WO2003105160A1 - 導電性ペースト、これを用いた多層基板及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
導電性ペースト、これを用いた多層基板及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003105160A1 WO2003105160A1 PCT/JP2003/006621 JP0306621W WO03105160A1 WO 2003105160 A1 WO2003105160 A1 WO 2003105160A1 JP 0306621 W JP0306621 W JP 0306621W WO 03105160 A1 WO03105160 A1 WO 03105160A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- conductive paste
- curing agent
- resin
- conductive
- component
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
- H05K1/092—Dispersed materials, e.g. conductive pastes or inks
- H05K1/095—Dispersed materials, e.g. conductive pastes or inks for polymer thick films, i.e. having a permanent organic polymeric binder
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/40—Forming printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
- H05K3/4038—Through-connections; Vertical interconnect access [VIA] connections
- H05K3/4053—Through-connections; Vertical interconnect access [VIA] connections by thick-film techniques
- H05K3/4069—Through-connections; Vertical interconnect access [VIA] connections by thick-film techniques for via connections in organic insulating substrates
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
- Y10T428/24917—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including metal layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive paste, a multilayer substrate using the same, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- the present invention relates to a conductive paste, and more specifically, is used for applications such as filling holes in a substrate, forming a conductive adhesive, forming an electrode, mounting components, shielding an electromagnetic wave, and forming a conductive bump. It relates to a conductive paste.
- the present invention also relates to a multilayer substrate using the conductive paste and a method for manufacturing the same. Background art
- a conductive filler is added to a thermosetting resin, and in such a paste, the conductive fillers are connected to each other. Are electrically in contact with each other.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic enlarged cross-sectional view showing an example of such a multilayer substrate.
- Reference numeral 31 denotes a conductive layer made of copper foil or the like
- reference numeral 31 m denotes an inner layer of the conductive layer
- reference numeral 3 denotes an inner layer.
- 2 indicates an insulating layer made of resin or the like.
- a through-hole penetrating the multilayer substrate is provided, a through-hole plate 33 is provided, a hole filling base 34 is filled, and an extra amount is provided after curing.
- the hole filling paste 34 was removed by polishing, and a cover plate 35 was provided (for example, FIG. 3 of Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 4-1 949, FIG. 3, published by the Technical Information Association of Japan). , "Material technology and manufacturing process for build-up wiring boards", page 60).
- the copper foil on the substrate surface was thickened by the two plating processes of the through-hole plating and the lid plating, and the precision of pattern formation could not be improved.
- a multilayer substrate formed by a process as shown in FIG. 4 is also used.
- reference numeral 41 denotes a conductive layer
- reference numeral 42 denotes an insulating layer
- reference numeral 43 denotes a conductive paste.
- this multilayer substrate first, holes are formed for each layer, and the conductive paste 43 is filled. Then, the layers are laminated so that the filled holes are arranged in a straight line, and integrated by pressing. It can be obtained by making it into a stack.
- the press process since it is necessary to form holes and fill the base for each layer as described above, there is a problem that the number of steps is large and the cost is high.
- the press process since the press process is involved, there is a problem that the conductivity varies due to the variation of the press pressure, and there is a problem that the component cannot be used on a multilayer substrate in which the components are embedded in a substrate. I was
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and provides a conductive paste having excellent conductivity and adhesion to a substrate, and having improved reliability of bonding with a conductive layer end face in a through hole of a multilayer substrate. It is intended to provide. Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a multilayer substrate that enables the omission of the formation of a through-hole jack and a lid jack as in the prior art, and enables high-precision pattern formation. I do. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a multi-layer substrate, in which a manufacturing process is greatly simplified as compared with the conventional case and cost can be reduced. Disclosure of the invention
- the conductive paste of the present invention comprises (A) 100 parts by weight of a resin component containing an acrylic resin and an epoxy resin, and (B) a melting point of 180 °. Metal powder composed of two or more metals including at least one low-melting metal below C and at least one high-melting metal above 800 ° C. , (C) F: a hardening agent containing 0.3 to 35 parts by weight, 0.5 to 40 parts by weight, and (D) a flux of 0.3 to 80 parts by weight. It shall be.
