US7067449B2 - Y-zeolite-containing composite material and a process for preparing the same - Google Patents

Y-zeolite-containing composite material and a process for preparing the same Download PDF

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US7067449B2
US7067449B2 US10/809,345 US80934504A US7067449B2 US 7067449 B2 US7067449 B2 US 7067449B2 US 80934504 A US80934504 A US 80934504A US 7067449 B2 US7067449 B2 US 7067449B2
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composite material
zeolite
kaolin
crystal
weight
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US20040266607A1 (en
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Jihong Zhou
Enze Min
Haiying Yang
Baoning Zong
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
    • C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
    • C01B39/20—Faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
    • C01B39/24—Type Y
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
    • B01J29/084—Y-type faujasite

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a Y-zeolite-containing composite material made from materials comprising kaolin by in-situ crystallization and a process for preparing the same.
  • EP 0209332A discloses a process for crystallizing kaolin material to prepare Y-zeolite under stirring, which comprises calcining kaolin at 550–925° C. to yield metakaolin, then adding sodium compound and water, adjusting silica to alumina ratio to 2.1–15: 1 by mole and water to sodium oxide ratio to 15–70: 1 by mole, optionally adding a guide agent to the feed, and crystallizing the reactant to form Y-zeolite under stirring,
  • the synthesized Y-zeolite is dispersive powder with an average diameter of 3 ⁇ m and a NaY purity of 97%.
  • Y-zeolite is prepared from kaolin (Gao Dawei et al, Petroleum Refining, 1983 (7): 12–16) by calcining kaolin at a relatively low temperature, e.g. 640–660° C., into metakaolin, then adding sodium hydroxide, a guide agent, and water glass, aging at 50–60° C. for 1 hour, and crystallizing at 98–100° C. for 2–24 hours. After drying, NaY zeolite with a crystallinity of higher than 80% and a silica/alumina ratio of higher than 4.5 by mole is obtained. This zeolite exhibits high hydrothermal stability after exchanging with rare-earths.
  • CN 1334142A calcines a part of kaolin raw powder at 940–1000° C. into spinet-containing kaolin and calcines another part at 700–900° C. into metakaolin, and then mixes the two parts of calcined kaolin in a certain ratio, adds sodium silicate, guide agent, sodium hydroxide, and water, crystallizes at 90–95° C. for 16–36 hours, yielding a molecular sieve containing 40–90% of NaY after drying. Since the temperature for calcining kaolin in preparing the molecular sieve in this process exceeds 700° C., the energy consumption is high and the obtained molecular sieve is not a nanometer level product.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,902 discloses a microsphere zeolite containing at least 40% of NaY by calcining fine kaolin particle, mixing with kaolin to form a slurry, spray drying to form microsphere, calcining again to convert kaolin to metakaolin, adding the raw materials for synthesizing zeolite and guide agent, and crystallizing under stirring and heating.
  • This zeolite may contain spinel obtained by calcining kaolin at high temperatures and the presence of spinel provide a stable “framework” for the growth of zeolite. Therefore, a zeolite with high activity, selectivity, hydrothermal stability, wear resistance, and anti-metal ability can be obtained.
  • CN 1334318A discloses a zeolite having a low content of NaY, only 25–35%, and having a mole ratio of silica/alumina of 4.0–5.5 by mixing kaolin and a binder, spray drying the mixture to form microsphere having a diameter of 20–111 ⁇ m, calcining a part of microsphere at 940–1000° C. into kaolin and calcining another part at 700–900° C. into metakaolin, mixing the kaolin and metakaolin, adding sodium silicate, guide agent, sodium hydroxide and water, crystallizing at 98–100° C. for 16–36 hour.
  • the crystal size of conventional Y-zeolite is generally in a range of 0.8–1.2 ⁇ m, which cannot allows larger molecules of resid with diameters greater than 1.0 nm to enter the pore of zeolite with diameters of only about 0.8 nm, and these molecules can enter the pore merely after adsorbing on the outer surface of the zeolite and cracking into smaller molecules.
