WO2005000516A1 - 圧入接合構造 - Google Patents
圧入接合構造 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005000516A1 WO2005000516A1 PCT/JP2003/012987 JP0312987W WO2005000516A1 WO 2005000516 A1 WO2005000516 A1 WO 2005000516A1 JP 0312987 W JP0312987 W JP 0312987W WO 2005000516 A1 WO2005000516 A1 WO 2005000516A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- press
- joint
- fitting
- fit
- hole
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L13/00—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints
- F16L13/14—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints made by plastically deforming the material of the pipe, e.g. by flanging, rolling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/02—Pressure butt welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K33/00—Specially-profiled edge portions of workpieces for making soldering or welding connections; Filling the seams formed thereby
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K33/00—Specially-profiled edge portions of workpieces for making soldering or welding connections; Filling the seams formed thereby
- B23K33/004—Filling of continuous seams
- B23K33/006—Filling of continuous seams for cylindrical workpieces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
- B23K2101/06—Tubes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a press-fit joining structure of members constituting a metal element part.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H10-163,086 discloses a method in which a bead is formed at a base portion on an inlet side of a pipe portion to be inserted into a pipe connection hole, or a lip is formed at a periphery of an inlet side of the pipe connection hole. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-40058).
- lap resistance welding is the mainstay of the above-described resistance welding, and in each case, the joint is formed by forming a molten structure called a nugget at the joint.
- the only way to strengthen the welding is to increase the number of nuggets.
- thermal deterioration of the joining base material and impact on dimensional accuracy are inevitable.
- the formation of the bead or the lip complicates the manufacturing process and requires post-processing, so that there is a problem that the cost is high.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-1350.
- a non-peripheral press-fit joint structure was proposed as shown in Fig. 1.
- a non-peripheral press-fitting joint structure is not suitable for joining pipes that allow fluid to pass, for example, in terms of the airtightness of the joint.
- the contact area at the time of initial energization increases, so that a large amount of required current is required, and the size of the joining structure is limited. Therefore, the applicant of the present invention conducted a test to solve the above-mentioned problems, and aimed at commercializing a new press-fit joint structure.
- the bonding interface is scraped off, and this is accumulated at the bonding end to form a projection as a paris.
- a squeeze occurs at the joining portion depending on conditions such as the press-in allowance and the press-in depth, and the amount of burrs increases when the press-in allowance is 0.3 mm or more.
- the press-in fee is usually 0. ! !
- the length is about 7 mm, so reducing this press-in allowance can reduce the amount of burrs, but reducing the press-in allowance causes a problem in that the joining strength decreases.
- the burrs can be removed by cutting, there is a problem that the manufacturing process is complicated and the processing cost is increased.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and has as its object to provide a press-fit joining structure that is easy to manufacture, has excellent economic effects, has high finishing accuracy, and is excellent in strength. , Disclosure of the invention
- the press-fit joint structure according to the present invention has holes 13 and 21 formed with inner wall portions having the same cross-section of the press-fit portion as shown in FIG.
- the first members 2, 22 having the same shape as the holes 13 and 21 and having a constant cross section.
- the press-in allowance (with respect to the diameter) of the second member 4, 24 into the hole 13, 21 of 22 is 0.1 mm or more, and the hole 13, 1, 2 of the first member 2, 22
- the second member 4, 24 is pressed into the inside of the second member 4 with a predetermined pressure, and electric current is applied between the two members to generate electric resistance heat at the joint of the user.
- the upper limit of the press-fitting margin is set to 0.4 mm, and the press-fitting margin and the press-fitting depth at which the first member and the second member are joined are (1) That is, the two members were joined together with a 1 ⁇ X press-in allowance) mm or more.
- the upper limit of the press-fitting margin is 0.4 mm, and the press-fitting margin and the press-fitting depth at which the first member and the second member are joined to each other are set to 1. That is, the two members were joined together with O mm or more.
- the upper member and the second member may be joined by setting an upper limit of a press-fit depth at which the first member and the second member are joined to each other with (9 ⁇ 120 ⁇ press-fit allowance) mm. It is.
- the first member is formed in a cylindrical body having a circular hole penetrating therein.
- the first member and the second member are each formed in a circular cylindrical body, and the first member is joined to the second member.
- the inner periphery of the portion is uniformly enlarged to form a first joint, while the outer periphery of the joint of the second member is uniformly decreased in diameter to form a second joint. That is, the second joint is joined to the first joint.
- the first member is formed as a plate having a circular hole having an inner wall surface formed in a direction perpendicular to the plate surface. Further, the cross-sectional area of the joint between the first member and the second member is set to 20 square cm or less.
- the press-fitting joint structure according to the present invention has the holes formed in the first members 58, 59, 78, 90.
- the second member 62, 63, 82, 92 provided with a predetermined press-in allowance between the two members is pressed at a predetermined pressure, and an electric current is applied between these two members to provide an electric resistance to the joint between the two members.
- the edge of the hole of the first member, which first comes into contact with the second member at the time of joining, is notched or dented, so that the burr accommodating portion 70 is formed. It was formed.
- the second member 82 is provided with a stepped portion 85 whose outer peripheral surface is uniformly reduced in diameter from an end portion to a predetermined range to form a joined portion 84.
- the paris housing portion 70 is formed by notching or denting a portion of the second member in the vicinity of the stepped portion or the portion of the first member corresponding to the stepped portion.
- the first member forms a closed space in which the Paris storage section is closed.
- the burr receiving portion 70 may be formed by cutting out the step portion or the vicinity thereof in the second member in a circumferential groove shape.
- the first member 78 is provided with a stepped portion 81 whose inner peripheral surface is uniformly enlarged from the end to a predetermined range to form a joint 80.
