US6916950B2 - Process for preparing carboxylic esters - Google Patents
Process for preparing carboxylic esters Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6916950B2 US6916950B2 US09/945,736 US94573601A US6916950B2 US 6916950 B2 US6916950 B2 US 6916950B2 US 94573601 A US94573601 A US 94573601A US 6916950 B2 US6916950 B2 US 6916950B2
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- alcohol
- anhydride
- reaction
- water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/48—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C67/52—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change in the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
- C07C67/54—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change in the physical state, e.g. crystallisation by distillation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/08—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with the hydroxy or O-metal group of organic compounds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a batchwise process for preparing carboxylic esters by reacting dibasic or polybasic carboxylic acids or their anhydrides with alcohols.
- Esters of polybasic carboxylic acids for example phthalic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, and alcohols are widely used in surface coating resins, as constituents of paints and, in particular, as plasticizers for plastics.
- carboxylic esters can be prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols. This reaction can be conducted autocatalytically or catalytically, for example by Bronstedt or Lewis acids. Quite independently of the type of catalysis selected, a temperature-dependent equilibrium is always formed between the starting materials (carboxylic acid and alcohol) and the products (ester and water). In order to shift the equilibrium in favor of the ester, in many esterifications an entrainer is used to remove the water formed in the reaction from the batch.
- one of the starting materials (alcohol or carboxylic acid) boils lower than the ester formed and forms a miscibility gap with water
- a starting material can be used as entrainer and after water is removed, can be recirculated back to the batch.
- the alcohol used is the entrainer.
- the ester thus prepared must have a low acid number, that is to say the reaction of the carboxylic acid should proceed virtually quantitatively. Otherwise the yield is decreased and the acid must be removed, for example by neutralization. This procedure is complex and can lead to byproducts which require disposal.
- esterifications are generally conducted with an excess of alcohol.
- excess alcohol has the disadvantage that in the case of low-boiling alcohols, the reaction temperature at atmospheric pressure is so low that the reaction rate is too low for an industrial process. In order to counteract this effect, the reaction can be conducted under pressure, which leads to higher apparatus costs.
- a further disadvantage is that, with increasing excess of alcohol, the maximum possible concentration of the target product in the reaction vessel decreases and thus the batch yield decreases. Furthermore, the excess alcohol must be separated from the ester, which is time and energy consuming.
- one object of the present invention is to provide a batchwise esterification process which results in improved space-time yield of ester product.
- the central feature of the present invention is that in the preparation of carboxylic esters by reacting dicarboxylic acids or polycarboxylic acids or their anhydrides with alcohols, the water of reaction is removed by azeotropic distillation together with the alcohol, while replacing the amount of liquid removed from the reaction by the azeotropic distillation in whole or in part with the alcohol.
- the amount of liquid designated below is the volume of liquid which is removed from the reaction by azeotropic distillation and principally consists of water of reaction and alcohol.
- Complete replacement of the amount of liquid removed from the esterification reactor is preferred. This can be achieved, for example, by level-controlled feed of alcohol into the reactor. For technical reasons, complete replacement of the amount of liquid removed may not be achievable or may only be achievable with difficulty. In these cases, the amount of liquid removed is only partially replaced, for example, only the alcohol, but not the reaction water removed, but, in all cases, is replaced by more than 90%, preferably from 95% to 98%.
- the present process has the advantage that, compared with known batchwise processes, the reaction rate is increased. As a result the cycle time can be reduced, which gives a higher space-time yield of ester product.
- the present process is applicable in principle to all esterification reactions in which the water of reaction is separated by distillation together with an alcohol.
- the acid component used is dicarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or their anhydrides.
- polybasic carboxylic acids partial anhydrides can also be used. It is also possible to use mixtures of carboxylic acids and anhydrides.
- the acids can be aliphatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and also aromatic acids.
- Aliphatic carboxylic acids should have at least 4 carbon atoms.
- Suitable examples of aliphatic carboxylic acids and their anhydrides include maleic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, succinic acid, succinic anhydride, adipic acid, suberic acid, trimethyladipic acid, azelaic acid, decanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, brassylic acid.
- carbocyclic acid compounds include hexahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic acid, cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, 4-methylcyclohexane1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 4-methylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, 4-methylcyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid and 4-methylcyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride.
- aromatic acid compounds include phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, trimesic acid, pyromellitic acid, pyromellitic anhydride and naphthalene dicarboxylic acids.