  • the magnitude of the outer surface area of the zeolite becomes an important factor affecting the cracking of larger molecules of resid, but the increase of the surface area of zeolite means preparing zeolite with small crystal. Therefore, preparing Y-zeolite with small crystal to enhance the diffusion rate within crystal has gradually become a hotpot of research.
  • Rajagopal (Appl. Catal. 1986, 23:69) uses a microsphere catalyst made from synthesized zeolite with a crystal size of 60 nm to crack crude oil, and the result shows that zeolite with small crystal size produces more gasoline and light diesel oil, and less dry gas and coke deposit.
  • smaller zeolite crystal size may result in poorer hydrothermal stability, more difficulty in filtering, higher surface energy and thereby a stronger tendency for the crystal to aggregate.
  • the shortcoming of the gelling method in synthesizing NaY with smaller crystal size has become a greater obstacle to its industrialized application.
  • the objective of the present invention is to provide a Y-zeolite-containing composite material and a process for preparing the same.
  • the composite material is made from materials comprising kaolin by in-situ crystallization. This composite material possesses the advantages of high hydrothermal stability, strong ability to resist coke deposition, and ease to filter the composite material obtained in preparing procedure.
  • the present invention is to provide a Y-zeolite-containing composite material, wherein said composite material comprises nest-like structure.
  • the composite material comprises Y-zeolite in the content of 30–85% by weight and matrix formed after crystallization of the materials comprising kaolin. More preferably the content of Y-zeolite is in the range of 30–70% by weight of composite material.
  • the nest-like structure is comprised of a least 70% of rodlike crystal, wherein said rodlike crystal has a diameter of 50–200 nm and a length of 100–600 nm.
  • the nest-like structure can further comprises flaky crystal or blocky crystal, wherein blocky crystal has an equivalent diameter of about 50–500 nm and flaky crystal has a thickness of about 50–200 nm.
  • Said rodlike crystal, flaky crystal and blocky crystal are comprised of matrix formed after in-situ crystallization of the materials comprising kaolin and Y-zeolite on the surface of said matrix.
  • the present invention further provides a process for preparing a Y-zeolite-containing composite material, which process comprises calcining raw material powder comprising kaolin at lower temperatures into metakaolin and conducting in-situ crystallization under stirring.
  • calcination of kaolin at lower temperatures may effectively save energy.
  • the primary particle of the obtained composite material is mainly rodlike crystal, and smaller Y-zeolite crystal grows on the surface of the primary particle with high dispersion, therefore the active component of the catalyst made from this Y-zeolite crystal may be effectively utilized.
  • the composite material of the present invention comprises nest-like structure and may provides macropores, and the filtering of the composite material easier during preparation procedure.
  • FIG. 1 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite material of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is the SEM image of the composite material of the present invention magnified 5000 times.
  • FIG. 3 is the SEM image of the composite material of the present invention magnified 20000 times.
  • FIG. 4 is the SEM image of the composite material of the present invention magnified 30000 times.
  • FIG. 5 is the SEM image of the composite material of the present invention magnified 20000 times.
  • FIG. 6 is the SEM image of the composite material made from kaolin calcined at a higher temperature magnified 15000 times.
  • the composite material according to present invention is prepared by calcining raw material comprising kaolin at a lower temperatures to convert it into metakaolin, and then mixing metakaolin with sodium silicate, guide agent, solution of sodium hydroxide and water, and conducting in-situ crystallization of metakaolin under stirring and lower temperature.
  • the substance remaining after in-situ crystallization of metakaolin forms amorphous silicon/aluminum matrix and the produced Y-zeolite after in-situ crystallization of metakaolin grows on the surface of said matrix.
  • the crystal size of said Y-zeolite is in the range of 10–400 nm, preferably in the range of 10–100 nm.
  • said materials comprising kaolin is selected from hard kaolin or soft kaolin.
  • the composite material according to present invention comprises nest-like structure, especially nest-like sphere.
