Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/275—Nitriles; Isonitriles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/275—Nitriles; Isonitriles
  • A61K31/277—Nitriles; Isonitriles having a ring, e.g. verapamil
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/10—Anthelmintics

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of known aminoacetonitrile compounds in the control of endoparasites, especially helminths, in warm-blooded productive livestock and domestic animals.
• Aminoacetonitrile compounds with pesticidal, especially insecticidal, activity for the protection of plants are described for example in EP 0 953565 A2. It has surprisingly been shown that the following selection of compounds of formula I also have exceptionally good activity against endoparasites of warm-blooded animals and are tolerated extremely well by the host animal.
• Ri signifies substituted C C -alkylene, whereby the substituents are selected from the group comprising unsubstituted aryloxy or aryloxy mono- to penta-substituted by R 5 , and unsubstituted pyridyloxy or pyridyloxy mono- to tetra-substituted by R 5 , whereby the substituents may be the same as one another or different if the number thereof is greater than 1 ;
• R 2 signifies unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl mono- to penta-substituted by R 5 , or unsubstituted pyridyl or pyridyl mono- to tetra-substituted by R 5 ;
• R 3 and R 8 are either, independently of one another, hydrogen, CrC 6 -alkyl or halogen-CrC 6 - alkyl; or together are C 2 -C 6 -alkylene;
• R signifies hydrogen, C C 6 -alkyl or halogen-C C 6 -alkyl
• R 5 signifies C ⁇ -C 6 -alkyl, d-Ce-alkoxy, halogen-C ⁇ -C 6 -alkyl, halogen-C ⁇ -C 6 -alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 - alkenyl, halogen-C2-C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkinyl, halogen-C 2 -C6-alkinyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, d-C 6 - alkylcarbonyl, halogen-CrC 6 -alkylcarbonyl, CrC 6 -alkoxycarbonyl, halogen-d-Ce- alkoxycarbonyl, CrC 6 -alkylsulfonyl, CrC 6 -alkylsulfinyl, C ⁇ -C 6 -alkylthio, halogen-CrCe- alkylthio, phenyl, phenoxy, hal
• R 6 and R 7 either, independently of one another, signify hydrogen, halogen, C ⁇ -C 6 -alkyl, Cr C 6 -alkoxy, halogen-CrC 6 -alkyl, halogen-C ⁇ -C 6 -alkoxy or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl; or together signify C 2 -C 6 -alkylene;
• R 9 is hydrogen or C C 6 -alkyl; m and n, independently of one other, are 0 or 1 ; and optional enantiomers thereof.
• Alkyl - as a group perse and as structural element of other groups and compounds such as halogen-alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylthio - is, in each case with due consideration of the specific number of carbon atoms in the group or compound in question, either straight-chained, i.e. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl, or branched, e.g. isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert.-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl or isohexyl.
• Cycloalkyl - as a group perse and as structural element of other groups and compounds such as halocycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy and cycloalkylthio, - is, in each case with due consideration of the specific number of carbon atoms in the group or compound in question, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl.
• Alkenyl - as a group perse and as structural element of other groups and compounds - is, in each case with due consideration of the specific number of carbon atoms in the group or compound in question and of the conjugated or isolated double bonds - either straight- chained, e.g. allyl, 2-butenyl, 3-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 1 ,3-hexadienyl or 1,3- octadienyl, or branched, e.g. isopropenyl, isobutenyl, isoprenyl, tert.-pentenyl, isohexenyl, isoheptenyl or isooctenyl.
• Alkinyl - as a group perse and as structural element of other groups and compounds - is, in each case with due consideration of the specific number of carbon atoms in the group or compound in question and of the conjugated or isolated double bonds - either straight- chained, e.g. propargyl, 2-butinyl, 3-pentinyl, 1 -hexinyl, 1 -heptinyl, 3-hexen-1 -inyl or 1 ,5-heptadien-3-inyl, or branched, e.g. 3-methylbut-1 -inyl, 4-ethylpent-1 -inyl, 4-methylhex-2-inyl or 2-methylhept-3-inyl.
• Aryloxy is phenyloxy or 1- or 2-naphthyloxy.
• halogen signifies fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• halogen in combination with other significances, such as halogenalkyl or halogenphenyl.
