WO2004082007A1 - 半導体処理用の基板保持構造及びプラズマ処理装置 - Google Patents
半導体処理用の基板保持構造及びプラズマ処理装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004082007A1 WO2004082007A1 PCT/JP2003/016960 JP0316960W WO2004082007A1 WO 2004082007 A1 WO2004082007 A1 WO 2004082007A1 JP 0316960 W JP0316960 W JP 0316960W WO 2004082007 A1 WO2004082007 A1 WO 2004082007A1
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- mounting table
- substrate
- transmission path
- insulating layer
- conductive layer
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/3065—Plasma etching; Reactive-ion etching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67005—Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/67011—Apparatus for manufacture or treatment
- H01L21/67098—Apparatus for thermal treatment
- H01L21/67109—Apparatus for thermal treatment mainly by convection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/67—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
- H01L21/683—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping
- H01L21/6831—Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere for supporting or gripping using electrostatic chucks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/20—Positioning, supporting, modifying or maintaining the physical state of objects being observed or treated
- H01J2237/2001—Maintaining constant desired temperature
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T279/00—Chucks or sockets
- Y10T279/23—Chucks or sockets with magnetic or electrostatic means
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a substrate holding structure for semiconductor processing and a plasma processing apparatus.
- semiconductor processing refers to a process in which a semiconductor layer, an insulating layer, a conductive layer, and the like are formed on a substrate to be processed such as a semiconductor wafer or a glass substrate for a liquid crystal display (LDD) or an FPD (Hat Panel Display).
- LDD liquid crystal display
- FPD Heat Panel Display
- An object of the present invention is to provide a substrate holding structure and a plasma processing apparatus for semiconductor processing that can be reduced in size and cost.
- the present invention also provides a plasma processing apparatus capable of increasing at least the uniformity between surfaces of a film formed on a substrate to be processed.
- the purpose is to do.
- a first aspect of the present invention relates to a substrate holding structure for semiconductor processing
- a mounting table provided in the processing chamber, on which the substrate to be processed is mounted; and a temperature control space formed in the mounting table and containing a fluid used as a heat exchange medium,
- a plasma processing apparatus comprising: an airtight processing chamber accommodating a substrate to be processed;
- a gas supply unit for supplying a processing gas into the processing chamber
- An exhaust unit that exhausts the processing chamber
- It has a mounting table provided in the processing chamber, on which the substrate is mounted, and a temperature-regulating space formed in the mounting table and containing a fluid used as a heat exchange medium.
- a third aspect of the present invention is a plasma processing apparatus, comprising: an airtight processing chamber for accommodating a substrate to be processed;
- a gas supply unit for supplying a processing gas into the processing chamber
- An exhaust unit that exhausts the processing chamber;
- a mounting table disposed in the processing chamber, for mounting the substrate;
- a conductive extension member having a surface surrounding the substrate mounted on the mounting table and having a surface aligned with the surface of the substrate;
- the mounting table includes: an electrode portion to which high-frequency power is applied; a table insulating layer covering a bottom surface and a side surface of the electrode portion; a bottom surface and a side surface of the table insulating layer that at least partially cover the support portion and the column.
- a base conductive layer electrically connected to the conductive layer, wherein the electrode portion, the base insulating layer and the base conductive layer form a coaxial structure;
- the extension member is disposed on the table insulating layer in a state of being electrically insulated from the electrode portion and the table conductive layer, and an impedance between the extension member and the table conductive layer is the electrode.
- the impedance is larger than the impedance between the section and the conductive layer.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing a plasma processing apparatus including a substrate holding structure for semiconductor processing according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the substrate holding structure shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of the substrate holding structure shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion X in FIG.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion Z in FIG.
- Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Y-Y in Fig. 2.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are partial cross-sectional views illustrating a substrate holding structure according to a modification of the first embodiment.
- Figure 8 shows the self-bye when high frequency power is applied to the mounting table. Graph showing the measurement results of the negative potential.
- Figure 9 shows the process conditions.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic configuration cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a schematic configuration of the plasma processing apparatus.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic configuration diagram schematically showing a configuration of a main part of the plasma processing apparatus shown in FIG. 10.
- FIG. 12 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view schematically showing the structure of the outer periphery of the mounting table.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B are circuit diagrams showing equivalent circuits between the plasma and the lower electrode of the plasma processing apparatus.
- FIG. 14 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a plasma processing apparatus according to a modification of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing a plasma processing apparatus including a substrate holding structure for semiconductor processing according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- the plasma processing apparatus 10 is configured to perform a sputter etching or a reactive etching on a silicon oxide film, a metal oxide film, or a film of another material on a semiconductor wafer to be processed. Ruru.
- the plasma processing apparatus 10 includes a substrate W to be processed. And a processing chamber 20 for storing and processing.
- the processing chamber 20 is connected to a gas supply unit 30 for supplying a processing gas into the processing chamber 20.
- An excitation mechanism 40 for converting the processing gas into plasma is disposed on the upper outside of the processing chamber 20.
- a mounting table 51 of a substrate holding structure 50 for holding the substrate to be processed W is disposed below the inside of the processing chamber 20.
- the processing chamber 20 is formed by a combination of a conductive and cylindrical lower container 201 and an insulating and cylindrical upper container or bell jar 401.
- An opening is formed in the center of the bottom of the lower container 2 ⁇ 1, and a cylindrical exhaust chamber 202 projecting downward is airtightly connected to the opening.
- the exhaust chamber 202 has a planar outline sufficiently smaller than that of the processing chamber 20 and is arranged concentrically with the processing chamber 20.
- the support 52 of the substrate holding structure 50 is attached to the bottom of the exhaust chamber 202.
