Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
  • C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
  • C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07H13/06—Fatty acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
  • C07H15/04—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate (AGP) compounds which have activity as adjuvants and immunoeffectors, and methods and compositions related thereto.
• AGP aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate
• Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity are the two major branches of the mammalian immune response.
• Humoral immunity involves the generation of antibodies to foreign antigens. Antibodies are produced by B- lymphocytes.
• Cell-mediated immunity involves the activation of T-lymphocytes which either act upon infected cells bearing foreign antigens or stimulate other cells to act upon infected cells. Both branches of the mammalian immune system are important in fighting disease.
• Humoral immunity is the major line of defense against bacterial pathogens. In the case of viral disease, the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) appears to be crucial for protective immunity.
• An effective vaccine stimulates both branches of the immune system to protect against disease.
• Vaccines present foreign antigens from disease causing agents to a host so that the host can mount a protective immune response. Often vaccine antigens are killed or attenuated forms of the microbes which cause the disease. The presence of non-essential components and antigens in these killed or attenuated vaccines has encouraged considerable efforts to refine vaccine components including developing well-defined synthetic antigens using chemical and recombinant techniques. The refinement and simplification of microbial vaccines, however, has led to a concomitant loss in potency. Low-molecular weight synthetic antigens, though devoid of potentially harmful contaminants, are themselves not very immunogenic. These observations have led investigators to add adjuvants to vaccine compositions to potentiate the activity of the refined vaccine components.
• alum a group of aluminum salts (e.g., aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate) in which vaccine antigens are formulated.
• Particulate carriers like alum serve to promote the uptake, processing and presentation of soluble antigens by macrophages.
• Alum is not without side-effects and enhances humoral (antibody) immunity only.
• An effective adjuvant potentiates both a humoral and cellular immune response in vaccinated animals. Further, an adjuvant must enhance a host's natural immune response and not aggravate the host system. A well-defined synthetic adjuvant free from extraneous matter which is stable and easy to manufacture would provide these qualities.
• Compounds that have been prepared and tested for adjuvanticity (Shimizu et al. 1985, Bulusu et al. 1992, Ikeda et al. 1993, Shimizu et al. 1994, Shimizu et al. 1995, Miyajima et al. 1996), however, often display toxic properties, are unstable and/or have unsubstantial immunostimulatory effects.
• adjuvants impart synthetic peptides and carbohydrate antigens with sufficient immunogenicity to insure the success of the synthetic vaccine approach. There remains a need for new compounds having potent immunomodulating effects.
• the compounds of the subject invention are aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate compounds (AGPs) which are adjuvants and immunoeffectors.
• AGPs aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate compounds
• An aminoalkyl (aglycon) group is glycosidically linked to a 2-deoxy-2-amino- ⁇ -D- glucopyranose (glucosaminide) to form the basic structure of the claimed molecules.
• the compounds are phosphorylated at the 4 or 6 carbon on the glucosaminide ring. Further, the compounds possess three 3-alkanoyloxyalkanoyl residues.
• the compounds of the subject invention are immunoeffector molecules augmenting antibody production in immunized animals, stimulating cytokine production and activating macrophages.
• methods for using these compounds as adjuvants and immunoeffectors are disclosed.
• the compounds of the subject invention are adjuvant and immunoeffector molecules which are aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates (AGPs).
• the compounds comprise a 2-deoxy-2-amino- ⁇ -D-glucopyranose (glucosaminide) in glycosidic linkage with an aminoalkyl (aglycon) group.
• Compounds are phosphorylated at the 4 or 6 carbon on the glucosaminide ring and have three alkanoyloxyalkanoyl residues.
• the compounds of the subject invention are described generally by Formula I,
• X represents an oxygen or sulfur atom in either the axial or equitorial position
• Y represents an oxygen atom or NH group
• "n", "m”, “p” and "q” are integers from 0 to 6
• Ri, R 2 , and R 3 represent normal fatty acyl residues having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and where one of R), R 2 or R 3 is optionally hydrogen
• R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen or methyl
• Re and R 7 are hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, phosphono, phosphonooxy, sulfo, sulfooxy, amino, mercapto, cyano, nitro, formyl or carboxy and esters and amides thereof
• R 8 and R 9 are phosphono or hydrogen.
• the configuration of the 3 ' stereogenic centers to which the normal fatty acyl residues are attached is R or S, but preferably R.
• the stereochemistry of the carbon atoms to which P ⁇ or R 5 are attached can be R or S. All stereoisomers, both enantiomers and diastereomers, and mixtures thereof, are considered to fall within the scope of the subject invention.
• the heteroatom X of the compounds of the subject invention can be oxygen or sulfur. In a preferred embodiment, X is oxygen and typically in the equitorial position.