• Halogen-substituted carbon-containing groups and compounds may be partially halogenated or perhalogenated, whereby in the case of multiple halogenation, the halogen substituents may be identical or different.
• halogen-alkyl - as a group perse and as structural element of other groups and compounds such as halogen-alkoxy or halogen-alkylthio, - are methyl which is mono- to trisubstituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine, such as CHF 2 or CF 3 ; ethyl which is mono- to pentasubstituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine, such as CH 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , CF2CCI3, CF2CHCI2, CF 2 CHF 2 , CF 2 CFCI 2> CF 2 CHBr 2 , CF 2 CHCIF, CF 2 CHBrF or CCIFCHCIF; propyl or isopropyl, mono
• Alkoxy groups preferably have a chain length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Alkoxy is for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec.-butoxy and tert.-butoxy, as well as the isomers pentyloxy and hexyloxy; preferably methoxy and ethoxy.
• Halogenalkoxy groups preferably have a chain length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Halogenalkoxy is e.g.
• fluoromethoxy difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy and 2,2,2- trichloroethoxy; preferably difluoromethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy and trifluoromethoxy.
• Preferred embodiments within the scope of the invention are: (1) A compound of formula I, wherein Ri is substituted CrC 4 -alkylene, whereby the substituents are selected from the group comprising unsubstituted phenyloxy or phenyloxy mono- to tri-substituted by R 5 , whereby the substituents may be identical or different if the number thereof is greater than 1 ; in particular substituted C ⁇ -C 2 -alkylene, whereby the substituents are selected from the group comprising unsubstituted phenyloxy or phenyloxy mono- to tri-substituted by R 5 , whereby the substituents may be identical or different if the number thereof is greater than 1 ; most particularly substituted methylene, whereby the substituents are selected from the group comprising unsubstituted phenyloxy or phenyloxy mono- to di-substituted by R 5 , whereby the substituents may be identical or different if the number thereof is greater
• R 2 is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl mono- to pentasubstituted by R 5 ; in particular phenyl mono- to tri-substituted by R 5 ; most particularly phenyl mono- to di-substituted by R 5 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen or CrC 6 -alkyl; particularly hydrogen or C ⁇ -C -alkyl; most particularly methyl;
• R 4 is hydrogen or CrC 6 -alkyl; particularly hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 2 -alkyl; most particularly hydrogen;
• R 5 is CrC 6 -alkyl, CrC ⁇ -alkoxy, halogen-C r C 6 -alkyl, halogen-C ⁇ -C 6 -alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, halogen-C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C6-alkinyl, halogen-C 2 -C 6 - alkinyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, d-C 6 -alkylcarbonyl, halogen-C ⁇ -C 6 -alkylcarbonyl, d-C 6 - alkoxycarbonyl, halogen-d-C 6 -alkoxycarbonyl, C r C 6 -alkyIsulfonyl, CrCe-alkylsulfinyl, halogen, cyano oder nitro; especially C r C -alkyl, CrC ⁇ alkoxy
• R 6 and R 7 are either, independently of one another, hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 4 -alkyl, or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl; or together are C 2 -C 6 -alkylene; especially, independently of one another, hydrogen or d-C 2 -alkyl; most particularly hydrogen;
• R 2 is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl mono- to pentasubstituted by R 5 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen or CrC 6 -alkyl;
• R is hydrogen or d-C 6 -alkyl;
• R 5 is C r C 4 - alkyl, C C 4 -alkoxy, halogen-CrC -alkyl, halogen-CrC 4 -alkoxy, halogen, cyano or nitro;
• R 6 and R 7 are either, independently of one another
• R 2 is phenyl mono- to tri-substituted by R 5 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen or d-C -alkyl;
• R 4 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 2 -alkyl;
• R 5 is C ⁇ -C 2 -alkyl, halogen-CrC 2 -alkyl, halogen, cyano or nitro;
• A is C(R 6 )(R7);
• Re and R 7 are, independently of one another, hydrogen or d- C 2 -alkyl;
• R 8 is hydrogen or CrC 6 -alkyl;
• m 0 and n is 1
• R 2 is phenyl mono- to di-substituted by R 5 ;
• R 3 is methyl,
• R 4 is hydrogen, R 5 is or halogen;
• A is C(R 6 )(R 7 );
• Re. 7 and R 8 are hydrogen, m is 0 and n is 1.
