WO1999048675A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines strangpressprofiles - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines strangpressprofiles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999048675A1 WO1999048675A1 PCT/EP1999/001982 EP9901982W WO9948675A1 WO 1999048675 A1 WO1999048675 A1 WO 1999048675A1 EP 9901982 W EP9901982 W EP 9901982W WO 9948675 A1 WO9948675 A1 WO 9948675A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- section
- spindle
- cross
- batch
- spiral
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
- B30B15/34—Heating or cooling presses or parts thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/08—Moulding or pressing
- B27N3/28—Moulding or pressing characterised by using extrusion presses
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
- B30B11/22—Extrusion presses; Dies therefor
- B30B11/24—Extrusion presses; Dies therefor using screws or worms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
- B30B11/22—Extrusion presses; Dies therefor
- B30B11/24—Extrusion presses; Dies therefor using screws or worms
- B30B11/246—Screw constructions
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing an extruded profile from a batch of small parts, in particular a batch of wood chips.
- a suitably prepared mixture of small parts is forced through a heated channel by means of a pressing device and largely hardens in this channel.
- the length of the heated duct determines the resistance of the strand to its movement through the duct and thereby also the compression.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method and an apparatus for extrusion through which or by which extruded profiles with largely constant mechanical properties can be produced in a reliable manner.
- this object is achieved according to the invention by a method with the features specified in claim 1.
- a method for producing an extruded profile this object is achieved according to the invention by a method with the features specified in claim 1.
- the batch is continuously conveyed into the press space by means of a conveyor spindle which has at least one spatially convoluted groove.
- a particularly advantageous control of the compression pressure of the strand can be achieved by controlling the axial depth of penetration of the conveyor spindle into the press chamber as a function of the current compression pressure.
- the instantaneous compression pressure can be determined, for example, by detecting the axial forces acting on the conveyor spindle or also by means of the spindle torque.
- the cross section of the baling chamber or of the following channel is also advantageously changed via a channel wall which can be moved in a controlled manner as a function of a predetermined compression ratio.
- Suitable control values can advantageously be determined using a computer. Hydraulic cylinders with lever transmission, if necessary, are particularly suitable as corresponding actuators.
- the axial penetration depth of a mandrel element passed through the conveyor spindle is changed in a controlled manner as a function of the compression of the strand. This makes it possible to control the compression pressure via the frictional forces acting on the mandrel element.
- the object specified at the outset is achieved by a device solved the features specified in claim 6.
- the object specified at the outset is also achieved by a device having the features specified in patent claim 23 or 30.
- the device for producing an extruded profile from a batch of small parts with a pressing device formed by a spiral or spindle element for pressing the batch of small parts through a press space into an at least sectionally heated channel, the cross section of the channel corresponding to the cross section of the profile to be manufactured and the compressed batch at least partially sets in the channel to form the profile, is characterized in a particularly advantageous manner in that the cross section of the press space widens to the cross section of the channel in the extrusion direction. This makes it possible to control the density of the strand forming in a reliable manner.
- the press space is designed such that it essentially expands continuously to the cross section of the channel.
- An embodiment of the invention which is advantageous with regard to a particularly favorable compression of the mixture to form the strand and avoidance of excessive particle movement is provided in that the cross section of the pressing space in its initial region facing away from the strand is adapted to the cross section of the spindle or spiral element.
- Spindel L LOD. Spiral element and the baling chamber are matched to one another in such a way that in the initial region of the baling chamber the smallest distance of the baling chamber wall from the spindle or spiral element is in the range from 1 mm to 10 mm.
- a particularly even supply of the batch can be achieved according to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention in that the batch is preceded by a batch feed section, the cross section of which widens in the conveying direction to the initial region of the batch.
- Adequate sealing of the batch feed section can advantageously be achieved by adapting the initial area of the batch feed section facing away from the baling chamber at least over a circumferential range of 150 ° to the envelope surface of the spiral or spindle element.
- an inlet surface is advantageously formed which is inclined in the extrusion direction towards the axis of the spindle or spiral element.
- the angle of inclination of the inlet surface is preferably in the range from 10 to 60 ° with respect to the axis mentioned. It is also possible to round the inlet surface in a convex manner.