- the vicinity of the step portion in the first member or the portion of the second member corresponding to the step portion is cut or dented to form the burr receiving portion 70, and after joining, the burr accommodating portion 70 is formed.
- the second member forms a closed space in which the Paris storage section is closed.
- the burr housing portion 70 may be formed by cutting out the step portion or the vicinity thereof in the first member in a circumferential groove shape.
- the press-fitting joining structure uses the plate member 58 having a hole 60 in which an inner wall surface portion is formed in a direction perpendicular to the plate surface, as the first member, and the hole as the second member.
- the shaft body 61 is provided with a predetermined press-in allowance between the shaft portion and a plurality of non-joined portions extending in the axial direction in the circumferential direction.
- the press-fitting joint structure uses a cylindrical member having a hole formed with an inner wall portion having the same cross-section of a press-fit portion as the first member, and as the second member, For this, a predetermined press-fitting margin is provided, and a cylindrical member having a fixed cross section at the joint is used.
- the press-fitting joint structure uses a cylindrical member 90 having a hole formed with an inner wall surface having the same cross-section of a press-fit portion as the first member, Then, a predetermined press-fitting margin is provided in the hole, and a plug member 92 having a joint having a constant cross section is used.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of press-fit joining using a work A according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) shows a member set on a jig, and (b) shows a press-fit allowance between members. , (C) shows the press-fit depth between the members.
- FIGS 2A and 2B are diagrams showing the work A, in which (a) shows the first cylindrical body, (b) shows the second cylindrical body, and (c) shows the press-fit joining state of the members.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram according to the embodiment, in which the joining process is grasped by changes in pressure and pressure with respect to temperature transition.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a relationship between time and temperature in tempering by heating and re-energization according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a metallographic photograph of the bonding interface of work A according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a partially enlarged photograph (a) (b) of a photograph taken by a metallurgical microscope.
- FIG. 7A and 7B relate to the embodiment, and FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a shape of a pallet when a workpiece A is press-fitted and joined, and FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating a pallet shape of a workpiece B.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a preferable relationship between a press-fitting allowance and a press-fitting depth based on a first test using work A according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 9A and 9B are explanatory diagrams of press-fit joining using a work B according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9A shows members set on a jig
- FIG. 9B shows press-fitting allowance between members.
- (C) shows the press-fit depth between the members.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a plate and a cylindrical body relating to the work B.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a preferable relationship between a press-fitting allowance and a press-fitting depth based on a second test using work B according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a table showing first test results according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a table showing a second test result according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is an explanatory view of press-fitting according to the embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) shows a member set on a jig, and (b) shows a member after press-fitting.
- FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams showing a member according to the embodiment, in which (a) forms a paris accommodating portion in a hole member, (b) forms a groove-shaped burr accommodating portion in a boss member, and (c) shows a boss member.
- a paris housing is formed in the hole member, and (d) is a groove-shaped burr housing formed in the boss member.
- FIG. 16 is an explanatory view of press-fitting joining according to the embodiment, wherein (a) shows a member set on a jig, and (b) shows a member at the time of press-fitting.
- FIG. 17 is a metal micrograph showing a cross section of the member after joining according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram of press-fitting joining according to the embodiment, in which (a) shows a member set on a jig, and (b) shows a member after press-fitting.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a cross section of a joint portion between the hole of the plate and the shaft according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 1 shows a form in which a second cylindrical body 4 is joined to a first cylindrical body 2 using a jig as a work A.
- This jig has a lower die 6 made of chrome copper provided with a cylindrical hole 7 at the upper part, and an upper die 8 made of chrome copper provided with a cylindrical hole 9 at the lower part.
- the lower mold 6 and the upper mold 8 also function as electrodes 10 and 12, respectively, and current can flow between both molds.
- the first cylindrical body 2 is fitted into the hole 7 while leaving the upper joint portion 14, and the side wall surface portion 2 a of the first cylindrical body 2 and the hole 7 are formed. It is in close contact with the side wall 7a because of current flow.
- the configuration in which the electrode 10 is provided on the side wall surface portion 2a of the first cylindrical body 2 is different from the configuration in which the electrode is provided on the lower surface portion of the first cylindrical body 2, as shown in FIG. This is because the resistance of the electrode itself affects the energization, and this is reduced to improve the energization.
- the form in which the electrodes are provided on the first cylinder 2 may be a method other than the above, for example, a method in which the electrodes are inserted into the cylinder of the first cylinder 2.
- An electrode is provided in the vicinity of the joint portion 14 of the cylinder 2.
- the upper die 8 has a press mechanism (not shown) The upper die 8 is pressurized and lowered.
- the first cylindrical body 2 has a cylindrical shape having an inner diameter (diameter) of 19 mm, an outer diameter ⁇ 2 of 22 mm, and a thickness t of 1.5 mm.
- the joint portion 14 has a hole 1 formed by a circular surface having an inner diameter of ⁇ 3, in which a certain range of the inner peripheral surface is uniformly cut outwardly from the end of the first cylindrical body 2 so as to increase in diameter. Forming three.
- the second cylinder 4 has a cylindrical shape with an inner diameter ⁇ 4 of 19 mm, an outer diameter ⁇ 5 of 22 mm, and a thickness t of 1.5 mm.
- the joint 16 is formed such that the outer peripheral surface of the second cylindrical body 4 is uniformly cut inward (toward the center) over a certain range from the end to reduce the diameter, and the outer peripheral surface having an outer diameter of ⁇ 6 is formed. Has formed. Then, as shown in FIG. 2C, the joint 16 of the second cylinder 4 is joined to the joint 14 of the first cylinder 2.
- the outer diameter ⁇ 6 of the second cylinder 4 is slightly larger than the inner diameter ⁇ 3 of the first cylinder 2, and the difference ( ⁇ 6 ⁇ 3) is the diameter. (D) for the radius. Due to the press-fitting allowance (d), the outer peripheral portion of the second cylindrical body 4 comes into contact with the inner peripheral portion of the first cylindrical body 2 to form a joint surface portion.