• the number of carbon atoms between heteroatom X and the aglycon nitrogen atom is determined by variables "n" and "m". Variables "n” and “m” can be integers from 0 to 6. In a preferred embodiment, the total number of carbon atoms between heteroatom X and the aglycon nitrogen atom is from about 2 to about 6 and most preferably from about 2 to about 4.
• the compounds of the subject invention are aminoalkyl glucosaminide compounds which are phosphorylated. Compounds can be phosphorylated at position 4 or 6 (R 8 or R ) on the glucosaminide ring and are most effective if phosphorylated on at least one of these positions. In a preferred embodiment, R 8 is phosphono and R is hydrogen.
• the compounds of the subject invention are hexaacylated, that is they contain a total of six fatty acid residues.
• the aminoalkyl glucosaminide moiety is acylated at the 2-amino and 3-hydroxyl groups of the glucosaminide unit and at the amino group of the aglycon unit with 3-hydroxyalkanoyl residues.
• these three positions are acylated with 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl moieties.
• the 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues are, in turn, substituted with normal fatty acids (RrR 3 ), providing three 3-w-alkanoyloxytetradecanoyl residues or six fatty acid groups in total.
• the compounds of the subject invention are pentaacylated, that is they contain a total of five fatty acid residues. More specifically, the 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl residues of Formula I are substituted with normal fatty acids at two of the three Ri, R 2 and R 3 positions, with the third Rj, R 2 or R 3 position being hydrogen. In other words, at least one of -ORi, -OR 2 or -OR 3 is hydroxyl.
• the chain length of normal fatty acids R ⁇ -R 3 can be from 1 to about 20, and typically from about 7 to about 16 carbons. Preferably, R R 3 are from about 9 to about 14 carbons.
• the chain lengths of these normal fatty acids can be the same or different. Although, only normal fatty acids are described, it is expected that unsaturated fatty acids (t.e. fatty acid moieties having double or triple bonds) substituted at R ⁇ -R 3 on the compounds of the subject invention would produce biologically active molecules. Further, slight modifications in the chain length of the 3- hydroxyalkanoyl residues are not expected to dramatically effect biological activity.
• the compounds of the subject invention are adjuvants and immunoeffectors which enhance the generation of antibody in immunized animals, stimulate the production of cytokines and stimulate a cell-mediated immune response including a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response.
• the compounds of the subject invention can be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for injection or ingestion.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a medium which does not interfere with the immunomodulatory activity of the active ingredient and is not toxic to the patient to whom it is administered.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, aqueous compositions, liposomes, microbeads and microsomes.
• the carrier may be a microsphere or microparticle having a compound of this invention within the matrix of the sphere or particle or adsorbed on the surface of the sphere or particle.
• the carrier may also be an aqueous solution or micellar dispersion containing triethylamine, triethanolamine or other agent that renders the formulation alkaline in nature, or a suspension containing aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate or tyrosine adsorbate.
• Formulations of the compounds of the subject invention that can be administered parenterally, i.e. intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly include the following preferred carriers.
• preferred carriers for subcutaneous use include a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and 0.01-0.1 % triethanolamine in USP Water for Injection.
• Suitable carriers for intramuscular injection include 10% USP ethanol, 40% propylene glycol and the balance an acceptable isotonic solution such as 5% dextrose.
• Examples of preferred carriers for intravenous use include 10% USP ethanol, 40% USP propylene glycol and the balance USP Water for Injection.
• Another acceptable carrier includes 10% USP ethanol and USP Water for Injection; yet another acceptable carrier is 0.01-0.1% triethanolamine in USP Water for Injection.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral solvents are such as to provide a solution or dispersion may be filtered through a 5 micron filter without removing the active ingredient.
• Examples of carriers for administration via mucosal surfaces depend upon the particular route.
• pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, starch, lactose, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharide, cellulose, magnesium carbonate and the like with mannitol being preferred.
• polyethylene glycol or glycols, sucrose, and/or methylcellulose, and preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, may be used, with polyethylene glycols being preferred, and when administered by inhalation, suitable carriers are polyethylene glycol or glycols, methylcellulose, dispensing agents, and preservatives, with polyethylene glycols being preferred.
• an effective amount is that amount which shows a response over and above the vehicle or negative controls.
• the precise dosage of the compounds of the subject invention to be administered to a patient will depend upon the particular AGP used, the route of administration, the pharmaceutical composition, and the patient. For example, when administered subcutaneously to enhance an antibody response, the amount of AGP used is from 1 to about 250 micrograms, preferably from about 25 to about 50 micrograms based upon administration to a typical 70 kg adult patient.