• the compounds I may be present in the form of one of the possible isomers or as a mixture thereof, e.g. depending on the number, absolute and relative configurations of the asymmetric carbon atoms as pure isomers, such as antipodes and/or diastereoisomers, or as isomeric mixtures, such as enantiomeric mixtures, e.g. racemates, diastereoisomeric mixtures or racemic mixtures; the invention relates to both the pure isomers and all the possible isomeric mixtures, and is to be understood as such hereinbefore and hereinafter, even if stereochemical details are not specifically mentioned in each case.
• the compounds I according to the invention are notable for their broad activity spectrum and are valuable active ingredients in the field of pest control, including in particular the control of endoparasites, particularly helminths, on animals, whilst being well-tolerated by warm-blooded animals, fish and plants.
• endoparasites particularly helminths
• helminths on animals
• warm-blooded animals fish and plants.
• endoparasitic nematodes which may be the cause of serious diseases of mammals and poultry, e.g. sheep, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, donkeys, dogs, cats, guinea-pigs and exotic birds.
• Typical nematodes of this indication are: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Cooperia, Ascans, Bunostonum, Oesophagostonum, Charbertia, Trichuris, Strongylus, Trichonema, Dictyocaulus, Capillaria, Heterakis, Toxocara, Ascaridia, Oxyuris, Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Toxascaris and Parascaris.
• the particular advantage of the compounds of formula I is their efficacy against those parasites that are resistant towards active ingredients based on benzimidazole.
• Parasites of the families Filariidae and Setariidae may be found in the internal cell tissue and in the organs, e.g. the heart, the blood vessels, the lymph vessels and the subcutaneous tissue.
• a particularly notable parasite is the heartworm of the dog, Dirofilaria immitis.
• the compounds of formula I are highly effective against these parasites.
• the compounds of formula I are suitable for the control of human pathogenic parasites.
• typical representatives that appear in the digestive tract are those of the species Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Trichuris and Enterobius.
• the compounds of the present invention are also effective against parasites of the species Wuchereria, Br ⁇ gia, Onchocerca and Loa from the family of Filariidae, which appear in the blood, in the tissue and in various organs, and also against Dracunculus and parasites of the species Strongyloides and Trichinella, which infect the gastrointestinal tract in particular.
• the good pesticidal activity of the compounds of formula I corresponds to a mortality rate of at least 50-60% of the pests mentioned.
• the compounds of formula I are notable for the exceptionally long duration of efficacy.
• the compounds of formula I are preferably employed in unmodified form or preferably together with the adjuvants conventionally used in the art of formulation and may therefore be processed in a known manner to give, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, directly dilutable solutions, dilute emulsions, soluble powders, granules or microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
• the methods of application are selected in accordance with the intended objectives and the prevailing circumstances.
• the formulation i.e. the agents, preparations or compositions containing the active ingredient of formula I, or combinations of these active ingredients with other active ingredients, and optionally a solid or liquid adjuvant, are produced in a manner known per se, for example by intimately mixing and/or grinding the active ingredients with spreading compositions, for example with solvents, solid carriers, and optionally surface-active compounds (surfactants).
• spreading compositions for example with solvents, solid carriers, and optionally surface-active compounds (surfactants).
• the solvents in question may be: alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, and glycols and their ethers and esters, such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol ether, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl or -ethyl ether, ketones, such as cyclohexanone, isophorone or diacetanol alcohol, strong polar solvents, such as N-methyl- 2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide, or water, vegetable oils, such as rape, castor, coconut, or soybean oil, and also, if appropriate, silicone oils.
• alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol
• glycols and their ethers and esters such as propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol ether, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl or -ethyl ether, ketones, such as cyclohexanone, isophorone or di
• Preferred application forms for usage on warm-blooded animals in the control of helminths include solutions, emulsions, suspensions (drenches), food additives, powders, tablets including effervescent tablets, boli, capsules, micro-capsules and pour-on formulations, whereby the physiological compatability of the formulation excipients must be taken into consideration.
• the binders for tablets and boli may be chemically modified polymeric natural substances that are soluble in water or in alcohol, such as starch, cellulose or protein derivatives (e.g. methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, proteins such as zein, gelatin and the like), as well as synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone etc.
• the tablets also contain fillers (e.g. starch, microcrystalline cellulose, sugar, lactose etc.), glidants and disintegrants.