- the joint thicknesses of the joints 14 and 16 are made equal and balanced. For this reason, the size of the inner diameter ⁇ 3 of the joint 14 is set to 20.5 mm—the press-fit allowance (d) No. 2 and the outer diameter ⁇ 6 of the joint 16 is set to 20.5 mm + the press-fit allowance (d) / Assume 2.
- the entire part forming the step as the joints 14, 16 of the two cylindrical bodies 2, 4 becomes the press-fitting depth (h).
- the injection depth (h) was set with part of the joints 14, 16 remaining.
- Chromium molybdenum steel (SCM420) was used as the material of the first cylinder 2 and the second cylinder 4.
- SCM420 Chromium molybdenum steel
- SUS stainless steel
- Other materials include not only general steel, but also carbon steel for machine structures, alloy steel for machine structures, heat-resistant steel, tool steel, panel steel, steel, free-cutting steel, bearing copper, steel for pressure vessels, etc.
- light metals such as titanium, alloys, aluminum, and magnesium can be used.
- any combination of low-carbon steels, low-carbon steels and high-carbon steels, and high-carbon steels can be used.
- the press-fitting process uses electric resistance heat at the joint, so there is no particular limitation unless the metal has low electric resistance, such as copper or pure aluminum.
- the same material, or materials having similar melting points and hardness can be easily joined, the structure of the joining interface is formed uniformly, and good joining is performed.
- the applied current was 22 kA.
- the pressure was in the range of 4 kN to 5 kN. This pressing force is lower than the stress of the base material (here, a resistance force that prevents the second cylinder 4 from entering the first cylinder 2). Therefore, press-fitting starts when the pressure exceeds the stress reduced by the softening of the base metal.
- the first cylinder 2 is fitted into the hole 7 of the lower mold 6, while the second cylinder 4 is fitted into the hole 9 of the upper mold 8. .
- the upper die 8 is urged by applying a constant pressing force, and at the same time, electricity is conducted between the first cylinder 2 and the second cylinder 4.
- press-fitting of the second cylindrical body 4 is started together with generation of electric resistance heat, and the joint 16 of the second cylindrical body 4 moves through the joint 14 of the hole 13 of the first cylindrical body 2. Move down.
- ironing occurs at the joint interface between the two members, and press-fitting is performed by a manufacturing process by ironing.
- the wall between the second cylinder 4 and the first cylinder 2 is squeezed by the movement in the sliding direction, As a result, the impurity layer on the surface is rubbed and removed, and the surface is cleaned. Contact is made.
- Fig. 3 captures the above-mentioned joining process in terms of the pressure applied to the transition of the temperature of the joint due to the resistance heat and the change in the deformation resistance of the base material at the base material joint.
- the vertical axis shows the temperature of the joint and the deformation resistance of the base metal of the joint
- the horizontal axis shows the time axis of the joining process.
- the temperature of the joint surface rises due to the resistance heat generated by energization, and the joint surface begins to soften accordingly.
- the bonding area of the bonding surface increases, and conversely, the difference in cross-sectional area decreases, so that the current density decreases.
- the generation of resistive heat decreases, and the temperature of the bonding surface decreases.
- the second cylinder 4 as the base material moves in the first cylinder 2 to complete the joining process.
- the entire process from the start of pressurization and energization, the start of press-fitting, and the completion of press-fitting is performed in a short time of less than 1 second. After completion of the press-fitting, the hardness of the base metal at the joint is restored by cooling, and the joint is firmly joined.
- tempering is not performed, follow the sequence of pressurization ⁇ energization ⁇ press-in ⁇ cooling (rapid cooling).
- press-fitting if it is allowed to cool as it is, it is rapidly cooled by the copper electrode.
- the joint is hardened and the material becomes brittle.
- the reason for this quenching is that, in the above-mentioned press-fit welding, heat is locally and rapidly applied, so that the temperature gradient between the joined and non-joined parts becomes large, and the joint heated above the transformation point (A3) of steel This is because the part is rapidly cooled as the heating is stopped and changes to a martensitic structure. This martensite structure increases in proportion to the carbon equivalent of the material and the size of the joining material.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a change in temperature when a tempering process is added to the press fitting process. As shown in the figure, the whole process consists of four steps: process 1 pressurizing, energizing (press-fitting), process 2 cooling (rapid cooling), process 3 energizing (tempering), and process 2 cooling (gradual cooling).
- the tempering described above has not only the general theory of quenching and tempering, but also has a great effect that supersaturated carbon contained in martensite generated by quenching precipitates as fine carbides from martensite by tempering.
- the martensite which is a quenched structure, is transformed into tempered martensite, the toughness is restored, and tempering can be performed. Since these steps are performed in a short period of time, it is desirable to perform them with a jig in which the members are set first.
- the above tempering is particularly effective when a steel material having a carbon content of S30C or more or a material having a carbon equivalent of 0.3% or more is used as the work.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 are metallographic micrographs of the joint at the joint interface when the second cylinder 4 is press-fitted to the first cylinder 2.
- the press-fit allowance (d) is 0.2 mm.
- the press-fit joining according to the above embodiment has a solid-phase welding or a joining structure similar to solid-phase welding because there is almost no molten and solidified layer at the joint.
- the important point of the press-fitting is that, in the press-fitting process, the effect of the process of press-fitting is that a sliding direction movement is generated at the bonding interface, thereby rubbing off and removing the impurity layer on the surface. Is to be obtained. By this action, a clean joining surface essential for solid-phase welding is formed, and the joining of both is performed firmly. It can be said that this is a characteristic operation and effect of this joining method.