  • nest-like structure used herein means a geometric structure similar to bird's nest in appearance crosswise piled up by rodlike, flaky, and blocky crystals.
  • nest passages with a diameter being about 50–500 nm locate inside the structure.
  • the equivalent diameter of said nest-like structure is in the range of about 1000–3000 nm.
  • the composite material Due to the special structure of the composite material provided by the present invention, it has a low apparent bulk density of only 0.50–0.75 g/cm 3 . And the volume of 17–3000 ⁇ mesopore measured by the BET method is 0.03–0.076 ml/g, accounting for 10–35% of the total volume of the pore.
  • the composite material of the present invention contains more mesopores and macropores, it still has a large surface area, which is determined to be 280–800 m 2 /g by the BET method, preferably 400–750 m 2 /g.
  • the silica/alumina ratio of the Y-zeolite contained in the composite material is 4.0–5.5 by mole.
  • the Y-zeolite in the above composite material is selected from the group consisting of NaY, HY, REV and REHY.
  • the content of rare-earth (RE) is 0.1–15% by weight based on oxide, preferably 8.0–12.0%.
  • the content of sodium in the composite material containing REY or REHY zeolite is less than 0.3% by weight, preferably less than 0.2% by weight.
  • the present invention further provides a process for preparing the composite material, comprises the following steps:
  • step (3) Crystallizing the reaction feed made in step (2) at 88–98° C. under stirring, and then filtering and drying.
  • the present process calcines raw material powder comprising kaolin at lower temperature to prepare metakaolin, said kaolin preferably being selected from hard kaolin or soft kaolin with an average diameter of less than 4 ⁇ m and therefore being a raw earth which has not been subjected to molding treatment.
  • the temperature for calcining said kaolin is preferably 600–690° C., more preferably 640–680° C., and the calcination time is 1–10 hours.
  • the content of crystal in the selected kaolin should be preferably higher than 75% by weight, more preferably higher than 85% by weight.
  • the calcined metakaolin must be crushed to make the diameter of all particles less than 230 ⁇ m, otherwise there would exist very rigid solid particle with a larger size in the products to be synthesized, unfavorable to the application of the product in catalytic process.
  • the guide agent used in above step (2) may be synthesized according to conventional processes, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,574,538, U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,099, U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,19, U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,099.
  • the composition of said guide agent is (10–17)SiO 2 : (0.7–1.3)Al 2 O 3 : (11–18)Na 2 O: (200–350)H 2 O, and the guide agent is obtained by aging at 4–35° C., preferably at 4–20° C.
  • sodium silicate may be industrial water glass or other raw materials containing silica, and sodium aluminate is sodium meta-aluminate.
  • concentration of the solution of sodium hydroxide is 1–10% by weight, preferably 4–6% by weight.
  • an auxiliary accounting for 0.1–2.5% by weight of the total raw material may be added the auxiliary being selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfonate, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, polyethylene glycol, oxalic acid, citric acid, sodium tartrate, or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
  • the auxiliary is preferably added to the reaction feed after addition of guide agent.
  • the composite material according to present invention is a product obtained by crystallization under stirring.
  • the stirring rate in crystallization of step (3) is 200–1000 rpm, preferably 400–600 rpm, and the time is 16–48 hours, preferably 24–32 hours.
  • the temperature for drying the composite material after crystallization is 100–120° C.
  • the NaY zeolite therein should be converted into H-type or RE ion-exchanged zeolite.
  • the process for preparing HY zeolite is to conduct ion-exchanging of NaY with a solution of soluble ammonium salts, and then drying and calcining.
  • the solution of soluble ammonium salts is selected from solution of ammonium chloride or ammonium nitrate, and the concentration is 4–10% by weight.
  • the calcination temperature after drying is 500–600° C.
  • the process of the present invention for preparing REY is exchanging the HY zeolite made by ammonium-exchanging with a solution of soluble RE compound once, drying, calcining at 500–600° C., and then conducting ammonium exchange once to three times and drying.