- branched or unbranched aliphatic alcohols having 4 to 13 carbon atoms are used.
- the alcohols are monohydric and can be secondary or primary.
- the alcohols may originate from various sources. Suitable starting materials include, for example, fatty alcohols, alcohols from the Aldol process or alcohols or alcohol mixtures which were produced by hydrogenation of saturated or unsaturated aldehydes, in particular those alcohols whose synthesis includes a hydroformylation step.
- Alcohols which may used in the inventive process include, for example, n-butanol, isobutanol, n-octanol (1), n-octanol (2), 2-ethylhexanol, nonanols, decyl alcohols or tridecanols produced by hydroformylation or aldol condensation and subsequent hydrogenation.
- the alcohols may be used as a pure compound, as a mixture of isomeric compounds or as a mixture of compounds having a different number of carbon atoms.
- Preferred starting alcohols are mixtures of isomeric octanols, nonanols or tridecanols, the latter being able to be produced from the corresponding butene oligomers, in particular oligomers of unbranched butenes, by hydroformylation and subsequent hydrogenation.
- the butene oligomers can be prepared, in principle, by three processes. Acid-catalyzed oligomerization, in which, industrially, for example, a zeolite or phosphoric acid is used on a support, gives the most highly branched oligomers. When unbranched butenes are used, for example, a C 8 fraction is formed which essentially consists of dimethylhexenes (WO 92/13818).
- oligomerization is practiced on nickel fixed-bed catalysts, for example, the OCTOL process (Hydrocarbon Process., Int. Ed. (1986) 65 (2. Sect. 1), pages 31-33).
- Very particularly preferred starting materials for the present esterification are mixtures of isomeric nonanols or mixtures of isomeric tridecanols which are prepared by oligomerizing unbranched butenes to give C 8 olefins and C 12 olefins by the Octol process, with subsequent hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
- esterification catalysts which can be used are Lewis acids or Bronstedt acids or organometallic substances which do not necessarily need to act as acids.
- Preferred esterification catalysts are alkoxides, carbonate salts or chelate compounds of titanium or zirconium, the catalyst molecule being able to contain one or more metal atoms.
- tetraisopropyl orthotitanate and tetrabutyl orthotitanate are used.
- Esterification is conducted in a reaction vessel in which the reaction batch is intensively mixed using an agitator or recirculation pump.
- the starting materials and the catalyst can be charged into the reactor simultaneously or sequentially. If one starting material is solid at the charging temperature, it is expedient to introduce the liquid starting component first. Solid starting materials can be fed as powder, granules, crystals or melt. In order to shorten the batch time, it is advisable to start the heating during charging.
- the catalyst can be introduced in pure form or as solution, preferably dissolved in one of the starting materials, at the start or only after the reaction temperature has been reached.
- Carboxylic anhydrides frequently react with alcohols, even autocatalytically, that is to say non-catalyzed, to give the corresponding ester carboxylic acids (half esters), for example phthalic anhydride reacts to give phthalic acid monoester. Therefore, a catalyst is frequently not required until after the first reaction step.
- the alcohol to be reacted which serves as entrainer, can be used in a stoichiometric excess, preferably from 5% to 50%, particularly preferably from 10% to 30%, of the stoichiometrically required amount.
- the catalyst concentration depends on the type of catalyst. In the case of the titanium compounds preferably used, the catalyst concentration ranges from 0.005% to 1.0% by weight, based on the reaction mixture, in particular from 0.01% to 0.3% by weight.
- the reaction temperatures when titanium catalysts are used range from 160° C. to 270° C.
- the choicest temperatures depend on the starting materials, reaction progress and the catalyst concentration. They can readily be determined for each individual case by experiment. Higher temperatures increase the reaction rates and favor side reactions, for example, elimination of water from alcohols, or formation of colored byproducts. It is necessary, in order to remove the reaction water, that the alcohol be removed by distillation from the reaction mixture.
- the desired temperature or the desired temperature range can be set by the pressure in the reaction vessel. In the case of low-boiling alcohols, the reaction is, therefore, conducted at superatmospheric pressure, and in the case of higher-boiling alcohols, at reduced pressure. For example, in the reaction of phthalic anhydride with a mixture of isomeric nonanols, a temperature range of 170° C. to 250° C. in the pressure range of from 1 bar to 10 mbar is employed.
