WO1990000790A1

WO1990000790A1 - Woodwind instrument, in particular saxophon

Info

Publication number: WO1990000790A1
Application number: PCT/DE1989/000431
Authority: WO
Inventors: Christoph Adolf Voss
Original assignee: Christoph Adolf Voss
Priority date: 1988-07-06
Filing date: 1989-06-30
Publication date: 1990-01-25
Also published as: DE3917837C1; AU3841889A

Abstract

In a woodwind instrument, in particular a saxophon, the work to be performed by the fingers to open and close the tone holes is appropriately and ergonomically distributed among fingers 1 to 4 of both hands and the left thumb by means of an appropriate design of the tone hole cover system. When playing a chromatic scale from C sharp?3 to b flat?O, the fingers are decreasingly stressed in the following order: L1-L2-L3-L4-LT-R1-R2-R3-R4-RT. Figure 1 shows the finger stress characteristic curve of the disclosed saxophon ( ) against that of a conventional saxophon (----). On the abscissa are arranged the fingers, from the reed to the bell, the ordinate indicates their relative stress. In comparison to a conventional saxophon, the row of first order tone holes is increased from 7 to 8, in relation to the C major scale, four holes for fingers L1 to L4 and four holes for fingers R1 to R4. Concerning the notation c?1, the finger sequence L1-L2-L3-L4-R1-R2-R3-R4 generates the scale h?1-b?1-a?1-g?1-f?1-e?1-d?1-c?1. In the disclosed tone hole cover system, the h?1,2 tone hole is a first order tone hole, dispensing with alternative auxiliary fingerings for the b?1,2 tone. The bell buttons are operated by the thumb and inner surface of the left hand. The applicability of the basic idea of the invention to other woodwind instruments is demonstrated on the basis of the example of the transverse flute.

Description

Woodwind instrument, especially saxophone description

Technical field

The invention relates to woodwind instruments, in particular saxophones. The woodwind instruments have similarities with one another with regard to the handle system and the acoustics, so that the principle of the invention of claim 1 can also be applied to flutes, clarinets or oboes.

State of the art

The conventional saxophones have considerable shortcomings which are due to the fact that although the number of tone holes is considerably larger than the number of fingers available to operate them, the distribution of the work required to cover and open the tone holes among the individual fingers is very arbitrary and is not ergonomic, especially because the little finger of the left hand is not adequately stressed, but only fulfills secondary tasks and, on the other hand, is overwhelmed by the operation of the cup flaps. For example, in the known saxophones, the left little finger is not required to play a diatonic scale in C major. This results in an uneven formation of the fingers, in particular in the left hand, complicated grip sequences in the chromatic scale and an insufficient separation of the area of application of the left hand from that of the right hand. As a result, the handle sequences are often difficult to remember.

Another disadvantage of the conventional saxophones is that between a c ² ' ³ tone hole assigned to the left index finger and a b ^1,2 tone hole assigned to the left middle finger there is another h ^1,2 tone hole which cannot be operated directly , unless that the left index or middle finger by sliding on the finger plate 15 belonging to the h ^1,2 hole cover 315 its each leaving basic position. Therefore, the tone b ^1,2 requires several alternative handles, which are all acoustically different and make learning to play the saxophone considerably more difficult.

Ventzke / Raumberger / Hilkenbach in "Die Saxophone" (publisher: Das Musikinstrument, Frankfurt), fingering tables from teaching materials and the following publications provide detailed information about the development history of saxophones and the state of the art: DE utility model G 8236760.4, DE patent specification No. 208819.

Presentation of the invention

The object of the invention is to design the tone hole covering system of the saxophone so that the work for operating the tone hole cover is appropriately and ergonomically distributed over the individual fingers compared to the prior art shown. The h ^1,2 hole cover 315 should be directly operable.

According to the invention, the entire problem is solved by the features of claim 1. This is achieved in that the basic position of the middle, ring and little finger of the left hand in the tone hole covering system according to the invention is one tone hole higher than in the conventional saxophone. That means the c ^2,3 hole from L1 over platelets

17, the h ^1,2 hole from L2 via plate 15, the b ^1,2 hole from L3 via plate 14 and the a ^1,2 hole from L4 via plate 12 is served. The conventional saxophone

L4 fulfilled tasks - operation of the h ⁰ -, c ¹ -, cis ¹ - and gis ^1,2 -hole cover 31,32,33,311 - are taken over by wrist-like limbs, the left thumb and the elbow-sided edge of the left palm, also by Parts of the hand that are not involved in the overall grip of conventional saxophones. According to a corresponding design of the tone hole covering system according to claims 1 and 2, by closing the fingertips in the first order assigned tone hole cover in the finger sequence L1-L2-L3-L4-R1-R2-R3-R4 based on noted c ¹ the scale h ¹ -b ¹ -al- g ¹ -f ¹ -e ¹ -d ¹ -c ^{1 was} generated , while in the conventional saxophone this finger sequence results in the scale h ¹ -a ¹ -g ¹ -gis ¹ -f ¹ - e ¹ -d- ¹ -c ¹ . The first order is understood to mean the assignment of fingertips to tone holes that have the following features:

1. These pitches are open at rest,

2. The fingertips are directly in the basic position

above the assigned tone hole or its control element (tone hole cover, finger plate) and

3. These tone holes can be closed by direct pressure of the fingertip on the finger plate located on the associated lid or connected to it via a lever or covered by the fingertip itself (eg clarinet) without the need for a fork handle when the next lower one is open standing tone hole should remain open.

In the case of the conventional saxophone, no tone hole in the first order is assigned to the left little finger in the finger sequence mentioned above, because condition 1 is not fulfilled for the g sharp ¹ ' ² hole. This phenomenon can also be found in the comparison instruments mentioned, such as clarinet, oboe and flute.

The characteristic curve of the finger ergonomics of the saxophone according to the invention in comparison to the conventional saxophone for playing a chromatic scale from notated cis ³ to b ⁰ is shown in FIG. The percentage participation of the individual fingertips and the thumb in the total of 28 handles (= 100%) is entered on the ordinate. The fingers are shown on the abscissa in the order L1-L2-L3-L4-LD-R1-R2-R3-R4-RD, according to the position on the main pipe in the direction of the vibration exciter → sound cup. The full line (-) ent corresponds to the invention, the dash line (- - -) a conventional saxophone. For tones with several alternative grips - c ^{2, 3} b ^1,2 , fis ^1,2 - those alternative grips that require participation of the doubled tone hole covers 316,313,38 or a finger sliding on plate 15 are not taken into account. Handles with a harmonic character are also disregarded. The other grip alternatives were taken into account proportionately, for example participation of R1, R2 and R3 in the

Handle alternative of conventional saxophones for the, tone b ^1.2 of 1/3 each. In the saxophone according to the invention, the following absolute and percentage fingerings for a chromatic scale from cis ³ to d1 (24 notes) and from cis ³ to b ⁰ (28 notes) result for the individual fingers:

number of

Fingertip share of handles

absolute 24 = 100% 28 = 100% cis ³ -d ¹ cis ³ -b ⁰ cis ³ -d ¹ cis ³ -b ⁰

L1 20.0 24.0 83.3 85.7

L2 19.0 23.0 79.1 82.1

L3 17.0 21.0 70.8 75.0

L4 14.0 18.0 58.3 64.3

LD 12.0 14.0 50.0 50.0

R1 8.0 12.0 33.3 42.9

R2 7.0 11.0 29.2 39.3

R3 5.0 9.0 20.8 32.1

R4 2.0 6.0 8.3 21.4

RD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

The following values apply to a conventional saxophone of modern design: number of

