Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G10D9/00—Details of, or accessories for, wind musical instruments
  • G10D9/04—Valves; Valve controls
  • G10D9/047—Valves; Valve controls for wood wind instruments

Definitions

• Woodwind instrument especially saxophone description
• the invention relates to woodwind instruments, in particular saxophones.
• the woodwind instruments have similarities with one another with regard to the handle system and the acoustics, so that the principle of the invention of claim 1 can also be applied to flutes, clarinets or oboes.
• the conventional saxophones have considerable shortcomings which are due to the fact that although the number of tone holes is considerably larger than the number of fingers available to operate them, the distribution of the work required to cover and open the tone holes among the individual fingers is very arbitrary and is not ergonomic, especially because the little finger of the left hand is not adequately stressed, but only fulfills secondary tasks and, on the other hand, is overwhelmed by the operation of the cup flaps.
• the left little finger is not required to play a diatonic scale in C major. This results in an uneven formation of the fingers, in particular in the left hand, complicated grip sequences in the chromatic scale and an insufficient separation of the area of application of the left hand from that of the right hand. As a result, the handle sequences are often difficult to remember.
• Another disadvantage of the conventional saxophones is that between a c 2 ' 3 tone hole assigned to the left index finger and a b 1,2 tone hole assigned to the left middle finger there is another h 1,2 tone hole which cannot be operated directly , unless that the left index or middle finger by sliding on the finger plate 15 belonging to the h 1,2 hole cover 315 its each leaving basic position. Therefore, the tone b 1,2 requires several alternative handles, which are all acoustically different and make learning to play the saxophone considerably more difficult.
• the object of the invention is to design the tone hole covering system of the saxophone so that the work for operating the tone hole cover is appropriately and ergonomically distributed over the individual fingers compared to the prior art shown.
• the h 1,2 hole cover 315 should be directly operable.
• the entire problem is solved by the features of claim 1. This is achieved in that the basic position of the middle, ring and little finger of the left hand in the tone hole covering system according to the invention is one tone hole higher than in the conventional saxophone. That means the c 2,3 hole from L1 over platelets
• L4 fulfilled tasks - operation of the h 0 -, c 1 -, cis 1 - and gis 1,2 -hole cover 31,32,33,311 - are taken over by wrist-like limbs, the left thumb and the elbow-sided edge of the left palm, also by Parts of the hand that are not involved in the overall grip of conventional saxophones.
• the scale h 1 -b 1 -al- g 1 -f 1 -e 1 -d 1 -c 1 was generated , while in the conventional saxophone this finger sequence results in the scale h 1 -a 1 -g 1 -gis 1 -f 1 - e 1 -d- 1 -c 1 .
• the first order is understood to mean the assignment of fingertips to tone holes that have the following features:
• tone hole cover, finger plate above the assigned tone hole or its control element (tone hole cover, finger plate) and
• tone holes can be closed by direct pressure of the fingertip on the finger plate located on the associated lid or connected to it via a lever or covered by the fingertip itself (eg clarinet) without the need for a fork handle when the next lower one is open standing tone hole should remain open.
• the characteristic curve of the finger ergonomics of the saxophone according to the invention in comparison to the conventional saxophone for playing a chromatic scale from notated cis 3 to b 0 is shown in FIG.
• the fingers are shown on the abscissa in the order L1-L2-L3-L4-LD-R1-R2-R3-R4-RD, according to the position on the main pipe in the direction of the vibration exciter ⁇ sound cup.
• the full line (-) ent corresponds to the invention, the dash line (- - -) a conventional saxophone.
• FIG. 2 shows schematically the arrangement of the control plates of the saxophone according to the invention
• FIGS. 3 and 4 the assignment of the anatomical structures of the left (FIG. 3) and right hand (FIG. 4) to the plates to be operated in each case of the tone hole covering system according to the invention.
• the handles suitable for playing a chromatic tone sequence from notated f 3 to b 0 and their effect on the tone holes are given in the tables below, the existence of all the features of claim 13 being presupposed.
• the sign + means opening, - closing the respective tone hole.
• Alternative handles are given behind the main handle. Handles with a harmonic character are not included.
• the octave plate 23 is pressed in addition to the handles in the table, which opens the octave flap I for notes above cis 2 to gis 2 and the octave flap II above gis 2 on the S-bow .