• the AGPs of the subject invention are administered to a warm-blooded animal, including humans, with an antigen.
• the amount of antigen administered to elicit a desired response can be readily determined by one skilled in the art and will vary with the type of antigen administered, route of administration and immunization schedule. For example, 0.2 ⁇ g of tetanus toxoid administered with the claimed compounds subcutaneously to a mouse in two immunization 21 days apart elicited a humoral immune response to that antigen.
• the compounds of the subject invention are synthesized by coupling an N-acyloxy acylated or N-protected aminoalkanol or aminoalkanethiol (aglycon unit) with a suitably protected and/or 3 -O-acyloxy acylated glucosaminide unit.
• activated is meant having an appropriate displaceable leaving group "Z" attached to the anomeric center of the glucosaminide unit.
• Glucosaminide unit 1 bears an (R)-3- «-alkanoyloxytetradecanoyl residue on the 3-position, and suitable protecting groups on the 6-hydroxyl and 4-phosphate moieties.
• suitable protecting groups for the phosphate group include, but are not limited to, phenyl, benzyl, and -xylyl.
• the phosphate group is protected preferably with two phenyl groups.
• the 6-position can be temporarily protected by blocking groups commonly used in sugar chemistry such as silyl, benzyl, or benzyloxymethyl ethers or, alternatively, an alkyl carbonate.
• the 6- hydroxyl group is protected preferably as a l,l-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (TCBOC).
• the trichloroethyl-based protecting group(s) in the Koenigs-Knorr coupled product 3 are removed with zinc and the glucosaminide nitrogen is selectively acylated with a (R)-3-r ⁇ -alkanoyloxytetradecanoic acid 4 in the presence of a suitable coupling reagent to give the hexaacylated derivative 5.
• the remaining protecting groups in 5 are then cleaved by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a palladium or platinum catalyst or by other appropriate means to give compounds of Formula (I).
• a suitable starting material for the synthesis of glycosyl donor 1 is 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside which can be prepared from commercially available D-glucosaminide hydrochloride using published procedures.
• the conversion of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl glycoside starting material to glycosyl donor 1 can be achieved by methods known in the art or modifications thereof which are described herein.
• the aglycon unit 2 can be prepared by N-acyloxyacylation of commercially available starting materials with an appropriate (R)-3- «-alkanoyloxytetradecanoic acid 4, or N-acyloxyacylation of starting materials that can be obtained by known methods in the chemical literature.
• the N-acyloxyacyl residue in 2 can be substituted with an appropriate amine protecting group which is removed subsequent to the coupling reaction such as is described in the second preferred embodiment below.
• Other ⁇ -protecting groups for the aglycon amino group include, but are not limited to, commonly employed carbamates obvious to one skilled in the art such as t-butyl (t- BOC), benzyl (Cbz), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl (Troc), and 9-fluorenylmethyl(Fmoc).
• R R [ . R 2 or R 3
• R R,,R 2 orR 3
• R 2 «-C n H 23 CO
• the crude product was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF; 200 mL), treated 2.4 N aqueous LiOH (83 mL, 0.2 mol) and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 4 h.
• the resulting slurry was partitioned between ether (200 mL) and 1 N aqueous HC1 (200 mL) and the layers separated.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (100 mL) and the combined ethereal extracts were dried (Na 2 SO ) and concentrated.
• the ethereal layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated and the residue obtained was purified on a short pad of silica gel with 5% EtOAc-hexanes.
• the diester was dissolved in AcOH (42 mL) and treated with three equal portions of zinc dust ( ⁇ 6 g, 90 mmol) at 60°C over a 1 h period. After an additional hour at 60°C, the cooled reaction mixture was sonicated (5 min), filtered through Celite ® and concentrated.
• reaction mixture was filtered through a short pad of Celite®, concentrated, and the resulting residue was heated at 60°C in 90% aqueous AcOH (100 mL) for 1 h.
• the mixture was concentrated and residual AcOH and water were removed by azeotroping with toluene (2 x 150 mL).
• Example 4-(4) (1) In the same manner as described in Example 4-(5), the compound prepared in Example 4-(4) (1.0 g, 1.56 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- undecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (705 mg, 1.71 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel
• Example 6-(2) In the same manner as described in Example 4-(7) the compound prepared in Example 6-(2) (900 mg, 0.72 mmol) was deprotected in 90 % aqueous AcOH (20 mL). The residue was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL), cooled to 0 °C, and treated with triethylamine (0.14 mL, 1.0 mmol) and diphenyl chlorophosphate (0.17 mL, 0.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred for an additional 6 h, and then quenched with 50 mL of 10 % HCl. The product was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
• Example 4-(3) In the same manner as described in Example 4-(3) the compound prepared in Example 4-(l) (3.1 g, 5.9 mmol) and (R)-3-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-4- benzyloxy-1-butanol (1.1 g, 3.94 mmol) were coupled in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate (3.0 mL, 23.6 mmol) to afford 1.96 g (67 %) of 4-benzyloxy-(S)-3- (allyloxycarbonylamino)butyl 2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid.