- an acrylate resin, a melamine resin, and a xylene resin which are composed of an acrylate resin and an epoxy resin, or the acrylate resin and the epoxy resin.
- One or more resins selected from the group consisting of resins may be used in a proportion of less than 40% by weight based on the total amount of the component (A).
- indium alone or an alloy of two or more selected from the group consisting of tin, lead, bismuth and indium can be used.
- one or more alloys selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, and nickel can be used.
- the component (C) is selected from the group consisting of a phenol-based curing agent, an imidazole-based curing agent, a cationic-based curing agent, a phenol-based curing agent, and a radical-based curing agent. One or two or more of these can be used.
- the multilayer substrate of the present invention is a multilayer substrate in which a plurality of conductive layers and insulating layers are alternately laminated, wherein a through-hole penetrating the multilayer substrate is formed.
- the conductive paste of the present invention is filled and heated, so that the metal powder contained in the conductive paste is melted.
- the method for manufacturing a multilayer substrate according to the present invention is a method for manufacturing a multilayer substrate in which a plurality of conductive layers and insulating layers are alternately laminated, wherein a through hole penetrating the multilayer substrate is formed, The hole is filled with the above-mentioned conductive paste of the present invention, and the conductive paste is cured by heating.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic enlarged sectional view showing an example of a multilayer substrate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic enlarged cross-sectional view showing an example of a composite type multilayer substrate.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic enlarged sectional view showing an example of a conventional multilayer substrate.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic enlarged cross-sectional view showing a method of manufacturing a multilayer substrate by stacking.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing metallization of low-melting metal particles and high-melting metal particles.
- the conductive paste of the present invention comprises: (A) 100 parts by weight of a resin component containing an acrylic resin and an epoxy resin (hereinafter simply referred to as “parts”); Metal powder consisting of two or more metals including metals and refractory metals 2000 to 180 parts, (C) phenolic hardener 0.3 to 35 parts Hardener containing 0.5 to 0.5 To 40 parts and (D) 0.3 to 80 parts of the flux as an essential component.
- Parts a resin component containing an acrylic resin and an epoxy resin
- Parts Metal powder consisting of two or more metals including metals and refractory metals 2000 to 180 parts
- C phenolic hardener 0.3 to 35 parts Hardener containing 0.5 to 0.5 To 40 parts
- D 0.3 to 80 parts of the flux as an essential component.
- metallization means that two or more metals are melted and integrated.
- Fig. 5 (A) low melting point metal particles 51 and high melting point
- the surface layers of the low-melting metal particles 51 and the high-melting metal particles 52 are melted as shown in FIG.
- an alloy layer 53 is formed.
- This alloy layer 53 has a higher melting point than the original low melting point metal. Note that this diagram is a schematic diagram merely showing the concept of metallization, and does not show the actual shape and size of the particles.
- the conductive base of the present invention and a multilayer substrate using the same will be described in detail, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the conductive paste after curing may be referred to as a “conductive base” for convenience.
- the resin component containing (A) the acrylic resin and the epoxy resin in the conductive paste of the present invention may be composed of only the acrylic resin and the epoxy resin, or
- the resin may be a resin obtained by blending at least one of a melamine resin, a melamine resin and a xylene resin with an acrylate resin and an epoxy resin.
- the acrylic resin used in the present invention may be any resin having one or two or more reactive groups represented by the following structural formula I in the molecule. Can also.
- CH 2 C one C one 0- (I)
- R formula (I) R represents H or an alkyl group, the carbon number of the alkyl group is not limited especially, usually a three 1.
- acrylate resins include isoamyl acrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, and trimethylol propyl nitrate.
- Relate dimethylol pronone tractyl acrylate, phenylglycidyl terephthalate, hexamethylenediisocyanate urethane prepolymer, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether acrylate Additives, ethylene glycol dimethyl Acrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
- the epoxy resin only needs to have one or more epoxy groups in the molecule, and two or more epoxy resins can be used in combination. Specific examples include bisphenol A epoxy resin, brominated epoxy resin, bisphenol F epoxy resin, novolac epoxy resin, alicyclic epoxy resin, and glycidylamine epoxy resin. Glycidyl ether type epoxy resin, glycidyl ester type epoxy resin, heterocyclic epoxy resin, etc.