- the amount of liquid to be recycled to the reaction medium of the invention can consist in part or in whole of alcohol which is produced by work-up of the azeotropic distillate. It is also possible to carry out the work-up at a later time and to replace the amount of liquid removed in whole or in part by fresh alcohol, that is to say alcohol being provided from a storage vessel.
- the liquid which is separated is worked-up to produce the alcohol.
- an alcohol-water mixture is removed by distillation from the reaction mixture as an azeotrope.
- the vapors leave the reaction vessel via a short column (internals or packing, 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, theoretical plates) and are condensed.
- the condensate can be separated into an aqueous phase and an alcoholic phase, which can make cooling necessary.
- the aqueous phase is removed by separation and can, if appropriate after work-up, be discarded or used as stripping water in the after-treatment of the ester.
- the alcoholic phase which is produced after separating the azeotropic distillate can be recirculated to the reaction vessel in part or in whole.
- control of the reaction by a level controller has proved itself for feeding the alcohol to the reactor.
- fresh alcohol can be added to the alcohol phase and removed by separation.
- the alcohol can be fed to the esterification reaction.
- the alcohol can be added, for example, as a reflux to the column.
- Another possibility is to pump the alcohol, if appropriate after heating, into the liquid reaction mixture. Separation of the water of reaction decreases the reaction volume in the apparatus. In the ideal case, during the reaction, as much alcohol is replenished as corresponds to the volume of the distillate removed by separation (water and if appropriate alcohol), so that the fluid level in the reaction vessel remains constant. In the present process, by increasing the excess alcohol, the equilibrium is shifted in the favor of the full esters.
- the reaction mixture which essentially consists of full ester (target product) and excess alcohol, comprises, in addition to the catalyst and/or its secondary products, small amounts of ester carboxylic acid(s) and/or unreacted carboxylic acid.
- the excess alcohol is removed, the acidic compounds are neutralized, the catalyst is destroyed and the resultant solid byproducts are removed by separation.
- the majority of the alcohol is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure.
- the last traces of the alcohol can be removed, for example, by steam distillation, in particular in the temperature range from 120 to 225° C.
- the alcohol can be separated as the first or last work-up step.
- the acidic substances such as carboxylic acids, ester carboxylic acids or, if appropriate, the acid catalysts, are neutralized by adding basic compounds of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. These are used in the form of their carbonates, hydrogencarbonates or hydroxides.
- the neutralizing agent can be used in solid form, or preferably as solution, in particular as aqueous solution.
- sodium hydroxide solution is frequently used in the concentration range from 1% to 30% by weight, preferably from 20% to 30% by weight.
- the neutralizing agent is used in an amount which corresponds to the stoichiometrically required amount to four times the stoichiometrically required amount, in particular the stoichiometrically required amount to twice the stoichiometrically required amount, as determined by titration.
- the neutralizing agent converts these catalysts into solid filterable substances.
- Neutralization can be conducted immediately after ending the esterification reaction or after removing the majority of the excess alcohol by distillation. Preference is given to neutralization with sodium hydroxide solution immediately after completion of the esterification reaction at temperatures above 150° C. The water introduced with the alkaline solution can then be removed by distillation together with the alcohol.
- the solids present in the neutralized crude ester can be separated by centrifuging, or preferably by filtration.
- a filter aid and/or absorbent can be added during work-up for improved filterability and/or removal of colored substances or other byproducts.
- esterification and work-up can proceed in different vessels.
- carboxylic anhydrides there is the option of conducting the reactions to give the half ester and the diester in different reactors.
- esters thus produced from polybasic carboxylic acids for example phthalic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, and alcohols are widely used in resin coatings, as constituents of paints and, in particular, as plasticizers for plastics.
- Suitable plasticizers for PVC are diisononyl phthalates and dioctyl phthalates.
- the use of the inventively prepared esters for these purposes is also an aspect of the invention.
- the alcohol separated during work-up can, if appropriate after discharge of a portion, be used for the next batch.
- the esterification reactor employed in the examples consists of a stirred tank having a heating coil (40 bar steam), a separation system for the reaction water/alcohol separation and a return line for excess alcohol.
- the apparatus is purged with nitrogen to eliminate oxygen prior to charging the reactants.
- the acid number of the reaction mixture decreased from an initial value of 110 mg KOH/g at the start of boiling to 10 mg KOH/g after 165 minutes, 1 mg KOH/g after 320 minutes and 0.5 mg KOH/g after 365 minutes.