- the test was performed because the welding was predicted to be unstable due to a small amount of heat, and the test was difficult because accurate pressure data could not be obtained due to press-fitting at the initial pressure during resistance welding. Was excluded from the target.
- the press-in allowance (d) was 0.5 mm or more, it was excluded from the test because the press-in depth and the amount to be scraped off by the press-in allowance were too large and the finished appearance was unfavorable.
- the pull-out strength shown in the table is obtained by fixing the first cylinder 2 of the test sample, applying a compressive load to the end face of the second cylinder 4 from the direction opposite to the press-fitting direction, and Are the results of measuring the load (breaking load at the joint) that peels off from the first cylindrical body 2.
- a strength testing machine a universal tensile tester Autograph (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) was used.
- FIG. 7 (a) shows burrs 15 when the second cylinder 4 is press-fitted and joined to the first cylinder 2 (paris at the tip of the first cylinder 2), and burrs 15 and ( It shows the shape of the burr at the tip of the second cylindrical body 4.
- FIG. 7B shows the shape of the burr 37 when the cylindrical body 22 is press-fitted to a plate 20 described later.
- the amount of burr 15 was visually determined. In this visual judgment, as shown in Fig. 7, the amount of protrusion (V) of Paris in the same direction with respect to the press-in depth (h) is generally used as a reference. However, if this ratio was within about 20%, it was determined that the amount of protrusion was small, and if it was more than 20%, it was determined that the amount of protrusion was large.
- each joint member was chamfered at the end of the contacting part and press-fitted.However, for the sake of measurement, the depth including the chamfer was defined as the press-fit depth. .
- X indicates a state in which the amount of protrusion in Paris is large.
- Pressure-in depth indicates whether or not the press-in was possible up to that depth. ( ⁇ ) indicates that the press-in was successful, and (X) indicates that the press-in was not possible to the depth.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing a range in which good bonding can be obtained based on the above test results.
- the criteria for good joining are: (1) the joining strength is 10 kN or more; (2) the amount of pallets generated by press-fitting is small; Considering that deformation is small.
- the joining strength increases as the press-in allowance or the press-in depth increases.
- the guideline of the appropriateness of the joint strength varies depending on the use of the product, it is usually several kN, so “about 10 kN or more” was set as a guideline for the suitable strength.
- the press-in allowance is large, the appearance of the joint is degraded due to burrs, so it is better to reduce the press-in allowance, but if this press-in allowance is reduced, the joining force will decrease.
- the cleanliness of the joining interface is assured as long as ironing is applied to this joint at the time of press-fitting, the oxide film removing function is exhibited and the joining strength is secured.
- the press-in allowance at which this ironing is performed properly is within the range of the above formula (3).
- the press-in allowance for diameter is 0.1 mm.
- the press-fit depth is 1. Omm
- the press-fit allowance is 0.2 mm
- the press-fit depth is 1.
- the press-fit allowance is 0.3 mm
- the press-fit depth is 0.5 mm
- the press-fit allowance is 0.4 mm. 0.5 mm, and these are plotted with ( ⁇ ).
- the lower limit of the press-fitting depth is preferably in the range of the formula (2). If the press-fitting depth is smaller than the range of the formula (2), the amount of rubbing at the time of press-fitting is small, so that the bonding strength is reduced.
- Good strength can be obtained with the press-fitting allowance in all ranges (0.1 to 0.4 mm with respect to the diameter) when the press-fit depth is 0.5 mm or more, more preferably 1.0 mm or more. Within this range, more stable and good press-fit strength can be secured.
- the bonding strength is good (10 kN), which is not a problem, and in this case, it is limited by quality (burr).
- quality of the press-fit depth even if the press-fit depth is negative (X), sufficient strength is obtained, so the press-fit depth was not considered in the determination of the range.
- the standard of good quality is that the range up to the small amount of protrusion ( ⁇ ) is good as the range that does not require finish processing of the product.
- the upper limit of the press-fitting depth at each press-fitting allowance is 0.1 mm for the press-fitting allowance of 0.1 mm and 10.0 mm for the press-fitting allowance of 0.2 mm. 5.
- press-fit depth 0.3 mm, press-fit depth is 3.0 Omm, press-fit allowance 0.4 mm, press-fit depth is 3.0 mm, and these are plotted ( ⁇ ). Focusing on these plots with a straight line focusing on the press-fit allowance of 0.2 mm and the press-fit allowance of 0.3 mm, and setting this as the upper limit of the press-fitting depth,
- the upper limit of the press-fit depth is preferably in the range of the formula (2).
- the above-mentioned range (1), range (3) and triangular range (1) divided by range (4) can be derived. If the press-fitting joint maintains the relationship between the press-fitting allowance and the press-fitting depth within the range (1), good press-fitting can be performed with respect to both the press-in strength and the burr amount.
- the press-in allowance is 0.3 mm or more, although not specifically shown in the table of FIG. 12, the amount of burr is relatively large at 0.4 mm. 3 mm or less is more preferable.
- the press-fit depth is 3.0 O mm or more, the joining strength is almost at the level of the base metal, so from the viewpoint of strength, no further press-fit depth is required, and the amount of burrs increases instead. Therefore, it is more preferable that the press-fit depth is 3.0 Omm or less.
- the second cylinder 4 is rod-shaped (solid), there is no technical difference in press-fitting and similar effects can be expected.
- the joint of the work here has a circular cross section for ease of manufacture or practical use. However, even if it has another shape, for example, a polygon such as an ellipse, a triangle, a square, etc. The same is applicable and applicable, and the same effect can be expected if the same level of press-in allowance is provided.
- the size of the cross section of the joint of the work is not theoretically limited, but especially in the case of full-circumferential joining, the electric resistance is small and a large amount of current is required.