- the support 52 of the board holding structure 50 is attached to the bottom of the exhaust chamber 202 using mounting rings 221, screw receiving rings 220, 222, and tightening screws 219. Fixed. This will be described later in detail with reference to FIG.
- the column 52 rises vertically at the center of the exhaust chamber 202, and is connected to the mounting table 51 through the opening at the bottom of the lower container 201.
- An opening 218 is formed in the side wall of the exhaust chamber 202, and is connected to an exhaust unit 204 such as a turbo-molecular pump via an exhaust pipe 203.
- an exhaust unit 204 such as a turbo-molecular pump
- Low pressure is required for etching, especially for snow and butter etching.
- the processing space is set to 0.013 to 1.3. It is necessary to maintain a low pressure of 33 Pa, preferably 0.013 to 133.3 Pa.
- the airtight processing space 402 in the processing chamber 20 is evacuated and evacuated by the exhaust part 204 through the exhaust space 202 A in the exhaust chamber 202 surrounding the column 52.
- the processing space 402 is exhausted through the exhaust space 202 A concentrically arranged below the processing space 402, so that, for example, the exhaust space is exhausted from the side surface of the processing chamber 20.
- the processing space 402 can be exhausted evenly. That is, the processing gas can be uniformly exhausted around the substrate W to be processed. Therefore, the pressure inside the processing space 402 becomes uniform, and the generated plasma also becomes uniform. As a result, it is possible to improve the uniformity of the etching rate when etching the substrate to be processed.
- a shield member or a shield cover 205 made of a metal such as aluminum or an alloy thereof and grounded is provided at the bottom of the exhaust chamber 202.
- an RF introduction component 206 for introducing RF power to the mounting table 51 of the substrate holding structure 50 is provided in the shield cover 205.
- the RF introducing part 206 is connected to a high frequency (RF) power supply 210 for bias via a matching box 209.
- the mounting table 51 of the substrate holding structure 50 has a disk-shaped electrode portion 501, and the column 52 has a columnar and conductive RF transmission path 502.
- the electrode part 501 and the transmission line 502 are integrally formed from a conductive material such as an alloy of Al and A1, and are therefore electrically connected to each other.
- Lower end of transmission line 502 Are electrically connected to the RF introduction component 206. Therefore, RF power is supplied from the RF power supply 210 to the electrode section 501 of the mounting table 51 via the transmission line 502, whereby the bias voltage is applied to the substrate W to be processed. It is stamped. Shield Docano 205 blocks RF and prevents RF from leaking out.
- a heat exchange medium for adjusting the temperature of the mounting table 51 for example, a heat exchange medium chamber containing an insulating cooling fluid (here, A temperature control space formed as a flow path) 507 is formed.
- the transmission path 502 of the support column 52 is provided with an introduction flow path 2 15 and a discharge flow path 2 16 for supplying and discharging the heat exchange medium to and from the temperature control space 507, respectively. Is formed.
- an insulating material for example, an insulating part 2 0 7 made of Sera Mi click or resin such as A 1 2 O 3 is arranged.
- the heat-exchange medium introduction flow path 2 15 and the discharge flow path 2 16 penetrate the insulating part 207 and are connected to the insulating part 207 by the metallic connector pipes 2 1 3 and 2 1 Connected to 4. Therefore, the connector tubes 2 13 and 2 14 are electrically insulated from the RF transmission line 502 by the insulating component 207.
- the periphery of the insulating component 207 and the lower end of the transmission line 502 are covered with a heat insulating material 217.
- the connectors 2 13 and 2 14 are connected to a circulating device CU having a temperature control function such as a flier.
- the heat exchange medium is circulated from the circulating device CU to the temperature control space 507 of the mounting table 51 via the introduction flow path 215 and the discharge flow path 216, whereby the mounting is performed.
- the temperature of the table 51 is maintained at a predetermined temperature.
- a transfer port for the substrate W to be processed is formed on a side surface of the lower container 201, and a gate valve 208 is provided here. By opening the gate valve 208, the substrate W to be processed can be loaded and unloaded into the processing chamber 20. At this time, the lift pins (for example, three) of the elevating mechanism 2 1 1 operate to assist the transfer of the substrate W to the mounting table 51.
- Gas supply portion 3 0, and A r source 3 0 5 which is connected through the A r line 3 0 1 to the gas supply line 3 1 1, and through with H 2 line 3 0 6 connected H 2 source 310.
- the Ar line 301 is provided with valves 302, 304 and a mass flow controller 303. Ar gas is supplied to the gas supply line 311 by opening the knobs 302 and 304. At that time, the supplied flow is controlled by the mass flow controller 303.
- the H 2 line 310 is provided with valves 307 and 309 and a mass flow controller 308. Supplied with H 2 gas to the gas supply line 3 1 1 between this opening valve 3 0 7 3 0 9. At that time, the supplied flow rate is controlled by the mass flow controller 308.
- the gas supply line 311 to which Ar and H2 are supplied is connected to a gas supply ring 212 arranged annularly along the upper edge of the lower container 201.
- a gas groove 2 12 B is formed in the inside of the gas supply ring 2 12 in an annular shape, and Ar gas or H 2 gas is distributed around substantially the entire circumference of the gas supply ring 2 12.
- a r gas or H The two gases are supplied toward the center of the processing space 402 from the gas holes 211A communicating with the gas grooves 211B.
- the Ar gas and H 2 gas supplied to the processing space 402 are turned into plasma by the excitation mechanism 40 described below.
- the upper container or bell jar 4 0 1, dome-shaped dielectric material, such as quartz, consisting Se la Mi click scan (A 1 2 O 3, A 1 N).
- An antenna coil 403 of an excitation mechanism 40 is wound around the bell jar 401.