  • the soluble RE compound is preferably chloride of mixed RE, or chloride or nitrate of other RE elements.
  • the RE element is preferably selected from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, or ytterbium. The property of yttrium is close to RE, so it can also be used for ion-exchange.
  • the composite material according to present invention is suitable for various reactions catalyzed by solid acid, especially, it can be used as an active component of the catalyst for fluidized bed catalytic cracking of heavy oils or resid.
  • the zeolite in the composite material has higher hydrothermal stability and anti-coking ability after exchange with RE.
  • the suitable conditions for cracking heavy oil or resid using the composite material of the present invention as a catalyst are 460–520° C., a catalyst/oil ratio of 1.0–5.0 by weight, and a mass space velocity of the feed of 16–45 h ⁇ 1 .
  • the content of NaY and the unit cell size a 0 of the composite material are measured according to methods in ASTM D-3906 and D-3942 respectively, and the content of RE 2 O 3 is determined using X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy.
  • the specific surface area and pore volume are measured using the low temperature nitrogen adsorption method (BET) according to ASTM D-3663 and D-4365 respectively, and the collapse temperature of the zeolite is determined according to differential thermal analysis (DTA).
  • BET low temperature nitrogen adsorption method
  • DTA differential thermal analysis
  • Kaolin with a average diameter of 4 ⁇ m (Suzhou, Yangshan brand, China Kaolin Company, containing 80% by weight of crystal) was calcined at 660° C. for 3 hour, yielding metakaolin powder, which was crushed into metakaolin powder with diameters of less than 230 ⁇ m.
  • Composite material Y-2 was prepared according to the process of Example 1, except that kaolin was calcined at 680° C. for 4 hours and the stirring speed was 600 rpm in the crystallization of the reaction feed.
  • the content of NaY in Y-2 was measured by X-ray diffraction to be 52.4% by weight and the physico-chemical properties are shown in Table 1.
  • the X-ray diffraction pattern is shown in FIG. 1 and the images of field emission SEM with different magnification factors are shown in FIGS. 2–5 .
  • the composite material of the present invention possesses characteristic peaks of NaY, showing that it contains NaY, and the content of NaY can be calculated from the area of the characteristic peaks.
  • the composite material of the present invention consists of nest-like structure with equivalent diameters less than 3000 nm.
  • the SAM image magnified 20000 times in FIG. 3 shows that the nest-like structure contains at lest 70% of rodlike crystal with the remainder being flaky and blocky crystals, wherein the diameter of the rodlike crystal is about 50–200 nm and length thereof is about 100–600 nm, the thickness of the flaky crystal is less than about 50–200 nm, and the equivalent diameter of the blocky crystal is about 100–500 nm.
  • FIG. 4 shows that there are a great number of NaY crystals on the rodlike crystals with diameters of 40–100 nm and the flaky crystals also contain a great number of NaY crystals with diameters less than 100 nm.
  • the SEM image magnified 20000 times in FIG. 5 is the cross section of Y-2, showing that the cross section of the nest-like structure is similar to grotto and the linkages of rodlike crystal with rodlike crystal, rodlike crystal with flaky crystal, and rodlike crystal with blocky crystal are realized by bonding.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 further clearly show that a great number of pores, holes and nest passages exist in the composite material of the present invention.
  • Composite material Y-3 was made according to the process of Example 1, except that the amount of added sodium silicate was 4000 g to make the composition of the feed be 2.2Na 2 O: Al 2 O 3 : 8.4SiO 2 : 80.2H 2 O. Obtained Y-3 has a NaY content of 32.8% by weight, a unit cell size of 24.68, and a silica alumina ratio of 4.82.
  • Composite material Y4 was made according to the process of Example 1, except that add 5 g metakaolin powder, 20 g solution of sodium silicate, 2 g guide agent, 20 g in a concentration of 10% by weight of solution of sodium hydroxide, and then 0.8 g EDTA to make the composition of the feed be 2.29Na 2 O: Al 2 O 3 : 5.33SiO 2 : 87.1H 2 O, and then crystallizing for 29 hours.