• Example 4-(3) In the same manner as described in Example 4-(3) the compound prepared in Example 4-(l) (5.1 g, 9.7 mmol) and (R)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-4- benzyloxy-1-butanol (1.8 g, 6.45 mmol) were coupled in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate (4.9 mL, 38.0 mmol) to afford 2.92 g (61 %) of 4-benzyloxy-(S)-2- (allyloxycarbonylamino)propyl 2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid.
• Example 2-(6) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(6), the compound prepared in (1) above (0.19 g, 0.30 mmol) and the compound prepared in Example 2-(4) (0.635 g, 0.478 mmol) were coupled in the presence of mercury cyanide (0.3 g , 1.2 mmol) to give 0.425 g (77%) of N-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy- 4-O-diphenylphosphono-3-O-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-6-O-(2,2,2- trichloro- 1 , 1 -dimethylethoxycarbonyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine benzyl ester as an amorphous solid.
• Example 2-(l) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(2), the compound prepared in Example 2-(l) (1.0 g, 2.02 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- dodecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (946 mg, 2.22 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel (720 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in CH 2 CI 2 , and then deprotected in aqueous AcOH (25 mL) to afford 1.30g (81 %) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-3-O-[(R)-3-dodecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid: 1H ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.00 (s, 9 H), 0.88 (m, 8 H), 1.25 (m, 28 H),
• Example 2-(l) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(2), the compound prepared in Example 2-(l) (1.0 g, 2.02 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- undecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (915 mg, 2.22 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel (720 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in CH 2 C1 2 , and then deprotected in aqueous AcOH (25 mL) to afford 1.41 g (82 %) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-3-O-[(R)-3-undecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid: 1H NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.00 (s, 9 H), 0.88 (m, 8 H), 1.25 (m, 32 H), 1.60
• Example 2-(l) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(2), the compound prepared in Example 2-(l) (1.0 g, 2.02 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- decanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (884 mg, 2.22 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel (720 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in CH 2 CI 2 , and then deprotected in aqueous AcOH (25 mL) to afford 1.30g (77 %) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-3-O- [(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid: ⁇ ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.00 (s, 9 H), 0.88 (m, 8 H), 1.25 (m, 30 H), 1.59 (
• Example 2-(l) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(2), the compound prepared in Example 2-(l) (1.0 g, 2.02 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- nonanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (852 mg, 2.22 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel (720 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in CH 2 CI 2 , and then deprotected in aqueous AcOH (25 mL) to afford 1.31 g (79 %) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-3-O- [(R)-3-nonanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid: ⁇ NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.00 (s, 9 H), 0.88 (m, 8 H), 1.25 (m, 28 H), 1.59
• Example 2-(l) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(2), the compound prepared in Example 2-(l) (1.0 g, 2.02 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- octanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (821 mg, 2.22 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel (720 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in CH 2 CI2, and then deprotected in 90 % aqueous AcOH (25 mL) to afford 1.35g (83 %) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy- 3-O-[(R)-3-octanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid: ⁇ ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.00 (s, 9 H), 0.88 (m, 8 H), 1.25 (m,
• Example 2-(l) In the same manner as described in Example 2-(2), the compound prepared in Example 2-(l) (1.0 g, 2.02 mmol) was acylated with (R)-3- heptanoyloxytetradecanoic acid (790 mg, 2.22 mmol) in the presence of EDC Mel (720 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (100 mg) in CH 2 CI2, and then deprotected in 90 % aqueous AcOH (25 mL) to afford 1.30g (81 %) of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy- 3-O-[(R)-3-heptanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranoside as an amorphous solid: ⁇ ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.00 (s, 9 H), 0.88 (m, 8 H), 1.25 (m, 24 H
• Example 15-(4) (1.05g, 0.87 mmol) were coupled in the presence of AgOTf (560 mg, 2.2 mmol) to afford 780 g (56 %) of N-[(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy- 4-O-diphenyl phosphono-3-O-[(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-6-O-(2,2,2-trichloro- l,l-dimethylethoxycarbonyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serinamide as an amorphous solid: 1H ⁇ MR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.88 (t, 12 H), 1.1 - 1.6 (m, 68 H), 1.80 (s, 3 H), 1.89 (s, 3 H), 2.30 (m, 8 H), 3.53 (m, 1 H), 3.68 (