- the coil 403 is connected to the RF power source 405 via the matching box 404.
- the RF power supply 405 generates RF power having a frequency of, for example, 450 kHz to 60 MHz (preferably 450 kHz to 13.5.6 MHz).
- an induction magnetic field is formed in the processing space 402.
- gases such as Ar and H 2 supplied into the processing space 402 are turned into plasma.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the diameter D a of the cylindrical support 52 of the substrate holding structure 50 can be reduced.
- the diameter Db of the exhaust chamber 202 can be reduced, and therefore, the entire plasma processing apparatus 10 can be reduced in size and the footprint (occupied area) can be reduced.
- an exhaust port 210 formed on the side wall of the exhaust chamber 202 is connected to an exhaust port 204 such as a turbo molecular pump and a pressure regulating valve (not shown) through an exhaust pipe 203. Element Is connected (using the space effectively). Therefore, considering the footprint, the exhaust pipe 203 and the exhaust part 204 are smaller than the plane contour of the lower vessel 201 or the excitation mechanism 40 (Fig. 1). Smaller than the range indicated by the diameter D c).
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the substrate holding structure 50 shown in FIG.
- the substrate holding structure 50 includes the disk-shaped mounting table 51 and the columnar support 52 concentrically disposed below the mounting table 51.
- the mounting table 51 includes the above-described electrode section 501 to which RF power is applied.
- the side surface of the electrode section 501 is covered with a ring block 508 made of a dielectric material such as quartz.
- the bottom surface of the electrode portion 501 is covered with a plate block 509 made of a dielectric material such as quartz and having a hole formed in the center thereof through the transmission line 502. .
- the ring block 508 and the plate block 509 form a base insulating layer.
- the bottom and side surfaces of the base insulating layers 508 and 509 are further covered with a base cover (base conductive layer) 514 made of a conductive material such as A 1 or T i.
- the electrode section 501, the base insulating layer 508, 509 and the base conductive layer 514 have a coaxial structure.
- the support 52 includes the above-described conductive transmission path 502 for introducing RF power.
- the transmission path 502 is covered with an insulator (post insulation layer) 513 made of a dielectric material such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene). Insi
- the irrator 513 is further covered by a conductive material such as A 1, T i, and a support cover (support conductive layer) 515 which is grounded and grounded.
- the transmission line 502, the pillar insulating layer 513, and the pillar conductive layer 514 form a coaxial structure.
- the electrode portion 501 and the transmission line 502 are integrally formed from a conductive material such as an alloy of Al and A1, and are therefore electrically connected to each other. Ring block and play 1, block (table insulation layer) 508, 509 and insulator (post insulation layer) 513 are formed separately.
- the base cover (base conductive layer) 5 14 and the column cover (column conductive layer) 5 15 are molded separately, but are integrated and electrically connected by welding.
- the temperature control cavity 507 for storing a heat exchange medium (fluid) for uniformly maintaining the substrate to be processed at a predetermined temperature is formed.
- the temperature control space 507 connects the introduction flow passage 505 and the discharge flow passage 506 formed in the transmission line 502 to each other, and introduces the introduction flow passage 505 and the discharge flow passage 506. A flow path for flowing the heat exchange medium is formed therebetween.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of the substrate holding structure shown in FIG. 1, and shows a cross section substantially orthogonal to the cross section shown in FIG.
- a dielectric layer 503 made of a dielectric material such as, for example, alumina (A12O3) is provided on the upper surface (and side surface) of the electrode portion 501 in contact with the substrate W.
- An electrode 504 is inserted inside the dielectric layer 503 on the upper surface so as to form an electrostatic chuck in cooperation with the dielectric layer 503.
- the electrode 504 is connected directly to the outside of the processing chamber 20 via a wiring 516 extending insulated in the transmission line 502. Connected to a power supply (not shown).
- a voltage is applied to the electrode 504
- electrostatic polarization occurs in the dielectric layer 503 below the substrate W, and the substrate W is electrostatically attracted.
- the dielectric layer 503 is formed by, for example, ceramic spraying. Alternatively, the dielectric layer 503 can also be formed by a method in which a thin film of ceramic of a sintered body is laminated. Further, the dielectric layer 503 can be formed of a dielectric film such as aluminum nitride (A1N), SiC, or BN instead of alumina.
- A1N aluminum nitride
- SiC SiC
- BN instead of alumina.
- the substrate holding structure 50 includes the mushroom-shaped conductive cores 501 and 502 connected to the bias RF power supply 210 and the insulating layer (dielectric layer). ) Coaxial structure covered with 508, 509, 513 and further covered with grounded conductive layers 514, 515. With this configuration, the loss of RF power is small, and the bias can be efficiently and stably applied to the substrate to be processed.
- PPTFE is used as the pillar insulating layer (insulator) 5 13. This is because the dielectric constant of PTFE is as low as about 2, and the loss of RF power is small. In other words, it is advantageous in terms of RF power efficiency to use a low dielectric constant material for the pillar insulating layer 5 13.
- the base insulating layers (ring block and plate block) 508 and 509 are also preferably made of a material having a low dielectric constant so as to reduce the loss of RF power. The following points must be considered.
- the plate block 509 is provided with sealing members 5 1 1 and 5 1 2 in order to hermetically separate the mounting table 5 1 side from the support column 5 2 side.
- the base insulating layers 508 and 509 are placed in a space that communicates with the processing space 402 where the plasma is generated under reduced pressure. For this reason, it is not preferable to use a medium that emits a large amount of gas as the material of the base insulating layers 508 and 509.
- the base insulating layers 508 and 509 are affected by a severe temperature change such as a temperature rise or fall due to generation of plasma.