- a particularly effective support of the conveying action of the spiral or spindle element can be achieved in that the wall of the batch inlet section adjacent to the spindle or spiral element is designed in such a way that it supports the conveyance of the batch into the press space. It is also possible to provide the corresponding wall sections with thread groove-like grooves.
- the spiral or spindle element has at least one or more spatially helically wound screw threads for conveying the batch into the press space.
- the use of several screw threads results in a particularly even load on the spiral or spindle element.
- the fferenga ⁇ g is preferably designed such that its cross-section decreases to a lesser extent in its course to the end of the spindle on the strand side than the specific volume of the increasingly compressed mixture accommodated in the screw passage on its way to the end of the spindle.
- the cross section of the screw thread can in terms of its cross-sectional area be substantially uniform. A particularly advantageous conveyance of the batch can be achieved if the cross section of the screw groove widens in area in the direction of the spindle end.
- the surrounding gap of the spindle or spiral element in the region of a transition zone between a batch inlet section and the pressing chamber is larger than the surrounding gap between the upstream wall of a spindle trough and the spiral or spindle element.
- the slope of the pressure zone can essentially be approximately 0 °.
- the slope of the pressure zone is preferably selected such that its slope corresponds to the strand feed achieved at the optimum operating point per spindle revolution. This results in a particularly smooth running of the foremost spindle or spiral end on the strand.
- the pressure distribution in the line can be influenced by designing the pressure zone with a view to the desired profile cross section.
- the pressure zone can, for example, have a concave profile, as a result of which a reduction in the forces radially expanding the strand is achieved.
- the forces radially expanding the strand can be increased by a convex configuration of the pressure zone.
- the pressure zone is formed by a tongue section which forms a spring element whose bending resistance moment and, if necessary, protrusion is coordinated in such a way that a uniform pressure distribution results over the pressure zone in the form of hard metal inserts
- the flattened pressure zone extends over a circumferential angle in the range from 30 to 270 °. The larger the pressure zone, the lower the surface pressure between the pressure zone and the corresponding initial area of the strand being built up
- the pressing device comprises a front spindle with a spiral or helically wound screw groove for conveying the batch into the pressing chamber and for compacting the same
- the cross-section of the screw groove or the screw thread means the free passage cross-section allowing the batch passage in a cut surface that is perpendicular to a screw groove axis.
- the screw groove axis connects the focal points of the surface of the individual Cut surfaces and thus also extends spatially wound around the longitudinal axis of the spindle.
- the cross section of the screw thread is selected such that it decreases in its course to the end of the spindle to a lesser extent than the specific volume of the mixture received in the screw thread and increasingly compressed on its way to the spindle end.
- a spiral is to be understood as a conveying element with spatially tortuous passages, the windings of which extend in the axial direction in the manner of a helical spring without being axially supported by a core section.
- Spindle is to be understood as a conveying element, the windings of which are axially supported by a core section designed as a full cross section or possibly hollow. The measures proposed for spirals can also be advantageously implemented in spindles and vice versa.
- Fig. 1 is a simplified axial sectional view through a
- 2a shows a simplified section through a batch feed section with a subsequent pressing chamber
- 2b shows a section along the plane XX in FIG. 2a, however, additionally with an inserted spiral or spindle element which has a flattened pressure zone
- FIG. 2c shows a side view of the device according to FIG. Fig.2a, from the right;
- Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a spindle housing with in
- FIG. 4a shows a simplified plan view of the front end pressure zone of a spindle element
- the illustration according to FIG. 1 shows an extrusion device in which a spiral is used to convey and compress the batch.
- the slope 139 remains constant until the end of the inlet 140.
- the helix width 141 is manufactured to the same extent over the entire length. From the end of the inlet 140 to the end of the spiral, the gradient increases from dimension 143 to dimension 144.
- the increase in the gradient per revolution can amount to approximately 15% of the outer screw diameter.
- the immersion depth 145 is approximately 2.5 helical revolutions. Depending on the type of small parts, the immersion depth can be 0.3 to about 4 spiral turns.
- the increase in the slope does not have to be continuous, but can also take place disproportionately. In general, a helical pitch of about 8 to 15 ° is chosen. However, it can be over 20 °.
- the decisive factor here is the slope of the last turn of the spiral.