• the carriers used are e.g. performance feeds, feed grain or protein concentrates.
• Such feed concentrates or compositions may contain, apart from the active ingredients, also additives, vitamins, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics or other pesticides, primarily bacteriostats, fungistats, coccidiostats, or even hormone preparations, substances having anabolic action or substances which promote growth, which affect the quality of meat of animals for slaughter or which are beneficial to the organism in another way.
• the compositions or the active ingredients of formula I contained therein are added directly to feed or to the drinking troughs, then the formulated feed or drink contains the active ingredients preferably in a concentration of ca. 0.0005 to 0.02 % by weight (5-200 ppm).
• the compounds of formula I according to the invention may be used alone or in combination with other biocides. They may be combined with pesticides having the same sphere of activity e.g. to increase activity, or with substances having another sphere of activity e.g. to broaden the range of activity. It can also be sensible to add so-called repellents. If the range of activity is to be extended to endoparasites, e.g. wormers, the compounds of formula I are suitably combined with substances having endoparasitic properties. Of course, they can also be used in combination with antibacterial compositions. Since the compounds of formula I are adulticides, i.e.
• Suitable partners in the mixture may be biocides, e.g. the insecticides and acaricides with a varying mechanism of activity, which are named in the following and have been known to the person skilled in the art for a long time, e.g. chitin synthesis inhibitors, growth regulators; active ingredients which act as juvenile hormones; active ingredients which act as adulticides; broad-band insecticides, broad-band acaricides and nematicides; and also the well known anthelminthics and insect- and/or acarid-deterring substances, said repellents or detachers.
• Non-limitative examples of suitable insecticides and acaricides are:
• Non-limitative examples of suitable anthelminthics are named in the following, a few representatives have insecticidal and acaricidal activity in addition to the anthelminthic activity, and are partly already in the above list.
• Non-limitative examples of suitable repellents and detachers are:
• LV a preparation which contains insect-active fungi, preferably Verticillium lecanii, from The Pesticide Manual, 11 ,h Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1266; Beauveria brogniartii, from The Pesticide Manual, 11 ,h Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 85 and Beauveria bassiana, from The Pesticide Manual, 11 ,h Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 83;
• LPI a preparation which contains insect-active viruses, preferably Neodipridon Sertifer NPV, from The Pesticide Manual, 11 ,h Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1342; Mamestra brassicae NPV, from The Pesticide Manual, 11 th Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 759 and Cydia pomonella granulosis virus, from The Pesticide Manual, 11 th Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 291;
• a further essential aspect of the present invention relates to combination preparations for the control of parasites on warm-blooded animals, characterised in that they contain, in addition to a compound of formula I, at least one further active ingredient having the same or different sphere of activity and at least one physiologically acceptable carrier.
• the present invention is not restricted to two-fold combinations.
• the anthelminthic compositions according to the invention contain 0.1 to 99 % by weight, especially 0.1 to 95 % by weight of active ingredient of formula I, la or mixtures thereof, 99.9 to 1 % by weight, especially 99.8 to 5 % by weight of a solid or liquid admixture, including 0 to 25 % by weight, especially 0.1 to 25 % by weight of a surfactant.
• compositions according to the invention may take place topically, perorally, parenterally or subcutaneously, the composition being present in the form of solutions, emulsions, suspensions, (drenches), powders, tablets, boli, capsules and pour-on formulations.
• the pour-on or spot-on method consists in applying the compound of formula I to a specific location of the skin or coat, advantageously to the neck or backbone of the animal. This takes place e.g. by applying a swab or spray of the pour-on or spot-on formulation to a relatively small area of the coat, from where the active substance is dispersed almost automatically over wide areas of the fur owing to the spreading nature of the components in the formulation and assisted by the animal's movements.
• Pour-on or spot-on formulations suitably contain carriers, which promote rapid dispersement over the skin surface or in the coat of the host animal, and are generally regarded as spreading oils.
• Suitable carriers are e.g. oily solutions; alcoholic and isopropanolic solutions such as solutions of 2-octyldodecanol or oleyl alcohol; solutions in esters of monocarboxylic acids, such as isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, lauric acid oxalate, oleic acid oleyl ester, oleic acid decyl ester, hexyl laurate, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, capric acid esters of saturated fat alcohols of chain length C ⁇ 2 -C ⁇ 8 ; solutions of esters of dicarboxylic acids, such as dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl isophthalate, adipic acid diisopropyl ester, di
• glycols may be advantageous for a dispersing agent to be additionally present, such as one known from the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.