- PTFE is porous when considered in a microscopic region, especially in dense materials such as quartz, and emits a large amount of gas under reduced pressure. Therefore, it is not preferable to use it in a vacuum vessel.
- PTFE has a problem that it is easily deformed or has no plasma resistance and thus is easily etched.
- the base insulating layers 508 and 509 should emit a small amount of gas in the decompression vessel, have high temperature hysteresis, and be made of a material having a low dielectric constant as much as possible. I like it. Quartz can be cited as a material that satisfies them, and for example, a resin material or the like can be used instead. That is, it is preferable to use quartz for the base insulating layers 508 and 509, and to use PTFE for the pillar insulating layers 513.
- a focus ring 510 made of quartz or the like is provided on the upper surface (on the side on which the substrate W is mounted) of the periphery of the ring block 508 and the electrode portion 501.
- the focus ring 510 focuses the plasma in the processing chamber to the wafer side, So that it is uniform.
- the focus ring 510 also prevents the ring block 508 and the dielectric layer 503 from being damaged by plasma.
- the introduction flow path 505 and the discharge flow path 506 for supplying or discharging the heat exchange medium to / from the electrode section 501 are formed inside the transmission path 502. Therefore, as described below, the structure of the substrate holding structure 50 can be simplified, the number of components can be reduced, and the size can be reduced.
- an R F introduction path for applying a bias to the mounting table and a flow path for introducing or discharging the heat exchange medium to or from the mounting table are formed separately.
- a space for disposing each component is required below the mounting table.
- parts for the R F introduction path and the flow path for the heat exchange medium are required respectively, and the number of parts is large and the structure is complicated.
- the size of the entire mounting table must be increased, so that the cooling volume is increased and the cooling efficiency is poor.
- the introduction path 505 and the discharge path 506 are formed inside the transmission path 502, so that the RF introduction path and the RF introduction path are formed.
- the arrangement space of the heat exchange medium flow path is shared. This makes it possible to reduce the number of parts and simplify the structure, and also to reduce the layout space and the size of the board holding structure.
- the diameter Da of the column 52 including the transmission line 502, the introduction channel 505, and the discharge channel 506 can be reduced.
- the diameter D b including the strut force par 5 15 is reduced.
- the substrate holding structure 50 can be reduced in size.
- an insulative fluid is used as the heat exchange medium, for example, a fluorine-based fluid (such as galden). For this reason, it is possible to cool the substrate to be processed via the mounting table 51 and maintain the temperature of the substrate to be processed W while ensuring insulation.
- a fluorine-based fluid such as galden
- the board holding structure 50 is fixed to the exhaust chamber 202 by a mounting ring 222, a ring-shaped screw receiver 222, 222 and a tightening screw 219.
- the mounting ring 2 21 has a substantially disc shape with a hole in the center through which the transmission path 502 passes.
- the mounting ring 222 is fixed to the transmission line 502 by screws (not shown).
- An insulating screw holder 220 and a metal screw holder 222 are provided between the mounting ring 222 and the support cover 515. These push the support cover 5 15 upward with a tightening screw 2 19 screwed into a screw hole formed in the mounting ring 2 21.
- the transmission path 502 of the substrate holding structure 50 is pulled downward, g
- the airtightness of the processing space 402 is maintained by the sealing ring 512 inserted between the processing space 402 and the processing space 402. In this manner, the load for sealing necessary for airtightness can be reduced to the sealing rings 511 and 512 without using metal screws. For this reason, it is possible to reliably maintain the airtightness of the processing space 402 in a state where there is no metal contamination source in the processing space 402 where the plasma is excited.
- this shows a cross section substantially orthogonal to the cross section shown in FIG.
- a gas flow path 5 for introducing a gas that conducts heat at a high rate between the surface of the dielectric layer 504 and the substrate W to be processed is provided inside the transmission path 502.
- 1 7 is formed inside the transmission path 502 .
- the transmission line 502 is also provided with the wiring 516 extending in an insulated state, which is a DC power supply (not shown) provided outside the processing chamber 20. )).
- the substrate W is electrostatically attracted by applying a voltage to the electrode 504 of the electrostatic chuck on the mounting table 51 through the wiring 516.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view showing a portion X in FIG.
- the gas flow path 5 17 communicates with a plurality of grooves 5 17 A formed on the surface of the mounting table 51.
- a heat transfer gas such as Ar or He is introduced into the groove 517A through the gas flow path 517.
- the electrode 504 of the electrostatic chuck is made of a metal such as W, for example.
- Electrode 5 0 4 for example sandwiched me by the A 1 2 O and below the Do that since the sprayed film, etc. of the third dielectric layer 5 0 3, 5 1 8.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing an enlarged portion Z in FIG. Figure
- the wiring 516 is made of a metal such as Ti.
- the wiring 5 16 is introduced into an insertion hole 501 a having a diameter L a formed in the substrate holder 501.
- a ring 501b made of A1 is provided by, for example, beam welding, and the wiring 516 is taken in a hole formed in the ring 501b. Affixed.
- the wiring 516 includes a bar-shaped wiring portion 516a.
- a cylindrical step portion 5 16 b having a diameter larger than that of the wiring portion 5 16 a is formed.
- a cylindrical step portion 5 16 c having a smaller diameter than that of the step portion 5 16 b is formed.
- a cylindrical step portion 5 d having a smaller diameter than the step portion c is formed on the step portion c.
- Steps 5 16 b, 5 16 c and 5 16 d have side walls and portions of steps 5 16 b and 5 16 c facing electrode 504 include, for example, A 1 2 O 3
- the thermal spraying forms an insulating film 516 i of 50 ⁇ .
- the DC voltage introduced to the wiring 516 is applied through the stepped portion 516 d in contact with the electrode 504.