• N- [(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl] -L-serinamide triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serinamide hydrochloride, and fR)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoic acid: mp 184-185 °C; IR (film) 3416, 3284, 3210, 3096, 2954,
• N- [(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl] -L-serinamide triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serinamide hydrochloride, and (R)-3-hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 200-201 °C dec; IR (film) 3420, 3286, 2956, 2923, 28
• N- [(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoic acid: mp 159-160 °C; IR (film) 3317, 2954, 2924, 2854, 1734
• N- [(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- decanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl] -L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 158-159 °C; IR (film) 3304, 2956, 2923, 2853,
• N- [(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl] -L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 157-158 °C; IR (film) 3306, 2955, 2924, 2853
• N- [(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- decanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 156-157 °C dec; IR (film) 3306, 2956, 2923, 2852
• N- [(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 152-153 °C dec; IR (film) 3307, 2956, 2924, 28
• N- [(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- decanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 151-152 °C dec; IR (film) 3308, 2956, 2924, 28
• N- [(R)-3-decanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-O-[2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-2-[(R)-3- hexanoyloxytetradecanoylamino]-3-O-[(R)-3-hexanoyloxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine triethylammonium salt was prepared from 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidine-2-(2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, L-serine benzyl ester, and (R)-3- hexa- and decanoyloxytetradecanoic acids: mp 158-159 °C; IR (film) 3308, 2956, 2924, 2854
• R 8 PO 3 H 2 ).
• N- allyloxycarbonyl-L-serine benzyl ester (0.225 g, 0.806 mmol) and the compound prepared in Example 22-(2) (1.104 g, 0.886 mmol) were coupled in the presence of AgOTf (0.828 g, 3.22 mmol) to give 1.01 g (83%) of N-allyloxycarbonyl-O-[2-deoxy- 4-O-diphenylphosphono-3-O-[(R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-6-O-(2,2,2- trichloro- 1 , 1 -dimethylethoxycarbonyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)- ⁇ -D- glucopyranosyl]-L-serine benzyl ester: ⁇ NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 0.88 (m, 6 H), 1.0 - 1.7 (m
• the AGPs of the subject invention enhanced antibody production to purified tetanus toxoid in a murine model.
• Ten mg of each AGP sample was added to 1 ml of an oil-lecithin mixture containing squalene oil plus 12% lecithin. The mixtures were heated in a 56 °C water bath and sonicated to achieve clear solutions.
• Fifty (50) ⁇ l of each solution was emulsified by vortexing in 2 ml of sterile, pre- warmed 0.1 % Tween 80 saline containing 1.0 ⁇ g tetanus toxoid antigen/ml. Preparations were vortexed again just prior to administration to mice.
• mice Female C57BL/6 x DBA/2 Fi mice (8 per group) were treated with 0.2 ml of the appropriate preparation distributed as a 0.1 ml subcutaneous injection into each flank. The final mouse dosage of the tetanus toxoid and AGP compounds was 0.2 ⁇ g and 50 ⁇ g, respectively. Control mice received tetanus toxoid in vehicle (oil-Tween saline). All mice were treated on day 0 followed by a second immunization on day 21. Fourteen days following the second immunization mice were bled and sera were isolated by centrifugation.
• Serum samples from each mouse were evaluated for anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis using tetanus toxoid coated microtiter plates.
• EIA enzyme immunoassay
• Anti-tetanus antibody titers were evaluated for IgM, total Ig, as well as, IgG ! , IgG a and IgG 2b isotypes.
• Each serum sample was diluted 2-fold for eleven dilutions starting with an initial serum dilution of 1 :200. Results are shown in Tables 2-4.
• BDF1 female mice (8 per group) were immunized with 0.2 ml of emulsions containing 50 ⁇ g of the AGPs + 50 ⁇ g of ovalbumin. A second immunization was administered 21 days post primary. Each mouse was bled 14 days after the second injection. Antibody titers of immunized mice showing total IgG and IgM as well as titers for the subgroups of IgG including IgGi, IgG2 a and IgG2b are given in Table 7.
• the AGP compounds of the subject invention when administered to a warm-blooded animal with the antigen ovalbumin stimulates the production of antibody to that antigen.
• mice vaccinated with formalin-inactivated influenza and the AGP compounds of the subject invention mounted a protective immune response to an influenza challenge as well as produced antibody to that antigen.
• Animals were vaccinated with the antigen and AGP compounds in various carriers.
• the degree of protection was determined by challenging the mice with intranasal (IN) administration of approximately 10 LD 50 infectious influenza A/HK/68. Mortality was assessed for 21 days following the challenge. The number of mice surviving the challenge dose is a direct assessment of the efficacy of the vaccine. For the experiments provided this data does not necessarily correlate with the amount of antibody produced.