- the alkyd resin, the melamine resin, and the xylene resin are each used as a resin modifying agent, and are not particularly limited as long as the object can be achieved.
- the compounding ratio is as follows:
- the proportion of the acrylate resin and the epoxy resin is at least 60% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight. That is, the proportion of other resin blended as a modifier is less than 40% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight.
- the mixing ratio (% by weight) of the acrylate resin and the epoxy resin is 5:95 to 95: 5, preferably 20:80 to 80:20. If the amount of the acrylic resin is less than 5% by weight, the change in viscosity becomes large, and if it exceeds 95% by weight, the physical properties after curing become poor.
- the metal powder of the present invention has a low melting point of 180 ° C. or less.
- Two or more metals, including one or more metals and one or more high-melting metals with a melting point of 800 ° C or more, are contained in some form, and heating causes metallization. I just need.
- the form in which the two or more metals are present is not limited.For example, a mixture of a certain metal powder with a metal powder of another metal, or a certain metal powder with another metal They may be coated or a mixture of these.
- the low melting point metal and the high melting point metal a single metal or an alloy of two or more metals can be used.
- Preferred examples of the low melting point metal include indium (melting point: 156 ° C) alone, tin (melting point: 231.C), lead (melting point: 327 ° C), and bismuth ( Melting point: 271 ° C) or an alloy of two or more of the above alloys with a melting point of 180 ° C or less.
- Preferred examples of the high melting point metal include gold (melting point: 106 ° C), silver (melting point: 961 ° C), copper (melting point: 1083 ° C), or One or more alloys of nickel (melting point: 1455 ° C) o
- the shape of the metal powder is not limited, but conventionally used ones such as dendrites, spheres, and flakes can be used.
- the particle size is not limited, it is usually about 1 to 50 / m in average particle size.
- the mixing amount of the metal powder is 200 to 180 parts with respect to 100 parts of the resin component (A). If the amount is less than 200 parts, good conductivity cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the content exceeds 1800 parts, the viscosity of the paste becomes too high, and the paste cannot be practically used.
- the mixing ratio (weight ratio, hereinafter the same) of the above-mentioned low-melting metal powder and high-melting metal powder is preferably in the range of 8: 2 to 2: 8.
- the curing agent contains a phenolic curing agent as an essential component.
- Other curing agents are mainly selected according to the type of component (A) However, examples thereof include imidazole-based curing agents, cationic curing agents, and radical-based curing agents (polymerization initiators). However, some that do not fall into these categories can also be used. Two or more curing agents other than the phenolic curing agent can be used in combination.
- the epoxy resin used in the present invention has the advantages of extremely excellent adhesion and no dents or voids, but the addition of the flux as in the paste of the present invention results in the formation of a flux. It acts as a curing accelerator for epoxy resins, causing the problem of shortening the pot life.
- this problem has been solved by using an acrylic resin and an epoxy resin together as resin components and using a phenol-based curing agent as a curing agent. That is, the acrylic resin hardly cures at room temperature because the added phenolic curing agent acts as a polymerization inhibitor. By blending a resin that does not cure in this way, a stable base with no change in viscosity at room temperature can be obtained.
- the epoxy resin first reacts with the phenol-based curing agent, and then the acrylic resin, which has lost the polymerization inhibitor, reacts to cure the paste.
- the amount of the phenolic curing agent used is 0.3 to 35 parts per 100 parts of the resin. If the amount is less than 0.3 part, the pot life becomes short, and if it exceeds 35 parts, the viscosity increases and the workability tends to deteriorate.
- the amount of the curing agent other than the phenolic curing agent used is preferably 0.2 to 35 parts per 100 parts of the resin, and is 0.5 to 40 parts for the entire curing agent. If the total amount of the curing agent is less than 0.5 part, curing will be poor, and as a result, good conductivity and physical properties cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 40 parts, the pot life may be shortened, and there may be a problem that an excessive curing agent may impair conductivity and physical properties.o
- phenolic curing agents examples include Novolac phenol and Naphtho. And the like.
- imidazole-based curing agents examples include imidazole, 2-unddecyl imidazole, 2-hepcidecyl imidazole, 2-ethyl ethyl imidazole, 2-phenyl imidazole, and 2-ethyl ethyl 4 -Methyl-imidazole, 1-cyanoethyl-2 -pentadecylimidazole, and 2 -phenylimidazole.