• the plates marked with * have a different effect than conventional saxophones of modern design. Additional effects are indicated by * behind the tone hole designation, bracketed tone hole descriptions with preceding marking by * denote missing effects, -gis 1,2 and -cis 1 dominate over + gis 1,2 and + cis 1 in a manner known per se.
• the effect on the h 1,2 hole when pressure is applied to plate 14 is not due to a special coupling of the h 1,2 hole cover 315 to the b 1,2 hole cover 314, but rather by mounting the plate 14 above the h 1 , 2 -hole cover 315, which is typical for saxophones of medium size (alto, tenor saxophone).
• the same effect can also arise from pressure on the plate 12, since in this case the plate 12 is usually also on the h 1,2 hole cover 315. See also Figures 6 and 7.
• the saxophone according to the invention differs with respect to the operation of the open tonepiece cover from a conventional instrument, inter alia in that the mechanics of the left hand from that of the right hand due to the lack of a coupling between the g 1, 2 - and the h 1'2-hole cover 310.315 is strictly separated and the ice 2 '3-hole cover 318 is coupled to the h 1.2 - hole cover 315.
• the handles above d 3 differ from the conventional handle system by the lack of actuation of plates 19, the handles below h 1, 2 differ from them essentially by the additional pressure on plates 15.
• the gis 1, 2 - and the g 1, 2 -hole cover 311,310 is coupled in a known manner to the fis 1, 2 -, f 1, 2 _ and e 1,2 _ perforated cover 39,37,36, but not the h 1, 2 -hole cover 315.
• Sliding to an adjacent tile is kept to a minimum.
• the maximum number of plates to be operated by a fingertip is two, while the left little finger has to operate four plates in the conventional saxophone.
• Hand from eis to b 2 or from cis 2 to b 1 is identical to that of the right hand from g 2 to e 2 or from g 1 to e 1 including two fork handles for c 2,3 and fis 1,2 , the interval of the corresponding notes is six twelfths of an octave. This can be seen from the fingering table in connection with Fig. 3-4.
• the hand relaxes the posture of the hand, the wrist and the left forearm are slightly lowered so that the hand and fingers are a straight line continuation of the left forearm.
• the elbow-side bending of the left hand in the wrist which is often required with conventional saxophones, is no longer necessary. 5)
• the acoustics are significantly improved by eliminating the acoustically different handle alternatives for tone b 1, 2 and the improved acoustics for tones c 2,3 , h 0 and b 0 .
• the greater freedom of the h 1, 2 - hole cover 315 also enables new handle sequences in the falsetto register above the tone f 3 , so that the chromatic scale from f sharp 3 to f 4 , possibly even up to b 4, can be played.
• these handle sequences depend on several factors - in particular the size of the instrument, mouthpiece, etc. - it is not possible to provide a generally applicable table of handles.
• the additional material expenditure for the thumb mechanism for operating the c 1 hole cover 32 is compensated for by the lack of the laterally doubled b 1, 2 hole and the associated cover 313. Furthermore, material can be saved by omitting the actuating arm 1115 of the h 1,2 hole cover 315, which enables the coupling to the tone hole cover of the right hand in the conventional saxophone, in particular because the h 1,2 hole cover 315 may possibly be on the same roller screw can be stored like the cis 2,3 -, c 2,3 - and b 1, 2 - hole cover 318,317,314.
• the tone c 2, 3 is given an additional handle alternative, the tone gis 1, 2 is doubled in the operating position and the handle for h is shifted from the left little finger to the left thumb.
• the second gis plate of the known mechanisms causes the gis 1,2 hole cover 311 which is opened by pressure on plate 11 to be closed, while according to the invention both plates 11 and 13 open the closed cover.
• the tone gis 1,2 is gripped over platelets 11 in the following way:
• Platelet 3 is operated in a similar manner from the base member of the left little finger, the stretching movement of the little finger being partially replaced by an additional hyperextension (dorsiflexion) of the wrist and the wrist stepping slightly lower (see FIG. 19 with 3)
• the wrist is again lowered significantly, whereby the thumb can slide from the thumb plate 2700 onto the plate 2A, so that the plates 11, 3 and 1 are enclosed by the left palm while the fingertips L1, L2, L3 and L4 unchanged on the Press tiles 17, 15, 14 and 12.
• the edge of the hand on the elbow is now in the area of the small finger base joint directly above plate 1 and can do this by a small one
• the handle described for the tone gis 1.2 above platelets 11 is not suitable for a g 1.2 gis 1.2 trill.