• Vaccines were formulated in 0.2% triethanolamine (TEoA)Zwater solution containing: 1 hemagglutinating unit (HAU) of formalin-inactivated influenza A/HK/68 (FI-Flu), and 50 ⁇ g of AGP except the vehicle control vaccines which contained no AGP.
• ICR mice (10/group) were vaccinated 1 time only.
• the vaccines were administered by subcutaneous (SQ) injection of 0.1 ml/site at 2 distinct sites near the inguinal lymph nodes for a total of 0.2 ml of vaccine/mouse. Mice (only 5 mice/group) were bled from the orbital plexus 14 days following the vaccination.
• SQ subcutaneous
• mice Sera was harvested and frozen at -20X until used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All mice were challenged 30 days post vaccination by intranasal (IN) administration of approximately 10 LD 50 infectious influenza A/HK/68. Mortality was assessed for 21 days following the challenge.
• Anti-influenza antibody titers obtained from vaccinations with TEoA formulations and corresponding survival rates of mice vaccinated with this formulation are shown in Table 8.
• Vaccines were formulated in 2% Squalene solution containing: 1 hemagglutinating unit (HAU) of formalin-inactivated influenza A/HK/68 (FI-Flu), and 25 ⁇ g of AGP except the saline and vehicle control vaccines which contained no AGP.
• BALB/c mice (10/group) were vaccinated 1 time only.
• the vaccines were administered by subcutaneous (SQ) injection of 0.1 ml/site at 2 distinct sites near the inguinal lymph nodes for a total of 0.2 ml of vaccine/mouse. Mice (only 5 mice/group) were bled from the orbital plexus 14 days following the vaccination.
• Sera was harvested and frozen at - 20°C until used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All mice were challenged 35 days post vaccination by intranasal (IN) administration of approximately 10 LD 50 infectious influenza A/HK/68. Mortality was assessed for 21 days following the challenge. Anti-influenza antibody titers obtained from vaccinations with the squalene formulations as well as corresponding survival rates of vaccinated animals are shown in Table 9.
• mice B28 800 400 400 100 50 3) The antibody titers and survival rate of vaccinated mice were compared after a primary then a secondary vaccination.
• Vaccines were formulated in 0.2% TEoNwater solution containing: 1 hemagglutinating unit of formalin-inactivated influenza A/HK 68, 25 ⁇ g AGP, except the vehicle control vaccine which contained no AGP.
• ICR mice (20/group) were administered vaccines by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml/site at 2 distinct sites near the inguinal lymph nodes for a total of 0.2 ml of vaccine/mouse. Each group was split into 2 subgroups 35 days after the primary vaccination. One of each subgroup was challenged at this time, the remaining subgroups received a secondary vaccination.
• mice (only 5/subgroup) were bled from the orbital plexus 14 days following vaccination (primary or secondary). Sera was harvested and frozen at -20X until used for ELISA. Mice were challenged 35 post primary, or secondary, vaccination by intranasal administration of approximately 10 LD50, or 40 LD50, infectious influenza NHK 68, respectively. Mortality was assessed for 21 days following the challenge. Anti-influenza antibody titers and survival rates of mice post primary and post secondary vaccination are shown in Table 10. Antibody titers as well as survival rates of mice vaccinated a second time were higher.
• Nonimmune 200 100 0 0
• mice (10/group) were vaccinated 1 time only. The vaccines were administered by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml/site at 2 distinct sites near the inguinal lymph nodes for a total of 0.2 ml of vaccine/mouse. Mice (only 5 mice/group) were bled from the orbital plexus 14 days following the vaccination. Sera was harvested and frozen at -20X until used for ELISA. All mice were challenged 35 post vaccination by intranasal administration of approximately 10 LD 50 infectious influenza NHK/68. Mortality was assessed for 21 days following the challenge. The length of the fatty acid chain appears to mildly affect biological activity. Results are shown in Tables 11 and 12.
• Nonimmune 200 100 100 800 0
• Vaccines were formulated in 0.2% TEoA/water solution containing: 1 hemagglutinating unit of formalin-inactivated influenza A/HK/68, and 25 ⁇ g of AGP, except the vehicle control vaccines which contained no AGP.
• ICR mice (10/group) were vaccinated 1 time only. The vaccines were administered by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml/site at 2 distinct sites near the inguinal lymph nodes for a total of 0.2 ml of vaccine/mouse.