  • the c of NaY in Y-4 was 79.6% by weight and the unit cell size was 24.68.
  • the physico-chemical properties of Y-4 are shown in Table 1.
  • Composite material Y-5 was made according to the process of Example 1, except that add 1.1 g sodium tartrate to the reaction feed and crystallizing at 90° C. for 30 hours under stirring. Obtained Y-5 has a NaY content of 66.2% by weight, a unit cell size of 24.73, and a silica/alumina ratio of 5.26. The physico-chemical properties of Y-5 are shown in Table 1.
  • Composite material Y-6 was made according to the process of Example 1, except that add 5 g metakaolin powder, 20 g solution of sodium silicate, 4 g guide agent, 15 g solution of sodium hydroxide, and 0.15 g dodecyl sodium sulphonate to make the composition of the feed be 1.77Na 2 O: Al 2 O 3 : 5.44SiO 2 : 80.4H 2 O.
  • the content, of NaY in Y-6 was 82.5% by weight a unit cell size was 24.71.
  • the physico-chemical properties of Y-6 are shown in Table 1.
  • Composite material Y-7 was made according to the process of Example 1, except that add 5 g metakaolin powder, 15 g solution of sodium silicate, 1.7 g guide agent, 15 g solution of sodium hydroxide to make the composition of the feed be 1.32N 2 O: Al 2 O 3 : 4.55SiO 2 : 67.7H 2 O. Obtained Y-7 has a NaY content of 63.3% by weight, a unit cell size of 24.65, and a silica/alumina ratio of 5.26.
  • Composite material Y-8 was made according to the process of Example 1, except taht add 5 g metakaolin powder, 15 g solution of sodium silicate, 3.0 g guide agent, 15 g solution of sodium hydroxide to make the composition of the feed be 1.44Na 2 O: Al 2 O 3 : 4.63SiO 2 : 71.1H 2 O. Obtained Y-8 has a NaY content of 75.0% by weight, a unit cell size of 24.68, and a silica/alumina ratio of 4.82.
  • Kaolin was calcined at 870° C. for 2 hours according to the process of CN 1334142A and then Y-9 was made according to the process of Example 1.
  • the content of NaY in Y-9 was 80% by weight and the silica/alumina ratio was 4.72.
  • the SEM image of Y-9 is shown in FIG. 6 , which indicates that Y-9 has no nest-like structure.
  • REY-containing composite material of the present invention was aged at 810° C. for 8 and 17 hours respectively with 100% steam, and then dried and evaluated for its catalytic performance with light oil having a boiling range of 239–351° C. in a micro-reactor. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • the composite material according to the present invention still has a high hydrothermal stability after severe aging treatment. This is reflected by the high activity in the micro-reactor.
  • the high activity of the composite material of the present invention is due to it has a nest-like structure, so that various crystals can not completely pile up between each other and there exit many gaps and spaces, favorable to the diffusion and transfer of heat.
  • zeolite crystal grows on the surface of the amorphous silica/alumina matrix formed after crystal transformation of kaolin, which matrix not only can disperse the heat on the zeolite crystal, but also can dilute the concentration of sodium oxide on the crystal, thereby enhancing the thermal stability.
  • the present example illustrates the catalytic performance of the composite material of the present invention for cracking heavy oil in a micro-reactor.
  • Catalyst REY-1, REY-3, and REY-5 were aged at 810° C. for 17 hours with 100% steam and then evaluated for catalytic performance in a micro-reactor device of heavy oil.
  • the loading of the catalyst was 2 g.
  • the properties of the feed oil are shown in Table 4.
  • the results obtained at a reaction temperature of 500° C., catalyst/oil ratio of 1.18, and mass space velocity of 43.71 h ⁇ 1 are shown, in Table 5, wherein the end point of gasoline was 220° C. and that of diesel oil was 330° C.

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