- the level in the reactor at this time was still 76%.
- German priority Application No. 100 43 545.9 filed Sep. 5, 2000 is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10043545A DE10043545A1 (de) | 2000-09-05 | 2000-09-05 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Carbonsäureestern |
DE10043545.9 | 2000-09-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20020028963A1 US20020028963A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
US6916950B2 true US6916950B2 (en) | 2005-07-12 |
Family
ID=7654937
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/945,736 Expired - Fee Related US6916950B2 (en) | 2000-09-05 | 2001-09-05 | Process for preparing carboxylic esters |
Country Status (19)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6916950B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1186593B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2002105023A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100853632B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1198783C (zh) |
AR (1) | AR030942A1 (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE308506T1 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0103890A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2356469A1 (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ20013116A3 (zh) |
DE (2) | DE10043545A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2250270T3 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA01008757A (zh) |
MY (1) | MY126008A (zh) |
PL (1) | PL349459A1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2283299C2 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG109957A1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI297681B (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA200107311B (zh) |
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US20070060768A1 (en) * | 2003-10-10 | 2007-03-15 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Bmbh | Method for producing benzoic acid esters |
US20070105999A1 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2007-05-10 | Exxon-Mobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Plasticiser |
US20100130767A1 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2010-05-27 | Nicolaas Anthony De Munck | Process for Producing Esters |
US20100314243A1 (en) * | 2009-06-16 | 2010-12-16 | Draths Corporation | Preparation of trans,trans muconic acid and trans,trans muconates |
US20110251419A1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-10-13 | Basf Se | Method for regeneration of raw ester |
US20110251420A1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-10-13 | Basf Se | Method for producing carboxylic acid esters |
US20110301377A1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-12-08 | Basf Se | Production of carboxylic acid esters by stripping with alcohol vapor |
US8367858B2 (en) | 2009-06-16 | 2013-02-05 | Amyris, Inc. | Terephthalic and trimellitic based acids and carboxylate derivatives thereof |
US8367859B2 (en) | 2009-06-16 | 2013-02-05 | Amyris, Inc. | Cyclohexane 1,4 carboxylates |
US8415496B2 (en) | 2009-06-16 | 2013-04-09 | Amyris, Inc. | Biobased polyesters |
US8809583B2 (en) | 2010-01-08 | 2014-08-19 | Amyris, Inc. | Methods for producing isomers of muconic acid and muconate salts |
US9139505B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-09-22 | Eastman Chemical Company | Production of terephthalic acid di-esters using alcohol-amine promoters |
US9365715B2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2016-06-14 | Styrolution Europe Gmbh | Thermoplastic elastomer composition and method for the production thereof |
US9809529B2 (en) | 2014-06-24 | 2017-11-07 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Process for producing low VOC coalescing aids |
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US9988338B2 (en) | 2014-09-24 | 2018-06-05 | Basf Se | Method for producing diesters of terephthalic acid |
US10207978B2 (en) | 2014-09-24 | 2019-02-19 | Basf Se | Method for producing diesters of terephthalic acid with a dehydration of recirculated alcohol |
US10239818B2 (en) | 2014-09-24 | 2019-03-26 | Basf Se | Method for producing diesters of terephthalic acid with circulation of the reaction mixture |
US10266477B2 (en) | 2014-09-24 | 2019-04-23 | Basf Se | Method for producing diesters of terephthalic acid with enrichment of recirculated alcohol |
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JP4670426B2 (ja) * | 2005-03-28 | 2011-04-13 | 三菱化学株式会社 | ジカルボン酸ジエステルの製造方法 |
DE102005028752A1 (de) | 2005-06-22 | 2007-01-04 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh | Gemisch von Diisononylestern der 1,2-Cyclohexandicarbonsäure, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Verwendung dieser Gemische |