- the space of the insertion hole 501a between the wiring 516 and the electrode section 501 is filled with insulating layers 516f and 516e made of insulating resin, for example, so that the wiring 516 is formed.
- the electrode section 501 is insulated.
- the insulating layers 516f and 516e and the wiring 516 are fixed to the electrode section 501 with, for example, an epoxy-based adhesive.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line Y-Y in FIG.
- an introduction channel 505 and a discharge channel 506 are formed inside the transmission channel 502. Heat exchange medium and disconnection of transmission line 502
- the inlet channel 505 and the outlet channel 506 are surrounded by insulating materials 505A and 506A.
- insulating material 505 A and 506 A a low heat transfer material, for example, a fluorine-based resin is desirable, for the following reason.
- the low-temperature heat exchange medium supplied to the temperature control space 507 via the introduction flow path 505 becomes high temperature and is discharged from the discharge flow path 506.
- the cooling efficiency of the electrode section 501 decreases.
- the introduction flow path 505 and the discharge flow path 506 are surrounded by heat insulating materials 505 A and 506 A, heat from the discharge flow path 506 is transferred to the introduction flow path 505. The transmission of the substrate W is prevented, and the substrate W to be processed can be efficiently cooled.
- the introduction flow path 505, the discharge flow path 506, the gas flow path 517, and the DC voltage introduction wiring 516 are arranged inside the transmission path 502. This makes it possible to reduce the size of the substrate holding structure, reduce the number of parts and simplify the structure, and reduce the manufacturing cost.
- the outline of the method for processing the substrate to be processed W is as follows. First, the substrate W is held by the substrate holding structure 50. Next, a processing gas is supplied from a gas supply section 30 to a processing space 402 formed in the processing chamber 20. Then, the processing gas is turned into plasma by the excitation mechanism 40, and the substrate W is subjected to plasma processing.
- the transfer gate formed in the processing chamber 20 is used. Then, the target valve W is carried in, and the substrate W is loaded on the electrode unit 501. Next, the gate valve 208 is closed, and the processing space 402 is exhausted from the exhaust port 218 to reduce the pressure to a predetermined pressure.
- valves 304 and 302 are opened, and the flow rate is adjusted by the mass flow controller 303, while the Ar supply source 300 increases the Ar to the processing space 402. Supply.
- the mass flow rate Control This setup roller 3 0 8
- RF power is supplied to the coil 404 from the RF power supply 403 to excite the inductively coupled plasma inside the bell jar 401.
- the plasma processing apparatus 10 is formed on an oxide film or silicon formed on a metal film formed on a substrate to be processed, for example, in a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device. It can be used to remove impurity layers containing oxide films such as natural oxide films. By removing such an impurity layer, the adhesion between the subsequently formed film and the underlying layer is improved, or the electrical resistance of the subsequently formed film is reduced. Is obtained.
- the specific conditions for removing the impurity layer are as follows.
- the pressure is between 0.1 and 13.3 Pa, preferably between 0.1 and 2.7 Pa.
- the wafer temperature is 100-500 ° C.
- Gas flow rate, A r is 0. 0 0 1 ⁇ 0. 0 3 L / min, I- I 2 force S 0 ⁇ 0. 0 6 L Zm in, is favored properly 0 ⁇ 0. 0 3 L Zm in.
- the frequency of the RF power supply 405 is 450 kHz to 60 MHz, preferably 450 kHz to 13.56 MHz.
- the bias RF power supply is 0 to 5 MHz. At 200 W, it is 120 000 V as a bias potential.
- a metal oxide film such as Cu 2 O
- specific conditions are as follows.
- the pressure is 3.99 X 102 to 1.
- the wafer temperature is 0 to 200 ° C.
- 0 0 2 ⁇ 0. 0 3 L / min, H 2 force s 0 ⁇ 0. OSLZ min It is preferably between 0 and 0.02 L / min.
- the frequency of the RF power supply 405 is 450 kHz to 60 MHz, preferably 45 kHz to 13.5.6 MHz.
- the power of the noise RF power supply is 50 to 300 W, and the noise potential is 115 to 125 V.
- FIG. 9 shows the plasma RF used in the above process, the frequency of the bias RF, and the respective power ranges.
- the bias RF the range of the value of the bias potential is also shown.
- the substrate holding structure 50 is not limited to the contents shown in FIGS. 2 to 6, but can be variously modified and changed.
- 7A and 7B show a substrate holding structure according to a modification of the first embodiment.
- the dielectric layer 503 is formed only on the upper surface of the electrode section 501 (the side in contact with the substrate W) in a range not covered by the focusing ring 501. Is done.
- the number of steps of ceramic spraying can be reduced and the manufacturing cost 1 can be reduced.
- the area and shape of the electrode section 501 covered with the dielectric layer can be variously changed as necessary.
- the focusing ring 51 O A is thinner than the focusing ring 5 10 in the case of the substrate holding structure 50.
- the top surface of the focus ring 51 OA (the side exposed to plasma) and the top surface of the dielectric layer 503 are aligned in height.
- the non-uniformity of the bias potential near the edge of the substrate W is improved.
- the effect of improving the uniformity of the sputter etching rate in the plane of the substrate W can be obtained.
- the dielectric constant can be changed by changing the material of the focusing ring.
- the bias potential near the wafer edge changes, so that the in-plane uniformity of the spotter etching rate can be improved.
- Figure 8 is a graph showing the measurement results of the self-bias potential when high-frequency power is applied to the mounting table.
- RF power is applied to the substrate holding structure 50 and the self-bias voltage ( V dc) was measured. Also .
- V dc was also measured for the conventional substrate holding structure.
- the RF transmission path is thinner than the substrate holding structure 50, and does not have the coaxial structure as described above.