- the pressing space 147 connects to the filling space 146. It extends from the dimension of the filling space 148 to the dimension 149
- the baling chamber closes and extends to the front end of the spindle
- the expansion carried out in the press room is selected with a view to the required immersion depth, taking into account the type of small parts and the amount of compression. It can be about 0.5 to about 5 mm over the entire press room length.
- the ideal value can be determined empirically Part of the press room with the wedge-shaped extension 150 is designed here as an inserted wear part, which is easily exchangeable and, if necessary, renewable the spiral usually rotates faster than the batch is transported, small parts squeeze into the gap 152 between the spiral 153 and the inner walls 154 of the press space 147.
- the gap dimension is sufficiently small, for example between 0.2 and about 2 mm, and the small parts have one sufficient size, they do not reach or only one small part in the gap 151
- the gap dimension is significantly larger, for example more than 5 to 15 mm, the edge zone is compressed only by a moderate amount of about 0.1 to 0.3 kg / dm 3 higher than the inner zone of the strand with a higher flexural strength, this gap dimension should be chosen so that the small parts in the edge zone are oriented longitudinally to the strand.
- the invention provides for the regulation of the compression by a computer which is sufficiently quick and reliable to change the compression by adjusting the immersion depth of the dome in the strand responds and thereby enables a uniform compression
- a channel section referred to as a reactor, adjoins the pressing chamber, via which a hot gas, in particular superheated steam, can be applied to the already compressed mixture
- the immersion depth of the spindle in the press chamber is changed with regard to the desired degree of compression or depending on the current compression pressure using a computer and actuators (not shown in more detail here).
- the depth of immersion in the strand is also controlled controlled.
- the strand density is increased by moving the spindle deeper into the baling chamber.
- the strand density is reduced in this baling chamber configuration by pulling it back against the conveying direction.
- this control effect is reversed.
- the spindle and / or the mandrel can be moved back and forth with a possibly small amplitude during the continuous pressing process.
- the movement of the mandrel and spindle is advantageously in phase opposition.
- FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c show a further preferred embodiment of a headstock according to FIG. the invention.
- the headstock here comprises a batch feed section a which has a filling opening 1 for supplying the batch, for example of the wood chips, to a spindle element 3 accommodated in a spindle trough 2 (FIG. 2b).
- the spindle trough 2 forms a groove widening in cross section in the conveying direction and, in the embodiment shown here, is adapted to the spindle in its initial region facing away from the strand, leaving a small gap.
- a transition zone b adjoins the batch feed section a, via which the conveyed batch reaches a press chamber 4.
- the transition zone b comprises an inlet surface 5 widening from the press chamber 4 to the filling opening and an extension wall 6 extended towards the press chamber 4.
- the inlet surface 5 can also be designed as a preferably convexly rounded surface.
- the angle of inclination ß with respect to the spindle axis is in the range from 10 to 60 °.
- the length of the transition zone b is matched to the spindle pitch and is preferably in the range from 1/15 to approximately ⁇ A of the spindle pitch.
- transition zone b is followed by the cross section in Conveying direction of diverging press chamber 4
- the spindle element 3 shown in Fig. 2 protrudes by about 1/3 of the baling chamber length into the diverging baling chamber 4.
- the baling chamber divergence angle is in the range of approximately 0.5 ° to approximately 25 ° depending on the wall section Combinations of step-like extensions and continuously expanded sections are also possible.
- the front end area of the spindle is flattened.This flattening forms an enlarged pressure zone, which reduces the maximum surface pressure.
- the flattening here has an angle ⁇ with respect to the front the inclined surface of the conveyor helix has a reduced slope.
- the flattening can be essentially completely flat or also have a slight curvature
- Fig. 2c shows a view of the headstock like Fig. 2a from the right.
- the extension walls 6 are also axial on the same length as the inlet surface 5 (not visible here), can be seen
- the wall of the spindle trough 2, which tapers here conically against the direction of travel, is indicated in the foot area of the spindle element 3, a passage opening is provided, the inner contour of which is essentially the hollow surface of the corresponding section corresponds to the spindle element
- FIG. 3 shows a headstock with the forward path sections gradually transitioning to the profile cross section in the conveying direction. Shown are the batch inlet section a, which is attached to it adjoining transition zone b and the subsequent press space section and an adjoining duct section whose cross section corresponds to the cross section of the profile to be manufactured
- transition zone b a first widening of the channel cross section into the press space 4 takes place below the convexly curved inlet surface 5.