US7799942B2 (en) | 2005-08-12 | 2010-09-21 | Eastman Chemical Company | Production of terephthalic acid di-esters |
US7276621B2 (en) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-10-02 | Eastman Chemical Company | Production of di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate |
JP2007153814A (ja) * | 2005-12-06 | 2007-06-21 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | ジカルボン酸ジエステルの製造方法 |
CN1962736B (zh) * | 2006-11-16 | 2010-10-06 | 南亚塑胶工业股份有限公司 | 一种环己烷-1,2-二羧酸异壬酯增塑剂的制造方法 |
US7741509B2 (en) * | 2007-01-30 | 2010-06-22 | Eastman Chemical Company | Conversion of terephthalic acid to Di-n-butyl terephthalate |
DE102007006442A1 (de) | 2007-02-05 | 2008-08-07 | Evonik Oxeno Gmbh | Gemisch von Diestern von Dianhydrohexitolderivaten mit Carbonsäuren der Summenformel C8H17COOH, Verfahren zur Herstellung dieser Diester und Verwendung dieser Gemische |
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US2130014A (en) | 1935-09-06 | 1938-09-13 | American Cyanamid & Chem Corp | Production of phthalic esters from impure phthalic acid |
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US4241216A (en) * | 1979-01-02 | 1980-12-23 | Basf Wyandotte Corporation | Phthalic acid diester preparation with waste stream purification and recycle |
EP0037172A2 (en) | 1980-03-01 | 1981-10-07 | BP Chemicals Limited | Heterogeneous esterification catalyst, process for its production and its use in the production of residue esters |
JPS57106641A (en) | 1980-12-22 | 1982-07-02 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Preparation of carboxylates |
RU2004533C1 (ru) | 1992-04-14 | 1993-12-15 | Научно-исследовательский институт пластических масс им.Г.С.Петрова с Опытным московским заводом пластмасс | Способ получени сложных эфиров |
US5648517A (en) | 1994-07-04 | 1997-07-15 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of dialkyl maleates |
DE19721347A1 (de) | 1997-05-22 | 1998-11-26 | Celanese Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Esterweichmachern |
JPH11189569A (ja) | 1997-12-25 | 1999-07-13 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corp | ジアルキルフタレートの製造方法 |
JPH11246486A (ja) | 1998-03-04 | 1999-09-14 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corp | ジアルキルフタレートの製造方法 |
-
2000
- 2000-09-05 DE DE10043545A patent/DE10043545A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-07-13 SG SG200104284A patent/SG109957A1/en unknown
- 2001-07-26 EP EP01118076A patent/EP1186593B1/de not_active Revoked
- 2001-07-26 ES ES01118076T patent/ES2250270T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-07-26 DE DE50107895T patent/DE50107895D1/de not_active Revoked
- 2001-07-26 AT AT01118076T patent/ATE308506T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-08-29 CZ CZ20013116A patent/CZ20013116A3/cs unknown
- 2001-08-30 MX MXPA01008757A patent/MXPA01008757A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2001-08-31 CA CA002356469A patent/CA2356469A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20070060768A1 (en) * | 2003-10-10 | 2007-03-15 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Bmbh | Method for producing benzoic acid esters |
US20080245996A1 (en) * | 2003-10-10 | 2008-10-09 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh | Method for producing benzoic acid esters |
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US20100130767A1 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2010-05-27 | Nicolaas Anthony De Munck | Process for Producing Esters |
US8884048B2 (en) | 2007-03-13 | 2014-11-11 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Process for producing esters |
US20110251419A1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-10-13 | Basf Se | Method for regeneration of raw ester |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2002105023A (ja) | 2002-04-10 |
EP1186593A2 (de) | 2002-03-13 |
US20020028963A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
CN1342639A (zh) | 2002-04-03 |
RU2283299C2 (ru) | 2006-09-10 |
PL349459A1 (en) | 2002-03-11 |
CA2356469A1 (en) | 2002-03-05 |
DE50107895D1 (de) | 2005-12-08 |
ES2250270T3 (es) | 2006-04-16 |
EP1186593B1 (de) | 2005-11-02 |
CZ20013116A3 (cs) | 2002-04-17 |
ZA200107311B (en) | 2002-03-11 |
EP1186593A3 (de) | 2004-01-07 |
AR030942A1 (es) | 2003-09-03 |
MXPA01008757A (es) | 2002-08-20 |
KR100853632B1 (ko) | 2008-08-25 |
DE10043545A1 (de) | 2002-03-14 |
ATE308506T1 (de) | 2005-11-15 |
SG109957A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 |
TWI297681B (en) | 2008-06-11 |
CN1198783C (zh) | 2005-04-27 |
BR0103890A (pt) | 2002-05-07 |
KR20020019412A (ko) | 2002-03-12 |
MY126008A (en) | 2006-09-29 |
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