• mice (only 5 mice/group) were bled from the orbital plexus 14 days following the vaccination. Sera was harvested and frozen at -20X until used for ELISA. All mice were challenged 35 days post vaccination by intranasal administration of approximately 10 LD 50 infectious influenza A/HK/68. Mortality was assessed for 21 days following the challenge. Adjuvant activity appears to lessen as the length of the carbon chain between the heteroatom X and aglycon nitrogen atom increases. However, depending upon the residues attached to this carbon chain the biologic and metabolic stability of the molecules may be affected. Results are shown in Tables 13.
• the AGP compounds of the subject invention induced cytokines in human whole blood ex vivo culture assays.
• AGP compounds were solubilized in 10% EtOH-water and diluted to various concentrations. Fifty ⁇ l of each dilution were added to 450 ⁇ l of whole human blood. Controls were treated with culture media (RPMI). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37X for 4 hr with constant mixing on a rotator. Sterile PBS (1.5 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, the cells were centrifuged and the supernatents removed for cytokine testing. The concentration of TNF- ⁇ and IL-l ⁇ in each supematent was determined using immunoassay ELISA kits from R&D Systems. Results from these studies are shown in Tables 14-19.
• cytotoxicity assay The induction of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response after administration of the AGP compounds of the subject invention and a protein antigen was detected by a cytotoxicity assay.
• Groups of C57BL/6 mice were given a primary immunization subcutaneously (inguinal region)/ with 25 ⁇ g ovalbumin (OVA) formulated in AGP preparations. The injected volume was 200 ⁇ l. Twenty-one days later three mice per experimental group were killed and spleens removed and pooled as single cell suspensions and counted. Spleen cells (75 X 10 6 cells in 3-4 ml media) from the experimental groups were placed in a 25 cm 2 T-flask.
• irradiated (20,000 rads) E.G7 (OVA) cells were added to the flask.
• the volume was brought to 10 ml.
• the cultures were maintained by placing the T-flasks upright in a 37X, 5% CO 2 incubator for four days. On day 4 the surviving cells were recovered from the flasks, washed IX in fresh media resuspended in 5.0 ml, and counted.
• Recovered effector cells were adjusted to 5 X 10 6 viable cells/ml and 100 ⁇ l volumes were diluted serially in triplicate in wells of 96 well round-bottom plates (Corning 25850) using 100 ⁇ l/well of media as a diluent.
• 100 ⁇ l volumes of 51 Cr-labelled (see below) targets [E.G7 (OVA)-an ovalbumin gene transfected EL-4 cell line] at 1 X 10 5 cells/ml were added to the wells.
• Spontaneous release (SR) wells contained 100 ⁇ l of targets and 100 ⁇ l of media.
• Maximal release (MR) wells contained 100 ⁇ l of targets and 100 ⁇ l detergent (2% Tween 20).
• Effector/target (E/T) ratios were 50:1, 25:1, 12.5:1.
• Target cells E.G7 (OVA) were labelled with 51 Cr (sodium chromate) as follows. In a total volume of 1.0 ml were mixed 5 X 10 6 target cells and 250 ⁇ Ci 51 Cr in 15 ml conical tube. The cell suspensions was incubated in a 37°C water bath for 90 min., with gentle mixing every 15 min. After incubation the labelled cells were washed 3X by centrifugation and decanting with 15 ml volumes of media. After the third centrifugation the cells were resuspended in 10 ml of fresh media and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. and then centrifuged. The cells were finally resuspended in media at 1 X 10 5 cells/ml. Mice immunized according to the procedure above with the AGPs of the subject invention displayed a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to the OVA antigen as shown in Table 20.
• 51 Cr sodium chromate
• the AGPs of the subject invention elicited both a serum and mucosal immune response to purified tetanus toxoid when administered intranasally.
• Groups of BALB/c mice were given a primary immunization (1°) intranasally with 10 ⁇ g tetanus toxoid (TT) + 20 ⁇ g AGP formulated in an aqueous formulation (AF) in a volume of 20 ⁇ l.
• a secondary immunization (2°) was given 14 days later and a tertiary immunization (3°) identical in composition to the first and second was administered 14 days later.
• mice were bled on day 21 (day 7 post 2°) and day 38 (day 10 post 3°) and day 48 (day 20 post 3°).
• Vaginal wash/fecal extract samples were taken on day 7 post 2° and day 7 post 3°.
• Serum and wash samples were assayed for anti-TT antibody by standard ELISA methods. Results of these assays are shown in Tables 21 and 22 below.
• the aqueous formulation comprises the AGPs of the subject invention and one or more surfactants.
• Surfactants useful in an aqueous composition include glycodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, sphingomyelin, sphingosine, phosphatidylcholine, l,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, L- ⁇ -phosphatidylethanolamine, and l,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, or a mixture thereof.