- the cross-sectional area of the joint is substantially 20 cm 2 or less (this substantially corresponds to a diameter of 5 O mm or less when the cross section is circular). If the size of the connection part of the work becomes larger than this, practical problems such as the problem of the capacity of the current supply equipment (the maximum capacity of a general welding machine is about 45 kA) and the effect of the resistance of the electrode itself will occur. Occurs. FIG.
- FIG. 9 shows a form in which a circular plate 20 provided with a circular hole 21 as a work B and a circular cylindrical body 22 are joined. Also in this case, the cylinder 22 is joined to the plate 20 using a jig.
- This jig has a lower die 24 made of chrome copper and an upper die 28 made of chrome copper provided with a cylindrical hole 26 at the bottom.
- the upper mold 28 also functions as the electrodes 30 and 32, respectively.
- the cylindrical body 22 is fitted into the hole 26 while leaving the lower joint 34, and the side wall surface 22a of the cylindrical body 22 and the side wall surface 26a of the hole 26 are electrically connected. For close contact.
- the reason for providing the electrode 32 in this manner is as described above.
- the upper die 28 is equipped with a press mechanism (not shown), and presses the upper die 28 down.
- the plate 20 has a predetermined thickness (p), and a hole 21 provided in the plate 20 has a circular cross section having a diameter of ⁇ 10.
- a joining portion 36 as an inner wall surface of the hole 21 is formed in a direction perpendicular to the plate surface.
- the plate 20 is placed on the upper surface 35 of the lower mold 24, and the cylindrical body 22 is fitted into the hole 26 of the upper mold 28.
- the upper die 8 is pressed by applying a constant pressing force, and at the same time, electricity is supplied between the plate 20 and the cylinder 22 via the electrodes 30 and 32.
- press-fitting of the cylindrical body 22 is started with the generation of the electric resistance heat, and the joint 34 of the cylindrical body 22 moves down in the joint 36 of the hole 21 of the plate 20.
- the press-fitting margin (d 2) an ironing action occurs at the joint interface between the two members, and press-fitting is performed.
- the press-fitting is performed up to the press-fitting depth (h2) in the range of the plate thickness of the plate 20, as shown in FIG. 9 (c).
- this press-fit allowance (d2) the joint portion 34 Of the plate 20 is in contact with the joint 36 of the hole 21 of the plate 20 to form a joint surface.
- the cylindrical body 22 has an outer diameter ⁇ 11 of 17.0 + press fitting allowance (d 2 ) mm, the inner diameter ⁇ 12 is 14 mm, and the wall thickness (t 2) is about 1.5 mm.
- the second test in the company will be described.
- the entire periphery of the plate 20 having the hole 21 as the work B and the cylindrical body 22 is press-fitted and joined.
- press-fitting was performed with the press-fitting allowance (d2) in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm and the press-in depth (h2) in the range of 1.0 mm to 7.0 mm.
- the test was performed with a press-fit depth of 0.5, but in the second test, the press-fit depth (0.5 mm) was obtained with the plate 20 having a plate thickness of 0.5 mm.
- the test was difficult and was excluded from the test.
- a test was performed for a press-fit depth of 3.2 mm (instead of 3. Omm) due to the material.
- the table in Fig. 13 summarizes the test results for the pull-out strength of the joint at that time, the amount of burrs 37 generated at the joint end, and the press-fit depth.
- the plate 20 was made of carburized material
- the cylinder 22 was made of S20C (carbon steel).
- tempering by re-energization was performed.
- the press-in allowance (d2) was not performed for 0.1 mm or less and 0.5 mm or more for the same reason as in the first test.
- Other conditions and test contents are the same as in the first test.
- the table of Fig. 13 also shows substantially the same results as the table of Fig. 12 above. Regarding the joint strength, the amount of Paris, the press-in depth, etc. Therefore, even if the joining mode and the members are different, the same effect of the press-fit joining can be expected.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing a range in which good bonding can be obtained based on the above test results.
- the joining is good.
- the joint strength is 1 O kN or more
- the amount of burrs 37 generated by press-fitting is small
- the press-fitting does not cause permanent deformation such as buckling or shrinkage due to press-fitting.
- the press-fitting margin if it is less than 0.1 mm as described above, it was excluded because the amount of rubbing of the press-fitting margin was small and the joining was unstable. Therefore, the range of the press-in allowance is as shown in the following formula 3 '.
- the press-fit depth is less than the range of the formula 4 ', the amount of rubbing at the time of press-fit is small and the bonding strength is low.
- the joint strength is good (10 kN) and does not matter, so in this case, it is limited by the quality (Paris).
- the quality of the press-fitting depth even if the press-fitting depth was negative (X), sufficient strength was obtained, so it was not considered in the above range judgment.
- the standard of good quality is defined as good up to the small amount of protrusion ( ⁇ ) as long as the product does not require finishing.
- the upper limit of the press-fitting depth at each press-fitting allowance is: the press-fitting depth is 7.0 mm or more at a press-fitting allowance of 0.1 mm, and the press-fitting depth at a press-fitting allowance of 0.2 mm.
- the press-fitting depth was 3.2 mm at 5.011111, the press-fitting allowance of 0.3 and 3.2 mm at the press-fitting allowance of 0.4, and these were plotted ( ⁇ ).
- a preferable range of the press-fitting depth with respect to the press-in allowance for performing the press-fitting satisfactorily is a triangular range (1) defined by the range (1), (2) and (3). If the press-fitting joint structure can maintain the relationship between the press-fitting allowance and the press-fitting depth within this range 1 ', good press-fitting can be performed with respect to the press-fitting strength and the amount of squeeze.
- the press-in allowance when the press-in allowance is 0.3 mm or more, the amount of burr 37 is relatively large, and from this point, the press-in allowance is 0.3 mm or less. More preferred.