Fingertip part of the handle

L1 20.0 24.0 83.3 85.7

L2 18.0 22.0 75.0 78.6

L3 14.0 18.0 58.3 64.3

L4 2.0 5.0 8.3 17.9

LD 12.0 12.0 50.0 42.9

R1 8.66 12.66 36.1 45.2

R2 7.66 11.66 31.9 41.6

R3 5.66 9.66 23.6 34.5

R4 2.0 6.0 8.3 21.4

RD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

From the characteristic curve and the tables it can be seen that, in comparison to the conventional saxophone according to the invention, the left hand is subjected to greater stress, while the right hand has a slight relief. However, this distribution is appropriate and expedient because the fingertips of the left hand assigned to the part of the sound tube above the g # 1, ² hole must cover the assigned tone hole for handles for high and low tones, while those assigned to the lower part of the sound tube The fingertips of the right hand are only required for the handles for the low notes within a register. Second, it can be seen that the curve is balanced in the saxophone according to the invention, while the conventional one has a deep dip in L4.

FIG. 2 shows schematically the arrangement of the control plates of the saxophone according to the invention, FIGS. 3 and 4 the assignment of the anatomical structures of the left (FIG. 3) and right hand (FIG. 4) to the plates to be operated in each case of the tone hole covering system according to the invention. The handles suitable for playing a chromatic tone sequence from notated f ³ to b ⁰ and their effect on the tone holes are given in the tables below, the existence of all the features of claim 13 being presupposed. The sign + means opening, - closing the respective tone hole. Alternative handles are given behind the main handle. Handles with a harmonic character are not included. For all notes above cis ² , the octave plate 23 is pressed in addition to the handles in the table, which opens the octave flap I for notes above cis ² to gis ² and the octave flap II above gis ² on the S-bow . The plates marked with * have a different effect than conventional saxophones of modern design. Additional effects are indicated by * behind the tone hole designation, bracketed tone hole descriptions with preceding marking by * denote missing effects, -gis ^1,2 and -cis ¹ dominate over + gis ^1,2 and + cis ¹ in a manner known per se. The effect on the h ^1,2 hole when pressure is applied to plate 14 is not due to a special coupling of the h ^1,2 hole cover 315 to the b ^1,2 hole cover 314, but rather by mounting the plate 14 above the h ^{1 , 2} -hole cover 315, which is typical for saxophones of medium size (alto, tenor saxophone). In the case of the tenor saxophone, the same effect can also arise from pressure on the plate 12, since in this case the plate 12 is usually also on the h ^1,2 hole cover 315. See also Figures 6 and 7.

According to claims 9.1 and 9.4, the saxophone according to the invention differs with respect to the operation of the open tonepiece cover from a conventional instrument, inter alia in that the mechanics of the left hand from that of the right hand due to the lack of a coupling between the g ^{1, 2} - and the h ^1'2-hole cover 310.315 is strictly separated and the ice 2 '3-hole cover 318 is coupled to the h ^1.2 - hole cover 315. Sound pressure on plate 1 alternative 2. alternative with doubled sound holes f ³ 22,21,20 22A, 14

e ³ 21.20

it ³ 20

d ³ 19

cis ² ^{, 3} - - c ² ^{, 3} 15 14 17.16

h ¹ ^{, 2} 17

b ¹ ^{, 2} 17.15

a ¹ ^{, 2} 17, 15, 14

gis ¹ ^{, 2} 17, 15, 14, 12, 13 17, 15, 14, 12, 11

g ¹ ^{, 2,} 17, 15, 14, 12

fis ¹ ^{, 2} 17,15,14,12,7 17,15 14,12,6 17,15,14,12,9,8 f ¹ ^{, 2} 17,15,14,12,9

e ¹ ^{, 2} 17,15,14,12,9,7

it ¹ ^{, 2} 17,15,14,12,9,7,6,5

d ¹ ^{, 2} 17,15,14,12,9,7,6

cis ¹ 17,15,14,12,9,7,6,4,3

c ¹ 17,15,14,12,9,7,6,4

h ⁰ 17.15, 14, 12, 9, 7, ^6, 4, 2A

b ⁰ 17,15,14,12,9,7,6,4,2A, 1

The handles above d ³ differ from the conventional handle system by the lack of actuation of plates 19, the handles below h ^{1, 2} differ from them essentially by the additional pressure on plates 15.

REPLACEMENT LEAF associated

Tone hole cover plate effect on tone hole

23 octave I, II + I octave closed a ^{1, 2} - hole lid + octave II open, a ^{1, 2} -Lochdeckel

22 f ³ ₊ f ³

22A f ³ + f ³ , -cis ^2,3 , -c ^2,3

21 e ³ + e ³

20 * es ³ + es ³ , -d ³ *

19 d ³ + d ³

- -

17 C ^{2, 3} -cis ^2,3 , -c ^2,3

16 c ^2, ³ + c ^2.3 doubled

15 * h-, 2 -cis ^2,3 *, -h ^{1, 2}

14 b ^1, ² -cis ^2,3 , _h ^1, ₂ , -b ^{1, 2}

13 * gis ^1, ² + gis ^{1, 2} * (* + b ^{1, 2} doubled)

12 a ^1, ² -a ^{1, 2} , with simultaneous pressure on plate 23 -Octav II,

+ Octave I

11 gis ^1.2 + gis ^1.2

9 * fis ^{1, 2} -gis ^1,2 , -g ^{1, 2} , -fis ^{1, 2} (* -h ^{1, 2} )

8 fis ^{1, 2} + fis ^{1, 2} doubled

7 * f ^{1, 2} -gis ^{1, 2} , -g ^{1, 2} , -f ^{1, 2} (* -h ^{1, 2} )

6 * e ^{1, 2} -gis ^{1, 2} , -g ^{1, 2} , -e ^{1, 2} (* -h ^{1, 2} )

5 it ^{1, 2} + it ^{1, 2}

4 d ^1.2 -d ^1.2

3 ice + cis ¹ , + gis ^1,2

2A * c ¹ -cis ¹ -c ¹ (* + gis ^{1, 2} )

1 * h ⁰ -cis ¹ -c ¹ , -h ⁰ (* + gis ^{1, 2} )

The gis ^{1, 2} - and the g ^{1, 2} -hole cover 311,310 is coupled in a known manner to the fis ^{1, 2} -, f ^{1, 2} _ _{and e} ^1,2 _ _perforated cover 39,37,36, but not the h ^{1, 2} -hole cover 315. In addition to an appropriate workload on the fingers and easier learning of the fingering, there are the following additional advantages over the conventional saxophone:

1) With the exception of L1, R3 and R4 is all fingertips

only assigned a single finger plate, so that changing the position of the fingertip

Sliding to an adjacent tile is kept to a minimum. The maximum number of plates to be operated by a fingertip is two, while the left little finger has to operate four plates in the conventional saxophone.

2) The chromatic grip sequence of the fingertips of the left

Hand from eis to b ² or from cis ² to b ¹ is identical to that of the right hand from g ² to e ² or from g ¹ to e ¹ including two fork handles for c ^2,3 and fis ^1,2 , the interval of the corresponding notes is six twelfths of an octave. This can be seen from the fingering table in connection with Fig. 3-4.

