示的状态)。然而，在两个相邻的通孔704(比方说图7中中间和右边的通孔)上施加电压时，这些通孔之间的衬底702的表面部分变得不怎么具有疏水性，因此液滴708横穿两个其上施加电压的通孔的帽部件以及衬底702的居间部分铺开，如图7所示。假设适当选择帽部件706和衬底702的暴露表面的特性，液滴708将在图7所示的位置保持稳定，即，甚至在从两个电极间去除电压时，液滴仍将保留在相同的位置，因为液滴被帽部件706“栓”在两个通孔的端部。
为移动液滴708到不同的位置，可以施加电压到(比方说)中部和左边的通孔704。这致使这些通孔之间的衬底702的暴露表面部分较不具有疏水性，因此流体将流到表面的较不疏水的部分，这样呈现图7中所示的形式708’。很明显，更多的含水流体的精细操作也是可能的，尤其是使用通孔的二维阵列。
如前所述，本发明还扩展至使用色素和纳米颗粒作为电润湿显示器中的着色剂。尽管电润湿显示器迄今为止使用溶解在油和/或含水相中的染料，但溶液中的染料易受电磁辐射特别是紫外辐射的长期影响，这些辐射倾向于导致染料的褪色和/或变色，这些影响可能限制电润湿显示器的工作寿命。使用色素或纳米颗粒代替溶解的染料增加了工作寿命。色素或纳米颗粒的使用还允许例如通过在其上形成带电的或可充电的基团或聚合物来控制色素或纳米颗粒的表面属性。(例如，见美国公布的专利申请No.2002/0185378)。

Claims (4)

1.一种显示器，包括：
衬底(102)；
与所述衬底(102)相邻的第一流体(108)，所述第一流体(108)吸收至少一种光波长；
与所述第一流体(108)不混溶的透光第二流体(110)；以及
至少一个电极(104)，用于施加电场到所述第一流体(108)；
在没有电场时，使得所述第一流体(108)覆盖衬底(102)的第一区域，但一旦通过该至少一个电极(104)施加电场到第一流体(108)时，所述第一流体(108)移动到小于所述第一区域的第二区域，
该显示器的特征在于：
隐蔽部件(112)，与所述衬底(102)隔开并由基本不透明材料制成，
使得一旦施加电场到第一流体(108)，第一流体(108’)变得基本限制在所述隐蔽部件(112)和衬底(102)之间，所以隐蔽部件(112)基本隐蔽第一流体(108，)，防止从距离衬底(102)的隐蔽部件(112)的相对侧观看显示器的观察者看见所述第一流体(108’)。
2.根据权利要求1的显示器，其中衬底(102)包括与第一流体(108)相邻的电介质表面层(106)。
3.根据权利要求1的显示器，其中衬底(102)包括带颜色的层或反射层。
4.根据权利要求1的显示器，其中衬底(102)具有基本平坦表面，隐蔽部件(112)包括基本平坦部分，所述基本平坦部分沿着基本平行于衬底(102)的基本平坦表面延伸但却与所述衬底(102)的基本平坦表面隔开。
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