- the end region of the press chamber 4 lying downward in the direction of the strand already corresponds in cross section to the cross section of the following channel section.
- the transitions are largely continuous and only indicated by light edges
- the front end area of the spindle element is advantageously provided with a special detail geometry in the form of a flattening. This enables a particularly inexpensive and uniform compression of the strand that forms, with significantly reduced friction and damage to the fiber structure of the small parts.
- the spindle is designed so that the pressure area acting on the strand is as large as possible
- the flattened portion 10 formed on the end face of the spindle extends over an angular range ⁇ which is determined as a function of the axial thickness of the helix and is in the range from approximately 30 to 270 °
- the slope of the pressure zone formed in this way is significantly less than the slope of the helix in the area adjacent upstream 4b, which shows a simplified development of the last end section of the helix, as the angle ⁇ characterized.
- This angle ⁇ is significantly smaller than the pitch angle ⁇ in the end region of the spindle or spiral element 3.
- the end edge of the end section of the helix can be designed with a corresponding contour in view of a desired chip orientation.
- the flattening can be concave or convex at least in sections.
- the optimal course of a corresponding roof or valley line 12 can be determined empirically and can deviate from a circular line.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19980474T DE19980474D2 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Strangpressprofiles |
AU38117/99A AU3811799A (en) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Method and device for producing an extrusion profile |
EP99920580A EP1068068A1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines strangpressprofiles |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19813028.7 | 1998-03-25 | ||
DE19813028 | 1998-03-25 | ||
DE1998126408 DE19826408A1 (de) | 1998-06-15 | 1998-06-15 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Strangaushärtung beim Strangrohrpressen von Kleinteilen |
DE19826408.9 | 1998-06-15 | ||
DE1998138187 DE19838187A1 (de) | 1998-08-24 | 1998-08-24 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Strang- und Strangrohrpressen von Kleinteilen |
DE19838187.5 | 1998-08-24 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999048675A1 true WO1999048675A1 (de) | 1999-09-30 |
Family
ID=27218234
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1999/001987 WO1999048676A1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen strang- und strangrohrpressen von kleinteilen |
PCT/EP1999/001982 WO1999048675A1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines strangpressprofiles |
PCT/EP1999/001988 WO1999048659A1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines profilmateriales |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1999/001987 WO1999048676A1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen strang- und strangrohrpressen von kleinteilen |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1999/001988 WO1999048659A1 (de) | 1998-03-25 | 1999-03-23 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines profilmateriales |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (3) | EP1068069A1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE349305T1 (de) |
AU (3) | AU3521299A (de) |
DE (4) | DE59914093D1 (de) |
WO (3) | WO1999048676A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1269679A1 (de) | 2000-03-17 | 2003-01-02 | Deutsche Telekom AG | Verfahren zur veränderung der polarisation wenigstens eines des aus einer photonenpaarquelle in verschiedene teilstrahlengänge abgestrahlten photonen |
EP1328384A1 (de) | 2000-10-26 | 2003-07-23 | Anton Heggenstaller AG | Strangpresse für mit bindemittel vermengte pflanzliche kleinteile |
RU2465135C1 (ru) * | 2011-05-13 | 2012-10-27 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Оренбургский государственный университет" | Сушильно-брикетирующий экструдер |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE29912822U1 (de) | 1999-07-22 | 2000-08-17 | Heggenstaller Anton Ag | Strangpresse für pflanzliche Kleinteile |
EP1238792A3 (de) * | 2001-01-13 | 2003-05-14 | Karl Schedlbauer | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Strang- und Strangrohrpressen von Kleinteilen |