3) Compared to the conventional saxophone, all are eliminated

Alternative handles for the tone b ^1,2 , since b ^1,2 can be played directly and in all connections with other tones by pressing the tiles 17 and 15 of L1 and L2,

There is therefore no need for the right hand to play the tone b ^1,2 .

4) By eliminating the spread between L1 and L2

and closer together the fingertips of the left

The hand relaxes the posture of the hand, the wrist and the left forearm are slightly lowered so that the hand and fingers are a straight line continuation of the left forearm. The elbow-side bending of the left hand in the wrist, which is often required with conventional saxophones, is no longer necessary. 5) Overall, the acoustics are significantly improved by eliminating the acoustically different handle alternatives for tone b ^{1, 2} and the improved acoustics for tones c ^2,3 , h ⁰ and b ⁰ . The greater freedom of the h ^{1, 2} - hole cover 315 also enables new handle sequences in the falsetto register above the tone f ³ , so that the chromatic scale from f sharp ³ to f ⁴ , possibly even up to b ^4, can be played. However, since these handle sequences depend on several factors - in particular the size of the instrument, mouthpiece, etc. - it is not possible to provide a generally applicable table of handles.

6) From the independence of the h ^{1, 2-} hole cover 315 from the tone hole cover of the right hand according to claim 9.1, there are further advantages, since for example the trills d ² / cis ² , d ² / c ² , d ² / h ¹ and d ² / b ^{1 can be carried out} without moving the right hand, that is to say with the g ^1,2 -perforated cover 310 constantly closed, - the mood of cis ² , c ² , h ¹ and b ^{1 being} hardly affected.

7) The additional material expenditure for the thumb mechanism for operating the c ¹ hole cover 32 is compensated for by the lack of the laterally doubled b ^{1, 2} hole and the associated cover 313. Furthermore, material can be saved by omitting the actuating arm 1115 of the h ^1,2 hole cover 315, which enables the coupling to the tone hole cover of the right hand in the conventional saxophone, in particular because the h ^1,2 hole cover 315 may possibly be on the same roller screw can be stored like the cis ^2,3 -, c ^2,3 - and b ^{1, 2} - hole cover 318,317,314. Compared to the conventional saxophone, the tone c ^{2, 3 is given} an additional handle alternative, the tone gis ^{1, 2 is} doubled in the operating position and the handle for h is shifted from the left little finger to the left thumb.

The handle for tone c ^{2, 3} by pressing on the plate

15 is acoustically cheaper compared to the conventional handle over small plates 1, because only one hole (h ^1,2 ) is closed under the open c ^{2, 3} hole and not two (h ^1, 2 ² and b ^{1, 2} ) as in Print on tile 14.

The doubling of the operating position for the tone gis ^1.2 via plates 11 and 13 is acoustically without effect, in both cases only one gis ^1.2 hole cover 311 is operated. A double operability of the gis ^1,2 perforated cover is already known as such, but the following differences exist compared to the embodiment according to the invention:

a) The known mechanisms are not operated from the position of the plate 13 and

b) the second gis plate of the known mechanisms causes the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 which is opened by pressure on plate 11 to be closed, while according to the invention both plates 11 and 13 open the closed cover.

A shift in the operating position of the c ¹ hole cover

32 is already described in German Patent No. 208819, but here the operating position is doubled from the left little finger to the right little finger. The shift to the left thumb according to the invention results in further advantages for playing the low notes below d ¹ , because the sliding of the left

Little fingers when connecting the tones cis ¹ -h ⁰ and h ^O -b ^{O are} omitted. There is no longer a need for doubling the operating position of the c ¹ perforated cover 32. At the same time, due to the lack of a coupling of the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 to the c ¹ and h ^O hole covers 32,31, the force required for closing the c ¹ and h ^O hole cover becomes considerably lower because the strong needle spring 2811, which keeps the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 closed, is no longer tensioned by pressure on the plate 2A or 1. This facilitates the sealing of the c ¹ and h ^O holes and the

Addressing of the low tones h ^O and b ^O improved. For the

There is no need to couple the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 to the c ¹ and h ^O hole cover 32,31 because the deep tones h ^O and b ^{O can be} bound with gis ^1,2 without sliding.

In addition, the operation of the largest tone hole covers is eliminated by the weakest finger.

The operation of the plates 11, 3 and 1 will be explained in more detail below.

Starting from the g ^1,2 handle, in which the four fingertips of the left hand press on the platelets 17, 15, 14 and 12, the tone gis ^{1,2 is} gripped over platelets 11 in the following way:

With the g ^1,2 handle, fingers L1, L2, L3 and L4 are bent in a semicircle over the main tube, so that the hand with the opposite left thumb, which rests on thumb plate 2700, takes on the shape of the letter C overall. Since plate 11 is now exactly below L4, a stretching movement of the left little finger is sufficient to in

Press area of its middle limb onto the plate 11, the small finger tip simultaneously pressing onto the plate 12 (see FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9 with FIG. 3)

Platelet 3 is operated in a similar manner from the base member of the left little finger, the stretching movement of the little finger being partially replaced by an additional hyperextension (dorsiflexion) of the wrist and the wrist stepping slightly lower (see FIG. 19 with 3)

To operate the plate 1, the wrist is again lowered significantly, whereby the thumb can slide from the thumb plate 2700 onto the plate 2A, so that the plates 11, 3 and 1 are enclosed by the left palm while the fingertips L1, L2, L3 and L4 unchanged on the Press tiles 17, 15, 14 and 12. The edge of the hand on the elbow is now in the area of the small finger base joint directly above plate 1 and can do this by a small one

Depress the outward rotation (supination) of the left wrist and the hand slightly so that the h ⁰ hole cover 31 is closed. (see FIG. 3 with 19)

However, the handle described for the tone gis ^1.2 above platelets 11 is not suitable for a g ^1.2 gis ^1.2 trill.

This trill is preferably played from the right index finger over tile 13.

Brief description of the drawings

Figure 5: Perspective view of a tenor saxophone.

Figures 6-7: special construction features of the plate 15 and the h ^1,2- hole cover 315; Positional relationship of the plate 11 to plate 12 in frontal view.

Figure 8 - 9: positional relationship of the two plates 11 and 12 in an axial view from above.

Figure 10: Coupling the d 3-hole cover 319 to the dis 3-hole cover 320.

FIGS. 11-13: coupling of the cis ^2,3 hole cover 318 to the h ^1,2 hole cover 315.

Figure 14 - 16: double gis technique.

Figure 17 - 18: Technology for operating the c ¹ perforated cover

32 through the left thumb.

Figure 19: Plate with the control plates 11,3 and 1 for the gis ^{1, 2} , ice and h ^O hole cover 311,33,31

Best way to carry out the invention

With reference to claims 1 to 13, the way of carrying out the invention will be described which is considered the best by the inventor. The technical features defined in the claims are explained with reference to the drawings. FIG. 5 shows the construction of a conventional saxophone, consisting of a mouthpiece M, a sound tube S with tone holes, tone hole covers, finger plates, thumb hooks, thumb plate and the mechanics of the tone hole covering system.