• This trill is preferably played from the right index finger over tile 13.
• Figure 5 Perspective view of a tenor saxophone.
• Figures 6-7 special construction features of the plate 15 and the h 1,2- hole cover 315; Positional relationship of the plate 11 to plate 12 in frontal view.
• Figure 8 - 9 positional relationship of the two plates 11 and 12 in an axial view from above.
• Figure 10 Coupling the d 3-hole cover 319 to the dis 3-hole cover 320.
• FIGS. 11-13 coupling of the cis 2,3 hole cover 318 to the h 1,2 hole cover 315.
• Figure 19 Plate with the control plates 11,3 and 1 for the gis 1, 2 , ice and h O hole cover 311,33,31
• FIG. 5 shows the construction of a conventional saxophone, consisting of a mouthpiece M, a sound tube S with tone holes, tone hole covers, finger plates, thumb hooks, thumb plate and the mechanics of the tone hole covering system.
• 6-7 are the structural features of the h 1,2 hole cover 315 and the associated finger plate 15 as well as the positional relationships to the adjacent finger plates 17, 14, 12 and 11 and to the adjacent c 2, 3 and b 1, 2 -Punched lid 317,314 according to claim 7 using the example of a tenor ( Figure 6) and an alto saxophone ( Figure .7) shown.
• the plate 14, which is attached to the power arm 414, is located on medium-sized saxophones above the h 1,2 hole cover 315, so that the plate 15 is attached to the upper edge of this cover (alto) or on a support arm 915 (tenor) attached there. is stored.
• the support arm 915 is reinforced in that the h 1, 2 hole cover 315 is preferably enlarged by a triangular extension 1015 in the direction of the plate 15.
• the plate 15 does not differ in shape and size from the adjacent plates 17 and 14 and 12, 9, 7 and 6.
• Fig. 6-7 shows plates 11 and 12 and the associated force arms 411, 412 and the hook 7711, which engages under the finger plate 3 belonging to the cis 1 hole cover 33, in a frontal view.
• Platelet 11 lies directly adjacent to platelet 12 at the level of an imaginary extension line of force arm 412, so that the left little finger lies exactly above platelet 11 in the area of the middle link when the fingertip is pressed on platelet 12.
• Fig.8-9 shows the positional relationship of the two plates 11 and 12 in the axial Top view in the rest position ( Figure 8) and after actuation of both plates 11, 12 by the player ( Figure 9). The direction of rotation of both levers is counterclockwise, since the associated axes 511, 512 are each to the right of * the plates 11, 12.
• the d 3 hole cover 319 is directly adjacent to the load arm 1220, which carries the dis 3 hole cover 320, and has a pin 2219 at the point closest to the load arm 1220, under which a hook 720 attached to the load arm 1220 engages, so that when the load arm 1220 is raised by pressing on the plate 20, the d 3 -hole cover 319 is forcibly lifted with the dis 3- hole cover 320.
• a pressure on plate 19 is not necessary.
• FIGS. 11-13 show, using the example of a tenor saxophone, the lever linkage of both tone hole covers in an axial view from above, the bearing blocks not being shown for reasons of clarity.
• Figure 12 shows the same mechanism in a side view from the right including the bearing blocks 618, 6141518, 614 and 615.
• the actuating arm 1118 of the cis 2,3 hole cover 318 which in the conventional saxophone can only be closed by closing the b 1, 2 - or c 2,3- hole cover 314,317 or by pressing on plate 22A can be moved, in the saxophone according to the invention also by closing the h 1, 2- hole cover ⁇ 315 when pressing on plate 15 is forcibly taken.
• the coupling is effected by a load arm 1215, which is under the actuating arm. 1118 engages and is connected via an axis 515, which is rotatably mounted between the bearing blocks 615 and 6141518, and via a power arm 415 with the h 1,2 -hole cover 315.
• the actuating arm 1118 is firmly connected to the cis 2, 3- hole cover 318 via a power arm 418 and an axis 518, which is rotatably mounted between the bearing blocks 618 and 6141518, and via a load arm 1218.
• the axis 518 is mounted together with the plate 22A, the c 2, 3 hole cover 317 and the b 1,2 hole cover 314 and the associated load arms in a manner known per se on a roller screw between the bearing blocks 618, 6141518 and 614.