- the press-fit depth when the press-fit depth is approximately 3.Omm or more, sufficient bonding strength can be obtained, and from the point of strength, no further press-fit depth is required, and the amount of burrs increases instead. It is more preferable that the press-fit depth is 3.Omm or less. Even if the cylindrical body 22 is rod-shaped (solid), there is no technical difference and similar effects can be obtained. Can be expected.
- the hole 21 of the plate 20 may not be a through-hole, but may be a hole having a depth equal to or greater than the press-fitting depth.
- the joint of the work here has a circular cross section, but this is technically the same and applicable to other shapes, such as polygons such as ellipses, triangles, and squares. The same effect can be expected if the same amount of press-in allowance is provided.
- the above-mentioned press-fitting can be used in the manufacture of automobile component parts and the like, for example, parts having a cylindrical body joined to a plate portion, such as transmission control / lever components, shiftless / single components, or engine parts It is suitable for manufacturing such as.
- the entire periphery or near-peripheral joining of the members can be performed quickly and easily with a simple process of only press-fitting and energization, and the manufacturing cost is reduced. Inexpensive and economical.
- the joining interface is cleaned and the joining is performed well and the strength is excellent.
- the range of heat influence on the base material is small, so high precision This has the effect of ensuring good bonding, good finishing accuracy, and almost no post-processing.
- the accuracy of the finished product can be improved as it is by improving the accuracy of each single product of the plate and the cylinder, without correcting the change in accuracy after welding, such as component squareness, coaxiality, hole pitch, etc. It can be used as a finished product.
- airtightness of the joints can be ensured in the all-around joining, and it is particularly effective for joining pipes to each other and pipes to flanges.
- the thermal deterioration of the base material is in a very limited range, heat treatment for removing strain and removing stress after welding is unnecessary, and there is almost no effect on dimensional accuracy.
- finishing work after welding is unnecessary, and the processing cost can be greatly reduced.
- the welding strength of this welding can be as high as that of welding, and unlike welding methods such as caulking, heat treatment after welding is also possible, welding of high carbon steel is possible, and cost is low. is there. Furthermore, in the press-fitting, since the electrodes are provided on the side wall surface near the joint surface of the cylindrical body, the influence of the resistance of the cylindrical body itself is eliminated, and the electric current can be satisfactorily performed and appropriate electric resistance heat is secured.
- the press-fit margin of the second member into the hole of the first member is set to 0.1 mm or more, and the second member is inserted into the hole of the first member.
- the upper limit of the press-fitting margin is 0.4 mm
- the lower limit of the press-fitting depth is within a range of (1-12 X press-fitting) mm, or 1.0 mm or more.
- the press-fitting joint structure according to the present invention further joins the two members with the upper limit of the press-fitting depth being within the range of (9-20 X press-fitting allowance) mm. Since there is no need for post-processing, there is an effect that it is economical.
- the first member is formed into a cylindrical body having a circular hole penetrating therein, the joining between pipes can be performed easily and quickly, and the finishing accuracy can be improved. Has the effect of being excellent in strength.
- FIG. 14 shows a press-fit joint structure according to this embodiment.
- a circular body 62 with a circular cross section is provided with a predetermined press-fitting margin in a circular hole 60 provided in the plate 58, and furthermore, here, the plate 58
- a Paris storage portion 70 is formed as a space for storing the Paris 66.
- This burr storage portion 70 is formed by cutting the joint start portion of the hole portion 60 in a concave shape, but is also formed by cutting in a tapered shape, or by sagging by press working (the corner portion is dented). (R shape).
- steel low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel, alloy steel
- stainless steel etc.
- Press-fitting is possible with metal materials other than aluminum. It is also possible to join dissimilar materials such as stainless steel and steel, titanium and steel, nickel alloy and steel.
- FIG. 15 shows an example of the form of the burr storage portion 70.
- the shaft body 62 and the like are formed as the boss member 63 and the plate 58 and the like are formed as the hole member 59, the hole member 59 is formed.
- the periphery of the joining start part is notched or recessed in a concave (or tapered or R-shaped) shape to form a burr storage part 70 (for example, (a) in the same figure).
- a boss member 63 corresponding to the above-described joining start portion, in which the periphery of the boss member 63 is cut out in a groove shape to form a burr accommodating portion 70 (for example, FIG. 1B). After each press-fitting, burrs are accumulated near each Paris storage unit 70.
- the burr receiving part 70 formed in the hole 60 of the plate 58 corresponds to the form of the burr receiving part 70 in FIG. It is possible to adopt a form of 70 (a burr storage section is formed on the shaft body 62). In particular, when the amount of Paris is large, both of the forms (a) and (b) in the same figure may be adopted at the same time.
- burr receiving portion 70 in a mode in which the outer diameter of the joint portion with the hole member 59 is reduced, and the boss member 63 having the stepped portion 67 is joined to the hole member 59, A hole (not shown) or recessed in the periphery of the joining start portion of the hole member 59 in a shape (or a tapered shape or an R shape) to form a Paris storage portion 70 (for example, FIG. 15 (c)), and joining.
- the stepped portion 67 of the boss member 63 corresponding to the joining start portion at the end of the above is cut out in a groove shape at the back, and a burr receiving portion 70 is formed in an annular shape (for example, FIG. There is.
- a paris is formed near the back of the stepped portion 67, and is stored in the paris storage 70. Also, when the amount of burrs is large,
- the stepped portion 67 of the boss member 63 and the surface portion 69 of the hole member 59 form a closed space in which the burr housing portion 70 is closed after joining. I have to. For this reason, after the joining, the force in which Paris is stored in the Paris storage section 70 The Paris storage section 70 is not visible from the outside, and the finish accuracy in appearance is very good.