6-7 are the structural features of the h ^1,2 hole cover 315 and the associated finger plate 15 as well as the positional relationships to the adjacent finger plates 17, 14, 12 and 11 and to the adjacent c ^2, ³ and b ^{1, 2} -Punched lid 317,314 according to claim 7 using the example of a tenor (Figure 6) and an alto saxophone (Figure .7) shown. The plate 14, which is attached to the power arm 414, is located on medium-sized saxophones above the h ^1,2 hole cover 315, so that the plate 15 is attached to the upper edge of this cover (alto) or on a support arm 915 (tenor) attached there. is stored. According to the invention, the support arm 915 is reinforced in that the h 1, ² hole cover 315 is preferably enlarged by a triangular extension 1015 in the direction of the plate 15. The plate 15 does not differ in shape and size from the adjacent plates 17 and 14 and 12, 9, 7 and 6. Using the figures 6 to 9, the positional relationship of the plate 11 to operate the gis ^1,2 -hole cover 311 in Ratio to platelets 12 ,. which belongs to the a ^{1, 2-} hole cover 312, are illustrated according to claim 8. Fig. 6-7 shows plates 11 and 12 and the associated force arms 411, 412 and the hook 7711, which engages under the finger plate 3 belonging to the cis ¹ hole cover 33, in a frontal view. Platelet 11 lies directly adjacent to platelet 12 at the level of an imaginary extension line of force arm 412, so that the left little finger lies exactly above platelet 11 in the area of the middle link when the fingertip is pressed on platelet 12. Fig.8-9 shows the positional relationship of the two plates 11 and 12 in the axial Top view in the rest position (Figure 8) and after actuation of both plates 11, 12 by the player (Figure 9). The direction of rotation of both levers is counterclockwise, since the associated axes 511, 512 are each to the right of * the plates 11, 12.

10 is to illustrate the coupling of the d ³ hole cover 319 to the dis ³ hole cover 320 according to claim 9 .3. The d ³ hole cover 319 is directly adjacent to the load arm 1220, which carries the dis ³ hole cover 320, and has a pin 2219 at the point closest to the load arm 1220, under which a hook 720 attached to the load arm 1220 engages, so that when the load arm 1220 is raised by pressing on the plate 20, the d ³ -hole cover 319 is forcibly lifted with the dis ^3- hole cover 320. A pressure on plate 19 is not necessary.

The mechanism for coupling the cis ^2,3 hole cover 318 to the h ^{1, 2} hole cover 315 according to claim 9.4 is to be described in FIGS. 11-13. FIG. 11 shows, using the example of a tenor saxophone, the lever linkage of both tone hole covers in an axial view from above, the bearing blocks not being shown for reasons of clarity. Figure 12 shows the same mechanism in a side view from the right including the bearing blocks 618, 6141518, 614 and 615. From these drawings it is clear that the actuating arm 1118 of the cis ^2,3 hole cover 318, which in the conventional saxophone can only be closed by closing the b ^{1, 2} - or c ^2,3- hole cover 314,317 or by pressing on plate 22A can be moved, in the saxophone according to the invention also by closing the h ^{1, 2-} hole cover ≤ 315 when pressing on plate 15 is forcibly taken. The coupling is effected by a load arm 1215, which is under the actuating arm. 1118 engages and is connected via an axis 515, which is rotatably mounted between the bearing blocks 615 and 6141518, and via a power arm 415 with the h ^1,2 -hole cover 315. The actuating arm 1118 is firmly connected to the cis 2, ^3- hole cover 318 via a power arm 418 and an axis 518, which is rotatably mounted between the bearing blocks 618 and 6141518, and via a load arm 1218. The axis 518 is mounted together with the plate 22A, the c ^{2, 3} hole cover 317 and the b ^1,2 hole cover 314 and the associated load arms in a manner known per se on a roller screw between the bearing blocks 618, 6141518 and 614. The load arms act on the actuating arm 1118 at points A for plates 22A, B for the c ^2.3 hole cover 317 and C for the b ^1.2 hole cover 314.

In the case of a tenor saxophone described, the force arm 414 of the plate 14 generally lies between the bearing block 6141518 and the load arm 1215, that is to say above the force arm 415 belonging to the plate 15, as shown in FIG. In the case of an alto saxophone, the power arm 414 can be arranged below the power arm 415 as shown in FIG. 7. As FIG. 13 shows, this arrangement allows the plate 22A and the cis ^2,3 -, c ^2,3 -, h ^1,2 - and b ^1,2 -hole cover 318,317,315,314 to be supported on a single roller screw, which is in the bearing blocks 622A , 61718 and 614 is held because the h ^1,2 hole cover 315 is not coupled to the g ^1,2 hole cover 310. This arrangement can also be transferred to other sizes of the saxophone (ts, bs, etc.) by a person skilled in the art.

14 illustrates the double gis mechanism according to claim 10. FIG. 14 shows the mechanism in an axial view from above in the rest position, the bearing blocks of the axes 511, 5511 and 513 not being shown for reasons of clarity. FIG. 15 shows the same view after opening the gis ^1.2 hole cover 311 by aff pressure Plate 13. Figure 16 shows the same mechanism in a perspective side view from the right including the bearing balls 611, 6611 and 613. From these drawings it is clear that the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 both by pressing on plate 11 from the left small finger middle member and Pressure of the right index finger base member on platelets 13 can be raised, whereby the pressure gis ^{1,2 is} produced while simultaneously pressing the fingertips L1, L2, L3 and L4 on the platelets 17, 15, 14 and 12. To explain the mechanical details, reference is made to claim 10. The angle of rotation of the plate 11 and thus also of the plate 13 is limited by the buffer 2311, but preferably the angle of rotation of the plate 13 is limited by a separate buffer 2313. Since the gis ^{1, 2} -hole cover 311 is closed at rest, the power arm 4411 must be under pressure at rest. This is caused by pressure of the load arm 1211 on the bolt 1311, on which the load arm 1211 rests, because the tension of the needle spring 2811 via the pin 2911 rotates the axis 511 clockwise when viewed from above, while opening the gis ^{1, 2} hole 811 requires counterclockwise rotation. Since the load arm 1211 is not firmly connected to the bolt 1311, the gis 1, ² hole cover 311 can be pressed at the same time, despite constant pressure on plate 11 or 13, by closing the g 1, ² hole cover 310 when the plate 9, 7 or 6 is actuated be closed because the gis ^1,2 -

Perforated cover 311 coupled to the g ^1,2 perforated cover 31 0 via the bridge 1910. is. This makes the fis ^1.2 -gis ^1.2 trill easier. To fine-tune the coupling, the bridge 1910 carries a threaded pin 1710 at its free end. When the axis 511 rotates counterclockwise, a leg spring 1611, which is preferably made of 1 mm diameter steel wire and is located between the load arm 1211 and the force arm 4411, is tensioned and thereby the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 is opened. Compared to the conventional lent construction with a weak needle spring, which is anchored in the bearing block 6611 and lifts the gis ^1.2 hole cover 311 when the bolt 1311 is released, the leg spring 1611 described has the advantage that because of the lack of counteraction against the needle spring 2811 the clamping force is considerable can be chosen larger and therefore the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 is raised even if its seal is glued to the edge of the gis ^1,2 hole 811 due to the action of moisture or the like. In the conventional construction, the cover often gets stuck in the bearing block 6611 due to the low force of the needle spring due to the counteraction to the needle spring 2811. An alternative to the leg spring 1611 described, which is stressed against its winding direction, would be a spiral spring which is fastened near the axis 511 under the load arm 1211 and which engages with the free end under the bolt 1311.