• the load arms act on the actuating arm 1118 at points A for plates 22A, B for the c 2.3 hole cover 317 and C for the b 1.2 hole cover 314.
• the force arm 414 of the plate 14 generally lies between the bearing block 6141518 and the load arm 1215, that is to say above the force arm 415 belonging to the plate 15, as shown in FIG.
• the power arm 414 can be arranged below the power arm 415 as shown in FIG. 7. As FIG.
• FIG. 14 illustrates the double gis mechanism according to claim 10.
• FIG. 14 shows the mechanism in an axial view from above in the rest position, the bearing blocks of the axes 511, 5511 and 513 not being shown for reasons of clarity.
• FIG. 15 shows the same view after opening the gis 1.2 hole cover 311 by aff pressure Plate 13.
• Figure 16 shows the same mechanism in a perspective side view from the right including the bearing balls 611, 6611 and 613. From these drawings it is clear that the gis 1,2 hole cover 311 both by pressing on plate 11 from the left small finger middle member and Pressure of the right index finger base member on platelets 13 can be raised, whereby the pressure gis 1,2 is produced while simultaneously pressing the fingertips L1, L2, L3 and L4 on the platelets 17, 15, 14 and 12.
• the angle of rotation of the plate 11 and thus also of the plate 13 is limited by the buffer 2311, but preferably the angle of rotation of the plate 13 is limited by a separate buffer 2313. Since the gis 1, 2 -hole cover 311 is closed at rest, the power arm 4411 must be under pressure at rest. This is caused by pressure of the load arm 1211 on the bolt 1311, on which the load arm 1211 rests, because the tension of the needle spring 2811 via the pin 2911 rotates the axis 511 clockwise when viewed from above, while opening the gis 1, 2 hole 811 requires counterclockwise rotation.
• the gis 1, 2 hole cover 311 can be pressed at the same time, despite constant pressure on plate 11 or 13, by closing the g 1, 2 hole cover 310 when the plate 9, 7 or 6 is actuated be closed because the gis 1,2 -
• Perforated cover 311 coupled to the g 1,2 perforated cover 31 0 via the bridge 1910. is. This makes the fis 1.2 -gis 1.2 trill easier.
• the bridge 1910 carries a threaded pin 1710 at its free end.
• a leg spring 1611 which is preferably made of 1 mm diameter steel wire and is located between the load arm 1211 and the force arm 4411, is tensioned and thereby the gis 1,2 hole cover 311 is opened.
• the leg spring 1611 described has the advantage that because of the lack of counteraction against the needle spring 2811 the clamping force is considerable can be chosen larger and therefore the gis 1,2 hole cover 311 is raised even if its seal is glued to the edge of the gis 1,2 hole 811 due to the action of moisture or the like.
• the cover often gets stuck in the bearing block 6611 due to the low force of the needle spring due to the counteraction to the needle spring 2811.
• An alternative to the leg spring 1611 described, which is stressed against its winding direction, would be a spiral spring which is fastened near the axis 511 under the load arm 1211 and which engages with the free end under the bolt 1311.
• FIG. 17 shows the mechanism in an axial view from above, the bearing blocks of the axes 511, 51, 52, 53 and 52A not being shown for reasons of clarity.
• FIG. 18 shows the mechanism in a side view from the left, including the bearing balls 611, 62 and 62A.
• the left thumb grips the thumb plate 2700 from the bottom left, which is slightly above the doubled c 2, 3 hole 816, and can reach the octave plate 23 by slightly sliding to the top right. Slightly sliding to the left and down, the plate 2A is easily accessible in the area of the thumb end joint.
• the c 1 hole 82 can, despite the unfavorable length relationships between the load arms 122, 122A on the one hand and the force arms 42.2 A on the other hand can be conveniently closed, especially since only the resistance of the needle spring 282, which keeps the c 1 hole 82 open at rest via the pin 292, must be overcome.
• the independence of the gis mechanism from the c 1 hole cover 32 according to claim 9.2 ensures that this mechanism is easy to move.
• FIG. 19 shows the platelet with the positional relationships of the three operating platelets 11, 3, 1 for the gis 1 , 2 , cis 1 and h 0 perforated cover 311, 33, 31.
• the position of the plate 12 for the a 1, 2 -hole cover 312 is also shown.
• the plates 11, 3, 1 are firmly connected via axles 411, 43, 41 to the axes 511, 53, 51, which run on the front of the main pipe and carry the cis 1 or h 0 perforated cover 33, 31.