DE10234835B4 (de) * | 2002-07-31 | 2007-10-25 | Karl Schedlbauer | Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Strangpressprofiles |
EP1752267B1 (de) | 2005-08-10 | 2013-07-24 | Anton Heggenstaller GmbH | Strangpresse |
ITMO20050348A1 (it) * | 2005-12-23 | 2007-06-24 | Imal Srl | Apparato per la pressatura ad estrusione di materiale legnoso incoerente e metodo di pressatura relativo |
DE102006055116B4 (de) * | 2006-11-21 | 2013-10-17 | Anton Heggenstaller Gmbh | Verfahren und Strangpressanlage zum Herstellen von Strangpressprodukten |
DE202006017826U1 (de) | 2006-11-21 | 2008-03-27 | Anton Heggenstaller Gmbh | Strangpressanlage zum Herstellen von Strangpressprodukten |
CN102963032A (zh) * | 2012-11-13 | 2013-03-13 | 林肇辉 | 一种竹签香成型机香脚尾部的夹压机构 |
CN108424336B (zh) * | 2017-12-13 | 2020-07-14 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种自动卸药的三段式恒压螺压成型装置 |
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1999
- 1999-03-23 EP EP99916880A patent/EP1068069A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-03-23 AT AT99913293T patent/ATE349305T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-23 DE DE59914093T patent/DE59914093D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-23 DE DE19980474T patent/DE19980474D2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-23 AU AU35212/99A patent/AU3521299A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-23 DE DE19980473T patent/DE19980473D2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-23 WO PCT/EP1999/001987 patent/WO1999048676A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-03-23 WO PCT/EP1999/001982 patent/WO1999048675A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-03-23 DE DE19980475T patent/DE19980475D2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-23 AU AU38117/99A patent/AU3811799A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-23 EP EP99920580A patent/EP1068068A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-03-23 AU AU31472/99A patent/AU3147299A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-23 WO PCT/EP1999/001988 patent/WO1999048659A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1999-03-23 EP EP99913293A patent/EP1066138B1/de not_active Revoked
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US4125635A (en) * | 1977-04-26 | 1978-11-14 | Ruyter Peter W A De | Method for making a meat analog |
EP0009850A1 (de) * | 1978-10-02 | 1980-04-16 | Instituut Voor Bewaring En Verwerking Van Landbouwprodukten | Einrichtung zum Pressen von Fasermaterial, insbesondere getrocknetem Grünfutter, zu Ballen |
DE3510969A1 (de) * | 1984-03-26 | 1986-01-02 | Wieneke, Franz, Prof. Dr.-Ing., 3406 Bovenden | Formpressvorrichtung fuer faseriges material |
EP0339497A2 (de) * | 1988-04-26 | 1989-11-02 | Karl Schedlbauer | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Strangpressen oder Strangrohrpressen |
DE4027583A1 (de) * | 1990-08-31 | 1992-03-05 | Bischof Hans Jochen Dipl Ing | Vorrichtung zum pressen von strangteilen |
DE9113443U1 (de) * | 1991-10-29 | 1992-12-03 | Anton Heggenstaller Gmbh, 8892 Kuehbach, De | |
WO1993010893A1 (en) * | 1991-12-05 | 1993-06-10 | Vattenfall Energisystem Ab | Process and apparatus for feeding fragmented material into a container under pressure |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP1269679A1 (de) | 2000-03-17 | 2003-01-02 | Deutsche Telekom AG | Verfahren zur veränderung der polarisation wenigstens eines des aus einer photonenpaarquelle in verschiedene teilstrahlengänge abgestrahlten photonen |
EP1328384A1 (de) | 2000-10-26 | 2003-07-23 | Anton Heggenstaller AG | Strangpresse für mit bindemittel vermengte pflanzliche kleinteile |
RU2465135C1 (ru) * | 2011-05-13 | 2012-10-27 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Оренбургский государственный университет" | Сушильно-брикетирующий экструдер |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59914093D1 (de) | 2007-02-08 |
AU3521299A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
DE19980473D2 (de) | 2001-06-21 |
EP1066138A1 (de) | 2001-01-10 |
ATE349305T1 (de) | 2007-01-15 |
EP1068068A1 (de) | 2001-01-17 |
WO1999048676A1 (de) | 1999-09-30 |
AU3811799A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
EP1066138B1 (de) | 2006-12-27 |
DE19980474D2 (de) | 2001-07-26 |
AU3147299A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
WO1999048659A1 (de) | 1999-09-30 |
DE19980475D2 (de) | 2001-07-12 |
EP1068069A1 (de) | 2001-01-17 |
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