The mechanism for operating the c ¹ hole cover 32 by the left thumb is shown in FIG. 17. FIG. 17 shows the mechanism in an axial view from above, the bearing blocks of the axes 511, 51, 52, 53 and 52A not being shown for reasons of clarity. FIG. 18 shows the mechanism in a side view from the left, including the bearing balls 611, 62 and 62A. To understand the mechanical details, reference is made to claim 11. In the rest position, the left thumb grips the thumb plate 2700 from the bottom left, which is slightly above the doubled c ^{2, 3} hole 816, and can reach the octave plate 23 by slightly sliding to the top right. Slightly sliding to the left and down, the plate 2A is easily accessible in the area of the thumb end joint. Since the thumb is the strongest finger, the c ¹ hole 82 can, despite the unfavorable length relationships between the load arms 122, 122A on the one hand and the force arms 42.2 A on the other hand can be conveniently closed, especially since only the resistance of the needle spring 282, which keeps the c ¹ hole 82 open at rest via the pin 292, must be overcome. The independence of the gis mechanism from the c ¹ hole cover 32 according to claim 9.2 ensures that this mechanism is easy to move.

FIG. 19 shows the platelet with the positional relationships of the three operating platelets 11, 3, 1 for the gis ¹ , ² , cis ¹ and h ⁰ perforated cover 311, 33, 31. The position of the plate 12 for the a ^{1, 2} -hole cover 312 is also shown. To understand the mechanical details, reference is made to claim 12. The plates 11, 3, 1 are firmly connected via axles 411, 43, 41 to the axes 511, 53, 51, which run on the front of the main pipe and carry the cis ¹ or h ⁰ perforated cover 33, 31.

The hook 72, which engages under the force arm 41, is firmly connected to the axis 52 via the force arm 442 and effects the coupling of the c ¹ hole cover 32 to the h ⁰ hole cover 31, so that the c ¹ hole cover 32 is under pressure Plate 1 is forcibly closed. The direction of rotation of the four axes 511, 53, 52, 51 is the same, namely counterclockwise when viewed axially from above. This corresponds to the arrangement of the h ⁰ , c ¹ and cis ¹ hole and their cover 31, 32, 33 on the right side of the bell. There is a gap of a few mm in width between the platelets 11 and 3, so that the left little finger does not press platelet 3 at the same time when the platelet 11 is being operated. Plate 11 carries a hook 7711, which engages under plate 3, so that when plate 3 is pressed, plate 11 is taken along at the same time. This facilitates the cis ¹ - gis ^1,2 connection

and buffers the cis-plate 3 in a manner known per se. Since the h-plate of the conventional saxophone through the Thumb plate 2A for the c ¹ hole cover 32 is replaced, the cis plate 3 is enlarged accordingly. The coupling of the plate 11 to the plate 1 or the power arm 442 of the conventional saxophone is missing. According to claim

9.2, the plate 11 or the gis ^1,2 hole cover 311 is completely independent of the c ¹ and h ^O hole cover 32,31. The

Plate 1 is mounted in a manner known per se on the power arm 41 such that it can be tilted by a roller screw 151 and is fixed by the stabilizing arm 301. In contrast to the conventional saxophone, the roller 401 only extends over the outer two thirds of the plate width. Industrial applicability

Possibilities for commercial use arise from the usability of the invention for musicians as well as from industrial production and trade. Application of the principle of invention on

other woodwind instruments

In the following, the flute is used to illustrate how the principle of the invention of claim 1 can be transferred to other woodwind instruments.

The most widespread conventional flute (Boehm flute with closed g-key) has ergonomic defects comparable to conventional saxophones, especially because the left little finger also has no first-order tone hole

is assigned and the tone holes to be operated by the left thumb - h ^1,2 and c ^{2, 3} - lie between the tone holes which are operated by the left index finger and left middle finger - cis ^2,3 and b ^1,2 . This results in an uneven formation of the fingers of the left hand and an inconsistent grip sequence in the chromatic scale, which is further complicated by the positioning of the left thumb between the index and middle fingers.

By designing the tone hole covering system of the flute according to claim 1, the finger ergonomics in the sense of ge task significantly improved. This is achieved in that the basic position of the left index finger is one tone hole (= one semitone) lower than the conventional Boehm flute, while the basic position of the left middle, ring and little finger is shifted up one tone hole. Thus, the fingers L1 - L4 operate the same first-order tone holes as in the case of the saxophone described. According to the invention, the tone hole covers operated by the left index or small finger in the conventional flute are assigned to the left thumb. As with the saxophone described, due to the assignment of

Fingertips to tone hole covers or finger platelets according to claims 14-16 after closing the cis ^2,3 and gis ^1,2 holes through the left thumb over platelets 08 in the finger sequence L1-L2-L3-L4-R1-R2-R3- R4 generates the hbagfedc scale.

The characteristic curve of the finger ergonomics of the transverse flute (-) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 20 in comparison to the conventional Boehm flute with closed g-key (- - - -) for playing a chromatic scale from c sharp ³ to c ¹ (26 semitones). They are in the range from R1 to R4

Lines congruent. In the case of the alternative handles for the tones g ^{1, 2} and f sharp ^1,2 , the alternatively involved fingers were taken into account proportionately. The following absolute and percentage holdings result for the flute according to the invention:

Absolute fingertip - percent. (26 = 100%)

LD 23.5 90.4

L1 22.0 84.6

L2 20.0 76.9

L3 18.0 69.2

L4 16.0 61.5

R1 11, 0 42.3

R2 9.0 34.6

R3 7.0 26.9

R4 24.0 92.3 The following values apply to the conventional Boehm flute:

Absolute fingertip - percent. (26 = 100%)

LD 22.0 84.6

L1 23, 5 90, 4

L2 18.0 69.2

L3 16.0 61.5

L4 2.0 7.7

R1 11.0 42.3

R2 9.0 34.6

R3 7.0 26.9

R4 24.0 92.3

The high percentage of R4 is due to its support function by opening the es ^1,2 hole cover for all tones except d ^1,2 , cis ¹ and c ¹ . Acoustically speaking, R4 is in both

Systems only required for the tones es ^1,2 , cis ¹ and c ¹ . This corresponds to a number of 4 holdings or 15.4%. This value is also entered in FIG. 20 and marked with *.

It can be seen from the characteristic curves and the tables that the left hand is subjected to greater stress than the conventional flute and that the characteristic curve of the left hand is balanced to a straight line in accordance with the right hand. In contrast, the conventional system is completely unbalanced and shows the typical slump in L4.