- the Ar gas flow rate was 2.9 sccm.
- the pressure inside the processing chamber was 0.5 mTorr.
- the temperature of the mounting table was room temperature (about 20 to 30 ° C) when the substrate holding structure 50 was used, and 200 ° C for the conventional type.
- Plasma density was in the jar by the 2. 5 X 1 0 10 atotns / cm 3. For this reason, the RF power for plasma excitation was set to 100 W when the substrate holding structure 50 was used, and 800 W for the conventional type.
- V dc the voltage of V dc was higher than that of the conventional type.
- V dc the voltage of V dc is 126 V in the conventional type
- V dc the voltage of V dc is , About 1.3 times the potential.
- the RF power can be efficiently transmitted by the coaxial structure using the transmission line 502 as the central conductor. Conceivable. Another reason is that the RF transmission line 502 has a low impedance due to the introduction of the introduction channel, exhaust channel, DC wiring, and heat transfer gas channel. Can be considered. That is, from the latter viewpoint, the entire substrate holding structure can be reduced in size, but the surface area of the transmission line 502 increases, and the impedance to RF decreases. ⁇ Second embodiment>
- the metal removed from the substrate W to be processed is scattered.
- the scattered metal is deposited on the upper surface of the insulating focusing ring 510 around the target substrate W to form a metal film.
- a discharge path is formed between the substrate to be processed (semiconductor wafer) W and the grounded conductive base cover (base conductive layer) 514 via the metal film.
- the electric charge charged on the metal film flows as a current to the base cover 5 14, so that a loss occurs in the RF power supplied to the electrode section 501.
- problems such as a reduction in processing efficiency and an impairment of processing uniformity occur due to a decrease in self-bias and abnormal discharge in a discharge path.
- the formation of the metal film may cause a significant change in the electromagnetic configuration of the surface of the mounting table 51.
- the state of the plasma on the mounting table 51 also changes with time, thereby deteriorating the reproducibility of the processing process.
- a conductive metal film is formed on the focusing ring 5 10
- the situation is substantially the same as when the lower electrode has an area larger than the substrate W to be processed.
- the self-bias is reduced, the etching rate is reduced, and the processing uniformity (plane-to-plane uniformity) between a plurality of substrates to be processed is also deteriorated.
- the second embodiment relates to a plasma processing device for addressing the above problems. Therefore, the device according to the second embodiment Has an effective structure when processing a substrate to be processed having a conductive film.
- Such processes include, for example, surfaces such as Cu, Si, Ti, TiN, TiSi, W, Ta, TaN, WSi, po1y-Si, etc. Treatment for removing the oxide film formed on the substrate.
- FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram showing a plasma processing apparatus including a substrate holding structure for semiconductor processing according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- the plasma processing apparatus 70 has a cylindrical processing chamber 7 10, and a mounting table 7 20 is disposed inside the processing chamber 7 10.
- the processing chamber 7110 is connected to a gas supply unit 7400 for supplying a processing gas into the processing chamber 7110.
- a substantially cylindrical exhaust chamber 711B projecting downward is hermetically connected to an exhaust port 711c formed at the center of the bottom of the processing chamber 710.
- a column 730 for a mounting table 720 is arranged concentrically in the exhaust chamber 71B.
- An exhaust unit (not shown) having a vacuum pump or the like via an exhaust pipe 716 is connected to a side wall of the exhaust chamber 711B. With this exhaust unit, the inside of the processing chamber 7 10 is exhausted, and a predetermined vacuum pressure, for example, 0.1 mTorr to l.OTrr can be set.
- the processing chamber 7 10 is formed by a combination of a conductive and cylindrical lower container 7 11 and an insulating and cylindrical upper container or bell jar 7 12.
- the lower container 711 is made of, for example, a metal (conductor) such as aluminum or an alloy thereof.
- Bell jar 7 1 for example, glass, Serra Mi click (A 1 2 O 3, A 1 N).
- An induction coil 7 13 is wound around the bell jar 7 12.
- Induction coil 7 13 is connected to RF power supply 7 51 through matching box 7 52.
- RF power 750 kHz is supplied from the RF power supply 751 to the RF coil S 1313 to form an induction electromagnetic field in the bell jar 712. Note that the lower container 7 11 and the coil 7 13 are grounded.
- a gas supply ring 714 is hermetically formed between the lower container 71 1 and the bell jar 72 with a sealing material such as a ring.
- the gas supply ring 714 is connected to the gas source 740 (eg, Ar gas) and the gas source 742 (eg, H 2 gas) of the gas supply section 740 via a valve and a flow meter. Is done.
- Gas supply ring 7 1 e.g. Ar gas
- the gas source 742 eg, H 2 gas
- No. 4 has a plurality of gas inlets at equal intervals around the processing chamber 7 10.
- the gas inlet uniformly discharges the processing gas (plasma generating gas) supplied from the gas supply unit 740 toward the center of the bell jar 712.
- An opening 711 a is formed in the side wall of the lower container 711, and a gate 715 is provided here. By opening the gate valve 7 15, the substrate W to be processed can be loaded and unloaded into the processing chamber 7 10.
- a grounded upper electrode 7 17 is provided so as to face the mounting table 7 20.
- the upper electrode 717 is made of a conductive material such as anodized aluminum.
- the upper electrode 7 17 acts as a counter electrode of the lower electrode provided on the mounting table 7 20, causing a problem when plasma is ignited. It has the role of avoiding the problem and facilitating the ignition of the plasma.
- the upper electrode 7 17 fixes and reinforces the bell jar 7 12 via a buffer member (a plurality of pads arranged at intervals) 7 17 a made of, for example, resin.