- the burr storage portion 70 As described above, there are various forms of the burr storage portion 70. The point is that the vicinity of a portion where burrs are generated when members are joined is cut off or the like (for one or both members). A space is formed so that the Paris can be stored within the size of the space. Also, the volume of the Paris storage section 70 (which is equivalent to the volume of the notched portion) is preferably equal to or larger than the expected amount of Paris, and if the capacity is small, the Paris will protrude.
- the press-fitting of the shaft body 62 is started together with the generation of electric resistance heat as in the above-described embodiment, and the ironing action is applied to the joint interface 64 of both members.
- the resulting press-fit joint is performed.
- the gap between the walls of each member is squeezed by the movement in the sliding direction, whereby the impurity layer on the surface is rubbed and removed, and the surface is cleaned.
- Solid phase welding is performed on the structure.
- the burrs 66 rubbed and rubbed off by the press-fitting are removed, and the burrs 66 provided in the holes 60 are guided by the burrs 70. As well as the height of the burrs being suppressed, it is contained.
- a shaft body 61 in which concave portions 65 are formed at a plurality of surrounding places may be used.
- a portion (convex portion 64) of the shaft body 61 in contact with the hole 60 of the plate 58 has a similar shape to the hole 60.
- a press-fitting margin (0.1 to 0.7 mm with respect to the diameter) is formed between the convex portion 64 of the shaft 61 and the hole 60 of the plate 58.
- the paris storage section 20 is formed at this joint.
- the hole 60 of the plate 58 may not be a through-hole as long as the hole has a depth equal to or greater than the press-fitting depth of the shaft body.
- the joining can be performed quickly with only a simple process of press-fitting and energizing, and the manufacturing is easy and the economy is excellent.
- the bonding interface is cleaned, the bonding is performed well, and the strength is excellent. Because of the state of welding, the range of thermal influence on the base metal is small and high-precision joining is ensured.
- the finishing accuracy is good and post-processing is not required, which is economical.
- Fig. 16 (a) shows the joint structure press-fitted over the entire circumference, using a chrome copper jig consisting of a lower die 74 and an upper die 76 as electrodes, and forming the above hole members.
- first cylinder 78 is used, and a second cylinder 82 is used as the boss member, and these cylinders 78 and 82 are joined to each other.
- the materials shown in the first embodiment such as steel (low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel) and stainless steel, are used for the cylinders 78 and 82.
- the first cylindrical body 78 has a cylindrical shape having predetermined inner and outer diameters.
- the joining portion 80 of the first cylindrical body 78 has a stepped portion 8 1 at the boundary with a portion where the inner peripheral surface in a certain range outwardly expands uniformly from the end of the cylindrical body and does not expand.
- a hole member having an inner diameter formed of a circumferential surface.
- a burr accommodating portion 70 in which a periphery of an inner end portion of the cylindrical body is cut out in a tapered shape (or a concave shape or an R shape) is formed.
- the second cylindrical body 82 has a cylindrical shape having a predetermined inner diameter and outer diameter.
- the joint portion 84 of the second cylindrical body 82 is formed such that the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical body is uniformly reduced inward (toward the center) from the end to a certain range, and a step is formed at a boundary with a portion not reduced in diameter.
- a portion 85 is provided to form a boss member having an outer diameter formed by a circumferential surface.
- the outer diameter of the joint portion 84 of the second cylindrical body 82 is slightly larger than the inner diameter of the joint portion 80 of the first cylindrical body 78, and a press-fit margin is formed. Good press-in strength is obtained by setting the press-in allowance (with respect to the diameter) in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm and the press-in depth of 0.4 mm or more.
- the lower end of the joining portion 84 has a tapered (or Or a concave or R-shaped cut-out portion 70 is formed.
- the burr storage portion 70 formed in the first cylinder 78 and the second cylinder 82 corresponds to the form of the Paris storage portion 70 shown in FIG. 15 (c).
- the form of the Paris storage section 70 shown in FIG. In this case, the back portion of each of the step portions 81 and 85 is cut out in a groove shape to form the Paris storage portion 70.
- the diameter of the joint of the first cylinder 78 and the diameter of the joint of the second cylinder 82 are reduced here, this also increases the diameter of the first cylinder.
- a burr housing portion is formed for the stepped portion of the cylindrical body whose diameter has been increased or reduced.
- the stepped portions 81 and 85 and the end faces 86 and 88 of the joining portions 80 and 84 form a closed space in which the burr housing portion 70 is closed. Therefore, after finishing, the Paris storage section 70 cannot be seen from outside.
- the lower die prevents the formation of the projection of the paris at the portion in contact with the lower die. Therefore, no burr is apparently seen.
- the first cylindrical body 78 and the second cylindrical body 82 have the same conditions for generating paris and have paris 66 at both ends of the joint. Therefore, a burr receiving section 70 is formed at each of the joining sections 80 and 84.
- the first cylinder 78 is attached to the lower mold 74 of the jig and the second cylinder 82 is attached to the upper mold 76 as in the first embodiment. Is pressed by applying a constant pressing force, and at the same time, electricity is supplied between the two cylinders 78 and 82. Then, press-fit bonding is performed together with generation of electric resistance heat, and the impurity layer at the bonding interface 83 is rubbed and removed by ironing, and solid-phase welding is performed.
- each burr accommodating part 70 forms a closed space which is closed by the steps 81, 85 and the end faces 86, 88 of the joints 80, 84.
- Figure 17 is a photograph showing a cross section of the joint when a steel pipe with a slightly reduced joint is joined to a hole provided in a steel plate.
- the surface of the steel plate and the surface of the pipe are flat and have a good finish without deformation, and the burr is sealed in the burr storage portion as a space portion, and the Paris storage portion is closed. Is formed. It should be noted that there is no problem even if the space S is not completely filled with the burrs S which have a space in which the burrs are not partially filled.