The grips suitable for playing a chromatic scale from c sharp ³ to c ¹ are given in the table below, all the features of claim 21 being required. In conjunction with the table of claim 21, the effect on the tone holes for each handle can be derived. The fingering table is limited to the main handles. Numbers in parentheses mean that the operation of the plate is optional. Slash between two digits (x / y) means alternative actuation. Two handles are given for g ^1,2 and fis ^1,2 . LD L1 L2 L3 L4 R1 R2 R3 R4

cis ^2.3 03

c ^2.3 013 03

h ^{1, 2} 013 012 03

b ^{1, 2} 013 012 011 03

a ^1.2 013 012 011 010 03

gis ^1.2 013 012 011 010 09 03

g ^1.2 013 012 011 010 09 088 03

08 012 011 010 09 03 to ^1.2 08 012 011 010 09 05/04 03

f ^1.2 08 012 011 010 09 06 03

e ^1.2 08 012 011 010 09 06 05 03

es ^1.2 08 012 011 010 09 06 05 04 03

d ² (08) 012 011 010 09 06 05 04

d ¹ 08 012 011 010 09 06 05 04

cis ¹ 08 012 011 010 09 06 05 04 02

c ¹ 08 012 011 010 09 06 05 04 01

One way of carrying out the invention will now be described. In Figure 21 the tone hole covering system of the flute according to the invention is shown schematically. The blackened circular areas represent closed tone hole covers (es ³ , d ³ , es ^1,2 ). The rest

Lids are open at rest. Arrows indicate which covers or handle parts are taken along by coupling to others in accordance with claim 21. The couplings only work in the direction of the arrow, not the other way around. Lids or handle parts that are directly accessible through the fingertips are identified by the numbers 01 to 015 and 088, the assignment according to claims 14-16. The mechanical details of the coupling of the g ^1,2- hole cover 037 to the fis ^1,2 -, f ^1,2 - and e ^1,2 - hole cover 06,05,04 have been omitted because this is the state of the art corresponds.

In FIG. 22, the double gis mechanism is shown as an enlarged section. To understand the mechanical one Details are referred to claim 20. The pressure on

The spiral springs 025 counteract plates 08 and 013. The actuating arm 01118 of the gis ^1.2 hole cover 038 has no contact with the load arm 0127, which carries the g ^1.2 hole cover 037. Therefore, opening the g ^1,2 hole cover is not impeded even when pressure is applied to the plate 088 or when the gis ^1,2 hole cover is closed. According to claim 21, pressure on plate 088 exclusively closes the gis ^1.2 hole cover 038, while pressure on plate 08 closes the gis ^1.2 and simultaneously the cis ^2.3 hole cover by taking the plate 013 with it. It is pointed out that, with knowledge of the invention, the person skilled in the art can make modifications and changes without inventive step solely on the basis of his specialist skill, but all of which are within the scope of the claims,

Description and drawings should be included.

The definition of the instrument in the claims, description and summary is based on the following principles: "top" is the vibration exciter or in its direction, "bottom" is the bell or in its direction, "front" is the one facing away from the player (finger ) Side, "back" is the (thumb) side facing the player, left and right are understood by the player. The designation of the tone holes is based on the notation of the tone, which sounds as an end hole when the respective tone hole is open. The notes h and b are named in German. The fingers are designated as follows: 1 = index finger, 2 = middle finger, 3 = ring finger, 4 = little finger, D = thumb, L = left, R = right. Figures 6, 8-12 and 14-19 relate to the size of a tenor saxophone, FIGS. 7 and 13 to an alto saxophone.

Claims

1. Woodwind instrument, in particular a saxophone, consisting of a vibration exciter and a resonant sound tube with tone holes, which can be covered or released for changing the vibration frequency of the air column vibrating in the sound tube by finger force by means of a tone hole covering system, characterized in that the sound hole covering system is designed according to the following principle is:

a) The index finger, middle finger, ring finger and small finger of the left hand are assigned in the first order the operation of four tone holes arranged in a chromatic sequence,

b) the index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand are assigned in the first order the operation of three tone holes in a chromatic sequence and c) the following interval relationships exist between these seven tone holes:

A reference tone sounds when all tone holes lying between the vibration exciter and a first specific tone hole are closed and this first specific tone hole is opened, which then functions as an end hole to determine the frequency of the vibrating air column and is operated by the right ring finger.

When all tone holes between the vibration exciter and a second specific tone hole are closed and this second specific tone hole opens, which then functions as an end hole to determine the frequency of the vibrating air column and is operated by the right middle finger, a tone sounds one twelfth of an octave higher than that called reference tone.

When all tone holes lying between the vibration exciter and a third specific tone hole are closed and this third specific tone hole is opened, which then functions as an end hole, the frequency of the vibrating Air column determined and operated by the right index finger, a tone sounds two-twelfths of an octave higher than the reference tone mentioned.

When all tone holes between the vibration exciter and a fourth specific tone hole are closed and this fourth specific tone hole is opened, which then functions as an end hole to determine the frequency of the vibrating air column and is operated by the left little finger, a tone sounds five twelfths of an octave higher than that called reference tone.

When all tone holes between the vibration exciter and a fifth specific tone hole are closed and this fifth specific tone hole is opened, which then functions as an end hole to determine the frequency of the vibrating column of air and is operated by the left ring finger, a tone sounds six-twelfths of an octave higher than that called reference tone.

When all tone holes between the vibration exciter and a sixth specific tone hole are closed and this sixth specific tone hole is opened, which then functions as an end hole to determine the frequency of the vibrating air column and is operated by the left middle finger, a tone sounds seven twelfths of an octave higher than that called reference tone.

When all tone holes between the vibration exciter and a seventh specific tone hole are closed and this seventh specific tone hole is opened, which then functions as an end hole to determine the frequency of the vibrating air column and is operated by the left index finger, a tone sounds eight-twelfths of an octave higher than that called reference tone.

2. Saxophone according to claim 1, characterized in that the TonlochgdeckungsSystem is designed for the following assignment of fingertips to open at rest tone hole covers or the associated finger plates in the basic position of the fingers (assignment of the first order): Fingertip tone hole plate left index finger (L1) c ^2.3 (17) left middle finger (L2) h ^{1, 2} (15) left ring finger (L3) b ^{1, 2} (14) left little finger (L4) a ^{1, 2} (12 ) left thumb (LD) thumb plate right index finger (R1) fis ^{1, 2} (9) right middle finger (R2) f ^{1, 2} (7) right ring finger (R3) e ^{1, 2} (6) right little finger (R4) d ^{1 , 2} (4) right thumb (RD) - - - thumb hook

3. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tone hole covering system is designed for the following assignment of fingertips to tone hole covers closed at rest or the associated finger plates when the position of the fingers deviates from the basic position:

Fingertip tone hole plate left index finger (L1) f ³ (22A) left middle finger (L2) - - - - - - left ring finger (L3) - - - - - - left little finger (L4) - - - - - - left thumb (LD ) Octave (23)

holes right index finger (R1)

right middle finger (R2)

fis ^{1, 2}

right ring finger (R3) doubled (8)

pelt

right little finger (R4) es ^{1, 2} (5)

right thumb (RD)

4. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tone hole covering system is designed for the following assignment of wrist-like phalanxes to other tone holes or the associated finger plates required to generate a range of notes from c ¹ to f ³ , closed at rest:

Finger tone hole tile

L1, basic link d ³ (19)

L1, basic link es ³ (20)

L2, element f ³ (22)

L4, middle section gis ^1.2 (11)

L4, basic link cis ¹ (3) R1, basic link gis ^1.2 (13)

c ^2.3

R1, basic link doubled (16)

pelt R1, basic link (21)

5. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tone hole covering system for the following assignment of left thumb and elbow-side hand edge of the left palm to further required to produce a range of notes from b ^O to f ³ , at rest open tone holes or associated finger plate is configured:

Tone hole tile

LD, area of the end joint c ¹ (2A)

hand edge h ⁰ (1)

6. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by a number of 23 tone holes including 2 octave holes with the following features:

6.1 The tone hole covers are at rest above the tone holes h ⁰ , c ¹ , d ^1,2 , e ^1,2 , f ^1,2 , fis ^{1, 2} , g ^{1, 2} , a ^{1, 2} , b ^1,2 , h ^1,2 , c ^2,3 , cis ^2,3 open, the tone hole covers above the tone holes cis ¹ , it ^1,2 , fis ^1,2 doubled, gis ^1,2 , c ^2,3 doubled, d ³ , es ³ , e ³ , f ³ and above octave holes I, II are closed at rest.