• the hook 72 which engages under the force arm 41, is firmly connected to the axis 52 via the force arm 442 and effects the coupling of the c 1 hole cover 32 to the h 0 hole cover 31, so that the c 1 hole cover 32 is under pressure
• Plate 1 is forcibly closed.
• the direction of rotation of the four axes 511, 53, 52, 51 is the same, namely counterclockwise when viewed axially from above. This corresponds to the arrangement of the h 0 , c 1 and cis 1 hole and their cover 31, 32, 33 on the right side of the bell.
• Plate 11 carries a hook 7711, which engages under plate 3, so that when plate 3 is pressed, plate 11 is taken along at the same time. This facilitates the cis 1 - gis 1,2 connection
• the plate 11 or the gis 1,2 hole cover 311 is completely independent of the c 1 and h O hole cover 32,31.
• Plate 1 is mounted in a manner known per se on the power arm 41 such that it can be tilted by a roller screw 151 and is fixed by the stabilizing arm 301.
• the roller 401 In contrast to the conventional saxophone, the roller 401 only extends over the outer two thirds of the plate width.
• the finger ergonomics in the sense of ge task significantly improved. This is achieved in that the basic position of the left index finger is one tone hole ( one semitone) lower than the conventional Boehm flute, while the basic position of the left middle, ring and little finger is shifted up one tone hole.
• the fingers L1 - L4 operate the same first-order tone holes as in the case of the saxophone described.
• the tone hole covers operated by the left index or small finger in the conventional flute are assigned to the left thumb. As with the saxophone described, due to the assignment of
• the characteristic curve of the finger ergonomics of the transverse flute (-) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 20 in comparison to the conventional Boehm flute with closed g-key (- - - -) for playing a chromatic scale from c sharp 3 to c 1 (26 semitones). They are in the range from R1 to R4
• R4 is in both
• the grips suitable for playing a chromatic scale from c sharp 3 to c 1 are given in the table below, all the features of claim 21 being required. In conjunction with the table of claim 21, the effect on the tone holes for each handle can be derived.
• the fingering table is limited to the main handles. Numbers in parentheses mean that the operation of the plate is optional. Slash between two digits (x / y) means alternative actuation. Two handles are given for g 1,2 and fis 1,2 . LD L1 L2 L3 L4 R1 R2 R3 R4
• FIG. 21 the tone hole covering system of the flute according to the invention is shown schematically.
• the blackened circular areas represent closed tone hole covers (es 3 , d 3 , es 1,2 ).
• Lids are open at rest. Arrows indicate which covers or handle parts are taken along by coupling to others in accordance with claim 21. The couplings only work in the direction of the arrow, not the other way around. Lids or handle parts that are directly accessible through the fingertips are identified by the numbers 01 to 015 and 088, the assignment according to claims 14-16.
• the mechanical details of the coupling of the g 1,2- hole cover 037 to the fis 1,2 -, f 1,2 - and e 1,2 - hole cover 06,05,04 have been omitted because this is the state of the art corresponds.
• the spiral springs 025 counteract plates 08 and 013.
• the actuating arm 01118 of the gis 1.2 hole cover 038 has no contact with the load arm 0127, which carries the g 1.2 hole cover 037. Therefore, opening the g 1,2 hole cover is not impeded even when pressure is applied to the plate 088 or when the gis 1,2 hole cover is closed.
• pressure on plate 088 exclusively closes the gis 1.2 hole cover 038, while pressure on plate 08 closes the gis 1.2 and simultaneously the cis 2.3 hole cover by taking the plate 013 with it.
• top is the vibration exciter or in its direction
• bottom is the bell or in its direction
• front is the one facing away from the player (finger ) Side
• back is the (thumb) side facing the player
• left and right are understood by the player.
• the designation of the tone holes is based on the notation of the tone, which sounds as an end hole when the respective tone hole is open.
• the notes h and b are named in German.
• Figures 6, 8-12 and 14-19 relate to the size of a tenor saxophone, FIGS. 7 and 13 to an alto saxophone.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
• Multimedia (AREA)
• Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
• Auxiliary Devices For Music (AREA)

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• 1989
  • 1989-06-01 DE DE3917837A patent/DE3917837C1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1989-06-30 AU AU38418/89A patent/AU3841889A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1989-06-30 WO PCT/DE1989/000431 patent/WO1990000790A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation

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