- Examples of the cationic curing agent include an amine salt of boron trifluoride, P-methoxybenzenediazoniumhexafluorophosphate, and diphenyldoniumhexafluoro. Lophosphite, triphenylsnorehonium, tetra-n-butylphosphonium tetrayl etherate, tetra-n-butylphosphonium o, 0 — getyl phosphorodithioate And the like.
- radical-based curing agent polymerization initiator
- examples of the radical-based curing agent include Siegylmilvaxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, t-butylhydroxide peroxyde, cumene hydroperoxide, and the like.
- the flux as the component (D) promotes the metallization of the metal powder
- examples thereof include zinc chloride, lactic acid, citric acid, oleic acid, and stearate.
- Acid glutamic acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, glutamate hydrochloride, aniline hydrochloride, cetylviridine bromide, urea, triamine-luamine, glycerin, hydrazine, Rosin and the like.
- the used amount of the flux is 0.3 to 80 parts with respect to 100 parts of the resin. If the flux is less than 0.3 part, metallization of the metal powder does not proceed sufficiently. On the other hand, if the flux is more than 80 parts, adhesion and physical properties may be adversely affected.
- the conductive paste of the present invention can be obtained by blending the above-mentioned components in predetermined amounts and sufficiently mixing them.
- additives that have been conventionally added to the same kind of conductive paste can be added without departing from the object of the present invention. . Examples thereof include an antifoaming agent, a thickener, and an adhesive.
- the resin is cured and the metal powder is melted and metallized.
- the metal powder is integrated with each other, and the metal powder and the end face of the conductive layer in the through-hole are integrated. Therefore, higher conductivity can be obtained as compared to the case where the metal powders or the metal powder and the conductive layer end face are simply in contact with each other, and the reliability of bonding at the conductive layer end face is significantly improved.
- the conductive paste has excellent adhesion to the insulating layer of the multilayer substrate, a multilayer substrate having high long-term reliability can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic enlarged sectional view showing an example of a multilayer substrate according to the present invention.
- reference numeral 11 (L 1 to L 4) indicates a conductive layer
- reference numeral 12 indicates an insulating layer
- reference numeral 13 indicates a filler formed by hardening a conductive base.
- the structure itself in which the conductive layer 11 and the insulating layer 12 are laminated is the same as that of the prior art shown in FIG. 3, for example, but the through-hole plating is applied to the through-hole.
- the filler is not in contact with the inner wall of the through-hole, but is different from that of Fig. 3 in that there is no lid.
- a through hole is formed by drilling or laser, for example, and then the conductive paste is directly filled without performing through-hole plating under predetermined conditions.
- the resin component is hardened and the metal powder is metallized.
- the base Excess hardened material protruding from the plate surface is removed by polishing or the like.
- the heating conditions for the conductive paste conditions suitable for both curing of the resin component and metalization of the metal powder are selected, so the specific conditions differ depending on the composition of the paste.
- heating may be performed for about 30 to 120 minutes in a temperature range of about 150 to 180.
- the multilayer substrate of the present invention is not limited to the structure as shown in FIG. 1, and may have a structure as shown in FIG. 2, for example.
- reference numeral 21 denotes a conductive layer
- 22 denotes an insulating layer
- 23 denotes a conductive paste.
- the multi-layer substrate shown in this figure has a through-hole and an independent filling part in a part of the layer (composite type with bottomed via type).
- each component was blended in the proportions shown in Tables 1 and 2, and mixed to prepare a conductive paste.
- the details of each component used are as follows.
- Acrylate resin 2—Hydroxy 3—Acryloyloxypropyl methacrylate (80% by weight), Triethylene glycol diacrylate (20% by weight)
- Epoxy resin Epoxy resin E-P-490E (manufactured by Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., 80% by weight), ED-529 (Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., 20% by weight)
- Alkyd resin EZ—302 0—60—S (manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.)
- Cationic curing agent Tetra n-butylphosphonium tetraphenyl ester
- Phenol-based curing agent Evening Manol 7 5 8 (Arakawa Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.) Radical-based curing agent: Kumenhai dropperoxide
- the conductive base obtained above was cured by heating at 160 ° C for 60 minutes, and the melting point was measured using TG / DTA. Was observed. Observation with an electron microscope and an X-ray microanalyzer also confirms that the metal powder has become messy.