6.2 All open tone hole covers with the exception of the g ^1,2 - and the cis ^2,3 _hole cover (310,318) can be opened and closed individually after closing all higher lying hole covers and without moving the lower lying hole cover, whereby the fingertips L1 - L4 and R1 - R4 only operate the tone hole covers assigned to them in the first order or their associated finger plates. The g ^1,2 _ (310) and the cis ^2,3 hole cover (318) are closed by closing each of the three fis ^1,2 -, f ^1,2 - or e ^1,2 hole covers (39 , 37.36) or c ^2.3 -, h ^1.2 - or b ^1.2 -hole cover (317.315.314) forcibly closed, so that both for the tone f sharp ^1.2 and for the tone c ^2.3 without Actuation of the associated doubled tone hole cover (38,316) two fork handles are alternatively possible. In the rest position of all tone hole covers the tone cis ² sounds.

7. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by at least one of the following features:

7.1 The finger plate (15) for the h ^1,2 hole cover (315) has the same size and shape and a comparable pressure resistance as the finger plate (17,14,12, 9,7,6) of the c ^2,3 -, b ^1,2 -, a ^{1, 2} -, fis ^{1, 2} -, f ^1,2 - and e ^1,2 -

Perforated cover.

7.2 If the aforementioned finger plate (15) is arranged on a side of the h ^1,2 hole cover (315)

Support arm (915), the support arm has a reinforcement to improve its pressure resistance, preferably shows that the lid (315) in the direction of "his finger plate (15) is enlarged by a triangular extension (1015).

8. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following feature:

The finger plate (11) belonging to the gis ^1,2 hole cover (311), which is firmly connected to the power arm (411) of a lever, which can be rotated about an axis (511) that lies to the right of said finger plate (11) , so that its direction of rotation coincides with the direction of rotation of the c ^2,3 -, h ^1,2 -, b ^1,2 - and a ^{1, 2} -hole cover (317,315,314,312), is in the same cross-sectional plane through the sound tube as the finger plate ( 12), which belongs to the a ^1,2 - hole cover (312), and lies in an imaginary extension line of the power arm belonging to the latter plate (12) .. (412) directly adjacent to this plate (12). 9. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by at least one of the following features:

9.1 The h ^1,2 perforated cover (315) can be opened and closed after opening the g ^{1, 2} , fis ^1,2 , f ^1,2 or e ^1,2 perforated cover (310,39,37 , 36) can be opened and closed by pressing his finger plate (15).

9.2 The gis ^1.2 perforated cover (311) is also closed when the g ^1.2 perforated cover (310) is open and at the same time the h ⁰ and / or c ¹ perforated cover (31.32) is closed.

9.3 The d ³ hole cover (319) is forcibly opened when the dis ³ hole cover (320) is opened by pressing the dis ³ plate (20), preferably in that the d ³ hole cover (319) the load arm (1220 ), which carries the dis ³ hole cover (320), is immediately adjacent and has a pin at a point closest to this load arm (1220) (2219), under which a hook (720) attached to said load arm (1220) engages, so that when this load arm (1220) is raised, the d3 perforated cover (319) is also raised.

9.4 The cis ^2.3 hole cover (318) is forcibly closed both by closing the b ^{1, 2} or c ^2.3 hole cover (314.317) and by closing the h ^{1, 2} hole cover (315) because closing this cover (314,317,315) causes closing of the cis ^2,3 -Lochdeckels (318) via load arms (1214,1217,1215) which engage the cis ^2,3 -Lochdeckels (318) under the actuating arm (1118).

10. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following feature:

The gis ^{1, 2} -hole cover (311) can be placed either via a first gis plate (11) from the middle link of the left little finger or via a second gis plate (2600) on the right side of the main tube (about the height of the thumb hook). 13) can be opened by the base member of the right index finger, preferably in that the latter gis plate (13) is firmly connected to a first power arm (413) of a lever which can be rotated about an axis (513) to the right of g ^{1, 2} - and gis ^1,2 -hole cover (310,311) runs and at its upper end has a mutual load arm (1213) which, with its free end, engages under a second load arm (1211) of a lever which is about an axis (511 ) is rotatable, which runs on the front of the main tube and has at its upper end a mutual second power arm (411) with the first gis plate (11) attached to it. Said second load arm (1211) is thus raised by depressing both the first gis plate (11) and the second gis plate (13), whereby a third force arm (4411), which has a _. Auxiliary axis (5511) and a third load arm (121211) with the gis ^{1, 2-} hole cover (311) is firmly connected and carries a bolt (1311) on which said second load arm (1211) by the clamping force a needle spring (2811) applies pressure to keep the gis ^1,2 hole cover closed, the pressure is released.

By simultaneously tensioning a spiral spiral spring (1611) - so-called leg spring - which connects said second load arm (1211) to said third power arm (4411) of the counter-lever, said third power arm (4411) is also raised and the gis ^{1, 2} -hole cover (311) opened. The lower leg of said leg spring (1611) is shaped into an eyelet at its free end and screwed to said third power arm (4411) in the center line of said bolt (1311), while the upper leg is bent at right angles at its free end and is inserted into a bore through said second load arm (1211).

11. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following feature:

The c ¹ perforated cover (32) is overlaid by the left thumb

Plate (2A) closed, which is directly adjacent to the lower left edge of the thumb plate (2700), which is preferably round, and is easily accessible from the thumb in the region of its end joint by slight sliding. Said plate (2A) is fixed as a force arm of a lever, the axis (52A) of which is rotatable to the right of this plate (2A) on the back of the main tube between two bearing balls (62A), with an equilateral load arm which is guided in a semicircular manner on the left around the main tube (122A), which carries a bolt (132A) at its free end. The tone hole cover (32) for the cT hole (82), which is located on the right side of the bell, is via a load arm (122) of a lever, the axis (52) of which is rotatable between two bearing balls (62) on the front of the main pipe is fixedly connected to a mutual force arm (42), which is directed radially and at the tenor saxophone between the a ^1,2 - and b ^1,2 hole (812, 814) on the main tube and at its free end, which is directly , but without contact over the The main tube stands, has a continuous fork into which the said bolt (132A) protrudes, so that an articulated connection is made between the two levers. The c ¹ perforated cover (32) is thus closed by pressing the thumb on the associated plate (2A) and opened again in the absence of thumb pressure by the tensioning force of a needle spring (282).

12. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following construction features of the platelet:

12.1 The token board consists of three elements, namely the operating token (11,3,1) for the gis ^1,2 -, cis ¹ - and h ⁰ -hole cover (311,33,31).

12.2 There is a plate between the gis ^1,2 hole cover and the plate (11,3) belonging to the cis ¹ hole cover

Gap a few mm wide.

12.3 The gis plate (11) carries a hook (7711), which engages under the cis plate (3), so that the gis plate (11) is taken with pressure on the cis plate (3).

12.4 The axis (52), which carries the c ¹ perforated cover (32), has at its upper end a second power arm (442), the free end of which carries a hook (72), which is under the h ⁰ perforated cover ( 31) belonging to the power arm (41) which carries an operating plate (1) which can be tilted about an auxiliary axis (151), so that the c ¹ perforated cover (32) by pressing on this plate (1) simultaneously with the h ⁰ perforated cover (31 ) is forcibly closed.