- the electrode portion in the mounting table 7 2 0 t lower electrode 7 2 1 (lower electrode) 7 2 1 is provided in, RF transmission line 7 3 1 posts 7 3 within 0 matcher 7 5 4, etc. Connected to RF power supply 753.
- An RF power source 753 power for example, 13.56 MHz RF power is supplied to the lower electrode 721, and a bias potential is applied to the substrate W to be processed.
- the lower electrode 72 1 and the transmission line 73 1 are integrally formed in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
- a heat exchange medium for adjusting the temperature of the mounting table 720 for example, a heat exchange medium chamber (temperature control space) as a flow path for flowing an insulating cooling fluid. 2 1 a is formed.
- a heat exchange medium chamber temperature control space
- the introduction channel 735 and the discharge channel 736 are connected to a circulating device CU having a temperature control function such as a flier.
- a temperature control function such as a flier.
- the temperature of the mounting table 720 is maintained at a predetermined temperature.
- the substrate to be processed W is controlled at a temperature of 120 to 100 ° C.
- An arbitrary temperature control means can be provided in the mounting table 720 in place of the temperature control space 72 1 a.
- the mounting table A built-in heating heater can be built-in.
- the lower electrode 7 2 1 is made of a dielectric layer (insulating layer) such as aluminum.
- the dielectric layer 722 forms a mounting surface of the mounting table 720 on which the substrate to be processed W is mounted. On the mounting surface, there is a dielectric layer inside the dielectric layer
- the electrode 723 is connected to a DC power supply 155 provided outside the processing chamber 720 through a wiring 337 extending in an insulated state within the transmission line 733.
- the substrate W to be processed is electrostatically attracted onto the mounting table 720 by applying a voltage to the electrode 723.
- the side and bottom surfaces of the lower electrode 721 are covered with an insulating layer 725 made of a dielectric material such as quartz. A part of the bottom and side surfaces of the insulating layer 725 is further covered with a cover 726 made of a conductive material such as A 1.
- the lower electrode 7 21, the insulating layer 7 25 and the conductive cover 7 26 have a coaxial structure.
- the transmission line 731 of the column 730 is also covered with the insulating layer 732.
- the insulating layer 732 is further covered by a cover 733 made of a conductive material such as A1 and electrically connected to the conductive cover 726 and grounded.
- the transmission line 731, the insulating layer 7332, and the conductive cover 7333 form a coaxial structure.
- the mushroom-shaped conductive core 72 1 73 1 connected to the bias RF power supply 75 3 is formed by an insulating layer (dielectric layer) 7 25 , 732, and this is further covered with a grounded conductive cover 726, 733.
- a coaxial structure Since the conductive covers 726 and 733 are grounded, even if an induced electromagnetic field is formed in the covers 726 and 733 and the charges are charged, the charges flow to the ground. For this reason, when RF power is applied to the lower electrode 721, no plasma is formed in the lower exhaust space of the mounting table 720. With this configuration, it is possible to apply the bias to the substrate to be processed efficiently and stably with little loss of RF power.
- a conductive and ring-shaped extension member 727 surrounding the substrate W to be processed is arranged on the upper outer edge of the mounting table 720.
- the extension members 727 are aligned with the upper surface of the substrate W (preferably the height is uniform). Having.
- the extension member 727 is insulated from the electrode 721 by the dielectric layer 722. Further, the extension member 727 is insulated from the conductive cover 726 by the insulating layer 725 or by a sufficient gap.
- the extension member 727 is insulated from all surrounding members to which a potential is supplied. In other words, the extension member 727 is in a floating state in which a specific potential is not supplied.
- the conductive extension member 727 is configured to completely surround the substrate W to be processed.
- the extension member 727 is made of various conductive materials such as metal such as titanium, aluminum and stainless steel, and low-resistance silicon.
- the extension member 727 is made of titanium or an alloy thereof, in which the conductor is not easily separated to generate particles or the like. instead of, The extension member 727 may have a surface coated with titanium or an alloy thereof.
- a drive source 761 composed of an electric motor, a fluid pressure cylinder, and the like is provided outside the processing chamber 720.
- the drive source 761 moves up and down the plurality of lift bins 763 via the drive member 762.
- the substrate W to be processed is raised and lowered with respect to the mounting surface of the mounting table 720 by raising and lowering the lift pins 763.
- the lift bin 765 assists the transfer of the substrate to be processed W to the mounting table 720.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic configuration diagram schematically showing a configuration of a main part of the plasma processing apparatus shown in FIG.
- the plasma processing apparatus 70 includes a conductive sheath box 719 connected so as to cover the upper side of the lower vessel 711.
- a vineyard 712 and a guide coil 713 are accommodated in the Sino-Revox box 719.
- the seal pot 719 is grounded and has the function of blocking plasma emission (ultraviolet rays, etc.) and electromagnetic fields.
- the upper electrode 717 is supported by a member 718 on the upper part of the seal box 719.
- a processing gas for example, a mixed gas obtained by mixing Ar gas and H 2 gas
- a gas supply unit 74 is supplied via a gas supply ring 714. It is introduced into the processing room 7110.
- the inside of the processing chamber 710 is evacuated through the exhaust chamber 711 B and the exhaust pipe 716 to a predetermined pressure (vacuum), for example, 0.1 mTorr to 1.0 Torr.
- RF power for example, 100 to 100 W, is applied to the induction coil 713 by the S mark.
- the processing gas is turned into plasma, and a plasma region P is formed on the substrate W to be processed (see FIG. 10).
- a metal or metal oxide for example, Cu, Si, Ti, TiNTiSi, W, Ta, TaN, WS on the surface of the substrate W to be processed. Etch the oxide film on the surface such as i, poly_Si.