• a dispersing agent such as one known from the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry. Examples are 2-pyrrolidone, 2-(N-alkyl)pyrrolidone, acetone, polyethylene glycol and the ethers and esters thereof, propylene glycol or synthetic triglycerides.
• the oily solutions include e.g. vegetable oils such as olive oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil, pine oil, linseed oil or castor oil.
• the vegetable oils may also be present in epoxidised form. Paraffins and silicone oils may also be used.
• a pour-on or spot-on formulation generally contains 1 to 20 % by weight of a compound of formula I, 0.1 to 50 % by weight of dispersing agent and 45 to 98.9 % by weight of solvent.
• the pour-on or spot-on method is especially advantageous for use on herd animals such as cattle, horses, sheep or pigs, in which it is difficult or time-consuming to treat all the animals orally or by injection. Because of its simplicity, this method can of course also be used for all other animals, including individual domestic animals or pets, and is greatly favoured by the keepers of the animals, as it can often be carried out without the specialist presence of the veterinarian.
• compositions may also contain further additives, such as stabilisers, anti-foaming agents, viscosity regulators, binding agents or tackifiers, as well as other active ingredients, in order to achieve special effects.
• further additives such as stabilisers, anti-foaming agents, viscosity regulators, binding agents or tackifiers, as well as other active ingredients, in order to achieve special effects.
• Anthelminthic compositions of this type which are used by the end user, similarly form a constituent of the present invention.
• the active ingredients of formula I can be used in all of their steric configurations or in mixtures thereof.
• the invention also includes a method of prophylactically protecting warm-blooded animals, especially productive livestock, domestic animals and pets, against parasitic helminths, which is characterised in that the active ingredients of formula I or the active ingredient formulations prepared therefrom are administered to the animals as an additive to the feed, or to the drinks or also in solid or liquid form, orally or by injection or parenterally.
• the invention also includes the compounds of formula I according to the invention for usage in one of the said processes.
• the active ingredient is dissolved in methylene chloride, sprayed onto the carrier and the solvent subsequently concentrated by evaporation under vacuum. Granulates of this kind can be mixed with the animal feed.
• the finely ground active ingredient is evenly applied in a mixer to the kaolin which has been moistened with polyethylene glycol. In this way, dust-free coated granules are obtained.
• I active ingredient from tables 1 and 2 33,00 % methylcellulose 0,80 % silicic acid, highly dispersed 0.80 % corn starch 8.40 %
• Methyl cellulose is stirred into water. After the material has swollen, silicic acid is stirred in and the mixture homogeneously suspended. The active ingredient and the corn starch are mixed. The aqueous suspension is worked into this mixture and kneaded to a dough. The resulting mass is granulated through a 12 M sieve and dried.
• active ingredient from tables 1 and 2 0.1 -1.0 g polyethoxylated castor oil (40 ethylene oxide units) 10 g
• active ingredient from tables 1 and 2 0.1 -1.0 g polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate (20 ethylene oxide units) 8 g 4-hydroxymethyl-1 ,3-dioxolane (glycerol formal) 20 g benzyl alcohol 1 g aqua ad inject. ad 100 ml
• Preparation The active ingredient is dissolved in the solvents and the surfactant, and made up with water to the desired volume. Sterile filtration through an appropriate membrane filter of 0.22 mm pore size.
• the aqueous systems may also preferably be used for oral and/or intraruminal application.
• compositions may also contain further additives, such as stabilisers, e.g. where appropriate epoxidised vegetable oils (epoxidised coconut oil, rapeseed oil, or soybean oil); antifoams, e.g. silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators, binders, and tackifiers, as well as fertilisers or other active ingredients to achieve special effects.
• stabilisers e.g. where appropriate epoxidised vegetable oils (epoxidised coconut oil, rapeseed oil, or soybean oil); antifoams, e.g. silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators, binders, and tackifiers, as well as fertilisers or other active ingredients to achieve special effects.
• stabilisers e.g. where appropriate epoxidised vegetable oils (epoxidised coconut oil, rapeseed oil, or soybean oil); antifoams, e.g. silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators,

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