13. Saxophone according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the following effects on the tone holes in column 3, caused by pressure on the control plate in column 1, the sign + opening and closing of the respective tone hole cover means and -gis ^1,2 or -cis ^{1 dominates} over + gis ^1,2 or + cis ¹ : associated

Tone hole cover plate effect on tone hole.

(23) Octave I, II + Octave I when the a ^1.2 hole cover is closed, + Octave II when the a ^1.2 hole cover is open

(22) f ³ + f ³

(22A) f ³ + f ³ , -cis ^2,3 , -c ^2,3

(21) e3 + e ³

(20) es ³ + es ³ , + d ³

(19) d ³ + d3

- -

(17) c ^2.3 -cis ^2.3 , -c ^2.3

(16) doubled c ^2.3 + c ^2.3

(15) h ^1.2 -cis ^2.3 , -h ^1.2

(14) b ^1,2 -cis ^2,3 , -h ^1,2 , -b ^1,2

(13) gis ^1.2 + gis ^1.2

(12) a ^1,2 -a ^1,2 , with simultaneous

Printing on platelet (23) -octave II, + octave I

(11) gis ^1.2 + gis ^1.2

- -

(9) fis ^1.2 -gis ^1.2 , -g ^1.2 , -fis ^1.2

(8) fis ^1,2 + fis ^{1, 2} doubled

(7) f ^1.2 -gis ^1.2 , -g ^1.2 , -f ^1.2

(6) e ^1,2 -gis ^1,2 , -g ^1,2 , -e ^1,2

(5) it ^1,2 + it ^1,2

(4) d ^1.2 -d ^1.2

(3) cis ¹ + cis ¹ , - + gis ^1,2

(2A) c ¹ -cis ¹ , -c ¹

(1) h ^O -cis ¹ , -c ¹ , -h ⁰

14. Flute according to claim 1, characterized in that the tone hole covering system is designed for the following assignment of fingertips to open tone hole covers or the associated finger plates in the basic position of the fingers (first-order assignment):

Cover or

Fingertip tone hole plate

left pointer (L1) - c ^2.3 - (012)

left middle finger (L2) - h ^1,2 - (011)

left ring finger (L3) - b ^1.2 - (010)

left little finger (L4) - a ^1.2 - (09) right index finger (R1) - fis ^1.2 - (06)

right middle finger (R2) - f ^1.2 - (05)

right ring finger (R3) - e ^1,2 - (04)

right little finger (R4) - cis ¹ - (01)

15. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized in that the tone hole cover system for the following assignment of fingertips to closed at rest Tonlochdeckein or the associated finger plate at the of

The basic position of the different position of the fingers is configured:

Fingertip tone hole plate

right middle finger (R2) - d ³ (014)

right ring finger (R3) - es ³ (015)

right little finger (R4) - es ^1,2 (03)

16. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized in that the tone hole covering system for the following assignment of left thumb, right index finger and right

Little finger is designed to further open tone hole covers:

Fingertip tone hole cover or

Tile

left thumb (LD) - cis ^2,3 - (013)

left thumb (LD) - gis ^1,2 - (08)

right index finger (RD - gis ^1,2 - (088)

right little finger (R4) - d ^1,2 - (02)

17. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized by a number of 15 tone holes with the following features:

17.1 The covers are at rest over the tone holes cis ¹ , d ^1,2 , e ^1, 2, f ^1,2 , fis ^1,2 , g ^1,2 , gis ^1,2 , a ^1,2 , b ^{1, 2} , h ^1,2 , c ^2,3 and cis ^2,3 open, the lids over the tone holes es ^1,2 , d ³ and it ³ are closed at rest.

17.2 The c ^2,3 hole is on the side facing the fingertips

Side of the sound tube in line with the holes for h ^1,2 , b ^1,2 , a ^1,2 , gis ^1,2 , g ^1,2 , fis ^1,2 , f ^1,2 and, e ^1,2 drilled while the cis ^2,3 hole on the left thumb side of the sound tube is in line with the

Holes for d 3 and es3 is drilled.

17.3 All open tone hole covers with the exception of the g ^1,2 hole cover (037) can be opened and closed individually after closing the higher lying cover and without moving the lower lying cover, the fingertips exclusively the respective assigned hole cover or Use finger plates. The g ^1,2 hole cover (037) is forcibly closed by closing each of the next three lower lying hole covers fis ^1,2 , f ^1,2 and e ^1,2 (06,05,04), so that fis for the tone ^1.2 two fork handles are alternatively possible. In the rest position of all tone hole covers, the tone is cis ^2.3 .

18. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized in that the a ^1.2 hole cover has a finger plate (09) for the left little finger, which is attached to the side of this cover.

19. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized by at least one of the following features:

19.1 The h ^1,2 hole cover (011) can be opened and closed by the left middle finger regardless of the opening or closing of all other tone hole covers.

19.2 The gis ^1.2 hole cover (038) is closed when the g ^1.2 , fis ^1.2 , f ^1.2 or e ^1.2 hole cover (037.06.05.04) is closed. forcibly closed, preferably by an actuating arm (0197) attached to the g ^1,2 hole cover (037) reaching over the gis ^1,2 hole cover (038) so that the gis ^1,2 hole cover (038) when closing the g ^1,2 hole cover (037).

20. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized in that the gis ^1,2 hole cover (038) are operated both via a plate assigned to the left thumb (08) and via a plate assigned to the right index finger (088) can, preferably by the following construction:

20.1 The plate (08) assigned to the left thumb is the force arm (048) of a lever, the load arm (0128) of which engages under the actuating arm (0118) of the gis ^1,2 hole cover (038), between two bearing balls (068) on the side of the sound tube facing the left thumb. By

Pressure on the aforementioned plate (08) raises the actuating arm (0118) and thereby closes the gis ^1,2 hole cover (038).

20.2 The axis (058), which carries the gis ^1,2 hole cover (038), has a second actuating arm (01118), which is located in the area of the right index finger

Finger plate (088) carries, so that by pressure on this

Finger plate (088) of the gis ^1.2 hole cover (038) is closed.

21. Flute according to claim 1 or 14, characterized by the following effects on the tone holes of column 3, caused by pressure on the tone hole cover or the associated finger plates of columns 1 and 2, the sign + opening and - closing of the respective tone hole cover means: associated

Plate tone hole cover effect on tone hole

(015) es ³ + es ³

(014) d ³ + d ³

(013) cis ^2.3 -cis ^2.3

(012) c ^2.3 -c ^2.3

(011) h ^1,2 h ^{1, 2}

(010) b ^1,2 -b ^{1, 2}

(09) a ^1.2 -a ^1.2

(08) gis ^1,2 -gis ^1,2 , -cis ^2,3

(088) gis ^1.2 -gis ^1.2

- -

(06) fis ^1.2 -gis ^1.2 , -g ^1.2, -fis ^1.2

(05) f ^1.2 -gis ^1.2 , -g ^1.2 , -f ^1.2

(04) e ^1,2 -gis ^1,2 , -g ^1,2 , -e ^1,2

(03) it ^1,2 + it ^1,2

(02) d ^1,2 -d ^{1, 2}

(01) ice -d ^{1, 2} , -cis ¹