- the conductive layer (copper foil, 18 m thick) and the insulating layer (glass epoxy Thickness: about 200 m) and through-holes (hole diameter: 0.3 mm, 100 hole chain pattern) are formed on a multilayer board (0.7 mm thick) that is alternately laminated. After filling the above conductive paste and curing at 160 ° C for 60 minutes, the cured product protruding from the surface was removed by polishing to obtain a multilayer substrate having the structure shown in Fig. 1. .
- the initial resistance value ( ⁇ / l hole) between the conductive layers L1 and L2, L1 and L4, and L3 and L4 was measured.
- the electrically conductive paste was evaluated printability.
- hole filling printing is performed using a 200-mesh PTFE screen plate in a hole having a hole diameter of 30 provided on a substrate having a thickness of l mm, and the paste filling property is examined.
- the hole completely filled the hole was designated as ⁇ , and the one not filled was designated X.
- Viscosity change rate (%) V a ⁇ V o X 100 (2)
- a conductive paste excellent in conductivity, adhesion to a substrate, and long-term stability thereof can be obtained.
- the multilayer substrate using the conductive paste of the present invention for filling the through hole improves reliability of bonding with the end face of the conductive layer in the through hole, and thus eliminates the through-hole and lid plating in the conventional technology. This makes it possible to form patterns with high precision.
- the method of manufacturing the multilayer substrate does not include the processes of forming the through-hole and lid in the conventional technology, the hole forming and filling processes for each layer, and the pressing process. It is possible to reduce emissions. Also, since it does not include a pressing process, the conductive It also has the advantage of not causing cracks.
- the conductive paste according to the present invention utilizes the excellent conductivity, adhesion, and long-term reliability to fill the hole of the above-mentioned multi-layer substrate, as well as a conductive adhesive, electrode formation, component mounting, electromagnetic wave, and the like. It is also suitably used for forming a shield or a conductive bump. Further, since the paste of the present invention is solvent-free, it is possible to fill the bottomed via by a general-purpose method such as a vacuum printing method.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2003234852A AU2003234852A1 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-05-27 | Conductive paste, multilayer board including the conductive paste and process for producing the same |
KR1020047018656A KR100757163B1 (ko) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-05-27 | 도전성 페이스트, 이를 이용한 다층기판과 그 제조방법 |
JP2004512145A JP4191678B2 (ja) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-05-27 | 導電性ペースト、これを用いた多層基板及びその製造方法 |
US10/516,236 US7214419B2 (en) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-05-27 | Conductive paste multilayered board including the conductive paste and process for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002160692 | 2002-05-31 | ||
JP2002-160692 | 2002-05-31 |
Publications (1)
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WO2003105160A1 true WO2003105160A1 (ja) | 2003-12-18 |
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PCT/JP2003/006621 WO2003105160A1 (ja) | 2002-05-31 | 2003-05-27 | 導電性ペースト、これを用いた多層基板及びその製造方法 |
Country Status (7)
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US (1) | US7214419B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4191678B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100757163B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1326155C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003234852A1 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI231940B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003105160A1 (ja) |
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WO2006080247A1 (ja) * | 2005-01-25 | 2006-08-03 | Fujikura Kasei Co., Ltd. | 導電性ペースト |
KR100758144B1 (ko) * | 2004-06-29 | 2007-09-13 | 티디케이가부시기가이샤 | 서미스터 소체 형성용 수지 조성물 및 서미스터 |
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JPWO2021153383A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-28 | 2021-08-05 | ||
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2003234852A1 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
US20060057340A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
CN1326155C (zh) | 2007-07-11 |
JPWO2003105160A1 (ja) | 2005-10-13 |
TWI231940B (en) | 2005-05-01 |
CN1656573A (zh) | 2005-08-17 |
KR20050006262A (ko) | 2005-01-15 |
KR100757163B1 (ko) | 2007-09-07 |
TW200400519A (en) | 2004-01-01 |
JP4191678B2 (ja) | 2008-12-03 |
US7214419B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 |
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