- the above-described metal film is mainly formed on the exposed surface of the extension member 727.
- FIG. 12 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view showing a state where the metal film M is formed on the extension member 727 in the plasma processing apparatus shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 12, a gap 728 is formed between the extension member 727 and the conductive cover 726 to sufficiently insulate the discharge path. Therefore, even when the metal film M is formed on the extension member 727, almost no change occurs in the electromagnetic environment of the outer periphery of the mounting table 720. Also, there is no problem of formation of a discharge path or abnormal discharge at the outer peripheral portion of the mounting table 720.
- the conductive extension member 727 is sufficiently insulated from the surrounding members, the current flow due to the RF power supplied to the electrode 721 via the extension member 727 is also possible. Does not occur. others As a result, there is little chance that the processing power of the device will be wasted by self-biasing force S drift.
- the metal film M will be formed, and the conductive extension members 727 are provided from the beginning, and even if the metal film M is formed, The electromagnetic situation of the vehicle remains almost unchanged. As a result, it is possible to improve processing uniformity (uniformity between surfaces) for a plurality of substrates.
- One of the above electromagnetic considerations relates to the insulation between the extension member 727 and the conductive force bar 726.
- the leakage of the electric power applied to the electrode 7 21 is large, and the processing is performed efficiently and stably. I can't do it.
- the distance S between the cover 726 and the extension member 727 via the gap 728 is sufficiently ensured.
- the impedance Z 1 between the lower electrode 72 1 and the cover 72 6 is smaller than the impedance Z 1 between the extending member 7.27 and the force node 72 6.
- Z 2 is configured to be large.
- These impedance values are based on the frequency of R F applied to the lower electrode 72 1.
- the insulation resistance between the conductive cover 7 2 6 and the extension member 7 2 7 As a method of ensuring sufficient (impedance), there is a method of arranging an insulator (dielectric) in the gear 728 and designing the dielectric constant and shape. For example, by arranging a dielectric material on the gap 728 shown by a dotted line in FIG. 12, the insulating material provided between the cover 726 and the extension member 727 can be provided. The substance's effective dielectric constant changes. That is, by arranging an insulator in the gap 7 228, Z 2 becomes larger than Z 1 because of the force that can change the impedance between the two. It is also possible to design in such a way. In this way, a discharge path is not formed, and stable processing can be performed.
- the exposed surface of the conductive extension member 727 is configured so as to be aligned (preferably the height is uniform) with the surface of the substrate W to be processed.
- the surface area of the 20 electrodes 72 1 is substantially increased. That is, the surface area of the electrode 7 2 1 is ⁇ -
- the extension member 7 27 provides the same electromagnetic environment as when the surface area of the electrode 7 21 is reduced to (D 2) 2 . You. Where D 1 is the radius of electrode 7 2 1
- D 2 is a radius corresponding to the outer edge shape of the extension member 727.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B show the case where the electrode area of the mounting table 720 is set to Al and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2, and their own bias voltages are set to VI and ⁇ 2 in the plasma processing apparatus.
- extension member 727 can be easily exchanged by forming the extension member 727 detachably with respect to the mounting table 720. In this case, it becomes possible to easily maintain the device.
- FIG. 14 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a plasma processing apparatus according to a modification of the second embodiment.
- the power leakage to the lower electrode 72 1 is reduced as compared with the structure shown in FIG. 12, and the conductive cover 7 26 and the extension member are formed by the by-product metal film. 7 2 7 and have a configuration that is unlikely to cause a short circuit.
- the relationship between the thickness of the insulating layer 725 and the position of the upper end of the conductive cover 726 is such that the relationship of L ⁇ T is satisfied. Is done.
- L is the insulating layer 7
- T is the thickness of the insulating layer 725 between the bottom of the lower electrode 721 and the bottom of the cover 726.
- the conductivity of the side of the insulating layer 725 The upper end of the cover 726 is located below the bottom of the lower electrode 721.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described specific embodiments, and various modifications and changes may be made within the gist described in the claims. It is possible.
- the plasma etching apparatus has been described.
- the present invention can be similarly applied to a plasma film forming apparatus, a plasma etching apparatus, and the like.
- the substrate to be processed is not limited to a semiconductor wafer, but may be a glass substrate, an LCD substrate, or the like.
- a plasma processing apparatus capable of improving at least uniformity between surfaces of a film formed on a substrate to be processed.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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CNB2003801101508A CN100388434C (zh) | 2003-03-12 | 2003-12-26 | 半导体处理用的基板保持结构和等离子体处理装置 |
KR1020057016665A KR100752800B1 (ko) | 2003-03-12 | 2003-12-26 | 반도체처리용의 기판유지구조 및 플라즈마 처리장치 |
US11/221,704 US7837828B2 (en) | 2003-03-12 | 2005-09-09 | Substrate supporting structure for semiconductor processing, and plasma processing device |
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JP2003066165A JP4381699B2 (ja) | 2003-03-12 | 2003-03-12 | プラズマ処理装置 |
JP2003-66165 | 2003-03-12 | ||
JP2003140389A JP4219734B2 (ja) | 2003-05-19 | 2003-05-19 | 基板保持機構およびプラズマ処理装置 |
JP2003-140389 | 2003-05-19 |
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US11/221,704 Continuation-In-Part US7837828B2 (en) | 2003-03-12 | 2005-09-09 | Substrate supporting structure for semiconductor processing, and plasma processing device |
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US (1) | US7837828B2 (ja) |
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CN100388434C (zh) | 2008-05-14 |
US20060005930A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
CN1759473A (zh) | 2006-04-12 |
US7837828B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
KR100752800B1 (ko) | 2007-08-29 |
KR20050106506A (ko) | 2005-11-09 |
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