• the aqueous formulation used in this example comprises the surfactant 1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DPPC) and was prepared as follows: briefly; a 4 mg/ml solution of DPPC was prepared in ethanol. An aliquot of the ethanol solution is added to the dried AGPs and swirled gently to wet the AGP. The ethanol is removed by blowing a stream of filtered nitrogen gently over the vial. Water for Injection is added and the suspension is sonicated 10 min. at 60°C until clear. The resulting aqueous formulation contains approximately 118 ⁇ g/ml DPPC, has particles of around 70nm and was filter sterilized. Table 21.
• DPPC 1,2 dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine
• Serum anti-tetanus toxoid antibody titers in treated animals Serum anti-tetanus toxoid antibody titers in treated animals.
• Intranasal administration of TT formulated in AGP-AF induced both an antigen specific humoral immune response (Table 22 ) and a mucosal immune response (Table 21 ) to that antigen.
• mice administered hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) intranasally with the compounds of the subject invention produced serum IgG and IgA titers to that antigen.
• Secretory IgA was detected in vaginal washes and the induction of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response was detected by a cytotoxicity assay.
• mice Groups of BALB/c mice were given a primary immunization (1°) intranasally with 2.5 ⁇ g HBsAg + 10 ⁇ g AGP-AF in a volume of 20 ⁇ l.
• AGP-AF was prepared as in TEST EXAMPLE 8. Twenty-one days later mice were given a secondary immunization (2°) of 7.5 ⁇ g HBSAG + 10 ⁇ g AGP-AF intranasally in 20 ⁇ l volume.
• a tertiary immunization (3°) identical in composition to the secondary immunization was administered 28 days after the secondary immunization.
• mice immunized intranasally with FLUSHIELD influenza vaccine containing hemagglutinin antigen and the AGPs of the subject invention produced both IgG and IgA which were recovered in vaginal washes. Immunized mice were also protected from subsequent influenza challenge.
• ICR mice were immunized three times at 21 day intervals intranasally with FLUSHIELD influenza vaccine (Wyeth-Lederle) containing 0.3 ⁇ g hemagglutinin antigen (HA) + 10 ⁇ g AGP-AF or recombinant E. coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT).
• AGP-AF was prepared as in TEST EXAMPLE 8.
• LT was solubilized in saline at 1 ⁇ g/ml. Vaginal washes were collected 14 days after the second and third immunization. Serum samples were collected 14 days after the third immunization.
• mice were challenged with 10 LD 50 (lethal dose 50) of infectious influenza A/HK/68 thirty-five days after the final immunization and monitored for mortality.
• Tables 28 and 29 show the results of assays conducted by standard ELISA methods to detect anti-influenza antibody titers in vaginal washes and sera.
• Vehicle 102,400 256,000 12,800 102,400 50
• the AGP compounds of the subject invention stimulated both humoral and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses when formulated in a stable emulsion (SE).
• SE stable emulsion
• AGPs were tested at 25 ⁇ g dose levels to adjuvantize Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for the induction of CTL and antibody responses.
• BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with 2.0 ⁇ g HBsAg plus 25 ⁇ g of AGP/SE on day 0 and day 21.
• the CTL assay was conducted as in TEST EXAMPLE 7.
• the AGPs were formulated in a stable emulsion (SE) and the compositions were designated AGP-SE.
• AGP-SE treated mice displayed both humoral (Table 31) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (Table 30) responses to the hepatitis B surface antigen.
• Table 31 humoral
• Table 30 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
• AGP-SE treated mice in serum displayed a vigorous IgG a specific antibody titer detected by both antigens, whereas the vehicle-SE induced only a modest IgG 2a response.
• the AGP compound B31 was evaluated for its ability to enhance serum antibody titers to an influenza virus vaccine as set forth in Text Example 3.
• ICR mice (10/group) were administered vaccines containing 1 HAU of formalin- inactivated influenza A/HK 68 plus or minus 25 ⁇ g RC-523 formulated in a 0.2%TEoA/water solution.
• the mice were, also, challenged with a lethal dose of infectious influenza virus in order to assess protection.
• Table 32 The results of this experiment are presented in Table 32. Table 32
• Screening of respective AGP compounds of this invention included evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthetase or iNOS activity (NOS ED 50 ), which correlates with macrophage activation, and can thus be viewed as a measure of immune stimulation.
• NOS ED 50 inducible nitric oxide synthetase or iNOS activity
• mouse peritoneal exudates cells were harvested and the adherent cell population isolated. The adherent cells were exposed to varying concentrations of soluble AGP compounds and the resulting induction and secretion of nitrite measured.
• the NOS ED 50 value represents a concentration of AGP required to stimulate half the maximum amount of nitrite release and corresponds to the concentration required to stimulate macrophages.
• the AGP compounds were also evaluated for their tendency to induce a fever response in rabbits.

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