- the same effects as those in the above embodiment can be obtained.
- airtightness of the joining portion can be ensured in the circumferential joining, and it is particularly effective for joining pipes.
- the burr accommodating portion is closed by providing a step portion, the burr is not visible, so that the appearance finish is very good.
- the joining accuracy and the finish accuracy are good, and there is no need for post-processing.
- press-fitting and joining structure of the entire circumference, in which a hole is provided in the plate and a cylinder is joined to the hole.
- press-fitting is performed by forming the burr receiving portion shown in FIG. 15 (a) or (b), the same operation and effect as the press-fitting structure can be obtained.
- FIG. 18 shows a press-fit joint structure according to still another embodiment.
- the end of the cylindrical tubular member 90 is closed by a plug member 92 by press fitting.
- a chromium copper jig composed of a lower die 91 and an upper die 96 as electrodes is used, and the two members 90 and 92 are joined.
- the materials described in the above embodiment such as steel (low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel) and stainless steel are used.
- the cylindrical member 40 has a cylindrical shape having predetermined inner and outer diameters.
- the joining portion 98 of the cylindrical member 90 forms a hole having an inner diameter formed by a circumferential surface.
- a Paris storage portion 70 is formed in which the periphery of the inner end portion of the cylindrical body is cut out in a tapered (or concave) shape.
- the Paris storage section 70 formed in the cylindrical member 90 corresponds to the form of the Paris storage section 70 shown in FIG. 15 (c), but is otherwise described in FIG. 15 (d).
- the form of the Paris storage portion 70 (a burr storage portion is formed in the plug member 92) can be adopted. As shown in FIG.
- the plug member 92 has a cylindrical joint 94 and an end plate 95, and the joint 94 has a circumferential surface having a predetermined outer diameter. I have.
- the outer diameter of the joint portion 94 is smaller than the outer diameter of the end plate portion 95, and a step portion 97 is formed at the boundary. Further, the outer diameter of the joint portion 94 of the plug member 92 is slightly larger than the inner diameter of the joint portion 98 of the tubular member 90 (about 0.2 mm with respect to the diameter), and a press-fit margin is formed. .
- a cylindrical member 90 and a plug member 92 are attached to the jig, and the upper mold 96 is pressed by applying a constant pressing force. Connect electricity between 9 and 2. Then, press-fitting is performed together with generation of electric resistance heat, and the surface of the bonding interface 93 is scraped off by ironing to clean the surface, and solid-phase welding is performed on this clean structure.
- the burrs 66 softened or rubbed and removed by the press-fitting are guided to and contained in the paris storage part 70 provided in the bonding part. It is closed off by the upper end 9 9 of 7 and the joint 98.
- tempering heat treatment
- tempering treatment is performed by energizing and heating to perform a tempering treatment.
- the same effect as in the above embodiment can be obtained.
- the removed burrs are stored in the burr storage portion 70 and a step portion is provided to provide the burr storage portion.
- the plug member 92 is in close contact with the tubular member 90 and is closed by being hermetically joined, so that the appearance is good.
- the press-fitting joint structure according to each of the above embodiments can be used for manufacturing an automobile component or the like.
- a form in which a tubular body is joined to a plate portion such as a transmission control / reper component or a shift reper component. It is suitable for the manufacture of parts, engine parts, etc., piping for pressure systems such as hydraulic pressure, pump parts and the like.
- the burr storage portion as a space portion for storing the burr from which the press-in allowance has been removed by press-fitting is formed by one of the first member and the second member. Because of the notch of the part, it was formed near the end of the joint interface, so that it was possible to join quickly with a simple process and to be economical, and that the joint interface was cleaned and joined. Good bonding and excellent strength.In addition, burrs generated by press-fitting are sealed in the burrs storage section, which has the effect of having high finishing accuracy, eliminating the need for post-processing, and being economical. .
- a step portion is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the second member or the inner peripheral surface of the first member, and a Paris storage portion is formed near the step portion and the like. Is designed to close the burr storage section. In addition to the above-mentioned effects, the burr is not visible, so the appearance finish accuracy is good.In addition, the stepped portion improves the joining accuracy and finish accuracy. In addition, there is an effect that there is no need for post-processing.
- the press-fitting joining structure since a cylindrical member is used as the first member, and a cylindrical member provided with a predetermined press-in allowance is used as the second member. It is effective in that it is economical because it can be joined with high airtightness and precision, and there is no need for post-processing.
- the cylindrical member is used as the first member and the plug member provided with the predetermined press-fitting allowance is used as the second member, the cylindrical member and the plug member Are joined with good airtightness and precision, and the end of the tubular member is effectively sealed.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Automatic Assembly (AREA)
- Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
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EP03754064A EP1640102A4 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-10-09 | PRESSPASSUNGSVERBINDUNGS CONSTRUCTION |
US10/506,050 US7385156B2 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-10-09 | Press-fit joint structure |
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JP2003184398A JP4397631B2 (ja) | 2003-06-27 | 2003-06-27 | 圧入接合構造及びその接合部品 |
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EP (1) | EP1640102A4 (ja) |
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- 2003-06-27 JP JP2003184398A patent/JP4397631B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-09 WO PCT/JP2003/012987 patent/WO2005000516A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2003-10-09 US US10/506,050 patent/US7385156B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-09 EP EP03754064A patent/EP1640102A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-10-09 CN CNB2003801003990A patent/CN100443237C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11839940B2 (en) | 2019-04-19 | 2023-12-12 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Joining structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1640102A4 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
JP4397631B2 (ja) | 2010-01-13 |
US20050127044A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
CN100443237C (zh) | 2008-12-17 |
JP2005014064A (ja) | 2005-01-20 |
US7385156B2 (en) | 2008-06-10 |
EP1640102A1 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
CN1691999A (zh) | 2005-11-02 |
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