US4583879A - Paving method and grab for use in said method - Google Patents

Paving method and grab for use in said method Download PDF

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Publication number
US4583879A
US4583879A US06/571,569 US57156984A US4583879A US 4583879 A US4583879 A US 4583879A US 57156984 A US57156984 A US 57156984A US 4583879 A US4583879 A US 4583879A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
bricks
stones
clamping
paving
grab
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US06/571,569
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English (en)
Inventor
Hendrik Hofman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Aannemingsbedrijf Luymes and Bal En Van Der Straaten BV
Original Assignee
Aannemingsbedrijf Luymes and Bal En Van Der Straaten BV
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Application filed by Aannemingsbedrijf Luymes and Bal En Van Der Straaten BV filed Critical Aannemingsbedrijf Luymes and Bal En Van Der Straaten BV
Assigned to AANNEMINGSBEDRIJF LUYMES & BAL EN VAN DER STRAATEN B.V. reassignment AANNEMINGSBEDRIJF LUYMES & BAL EN VAN DER STRAATEN B.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HOFMAN, HENDRIK
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4583879A publication Critical patent/US4583879A/en
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/52Apparatus for laying individual preformed surfacing elements, e.g. kerbstones
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66CCRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
    • B66C1/00Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles
    • B66C1/10Load-engaging elements or devices attached to lifting or lowering gear of cranes or adapted for connection therewith for transmitting lifting forces to articles or groups of articles by mechanical means
    • B66C1/42Gripping members engaging only the external or internal surfaces of the articles
    • B66C1/44Gripping members engaging only the external or internal surfaces of the articles and applying frictional forces
    • B66C1/445Gripping members engaging only the external or internal surfaces of the articles and applying frictional forces motor actuated
    • B66C1/447Gripping members engaging only the external or internal surfaces of the articles and applying frictional forces motor actuated by hydraulic or pneumatic motors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of laying paving, in particular of placing units of paving stones or bricks previously arranged in a selected pattern in a road surface, said method comprising engaging such a unit by clamping at opposite edges and putting it down on a prepared sand bed or like substrate in contiguity with previously laid road surface components while pressing the same into contact with such road surface components, and with a downward force to be exerted on the upper surface of said unit.
  • the border stones or bricks of a unit experience friction from each clamping strip or jaw of the grab, owing to which they do not fail vertically downwardly, but tend to tilt, the row or rows of border stones or bricks contiguous with the ready road surface component will be additionally prevented from falling vertically downwardly owing to the great friction they experience from the ready road surface component as they are moving downwards.
  • the frictional forces referred to are now prevented from tilting the border stones or bricks concerned because these border stones or bricks remain clamped between, on the one hand, the road surface already laid and, on the other hand, the middle stones or bricks of the unit or group throughout their path of movement right down to the substrate, and are thereby pressed positively downwards.
  • a downward force can be exerted on each row of border stones or bricks, and this per row of border stones or bricks independently of the exercise of force on the other rows of border stones or bricks.
  • the invention also relates to a grab comprising a frame including suspension means for attachment to a jib of a swivelling crane, and at least one pair of opposite clamping strips cooperating for clamping a unit or group of stones or bricks previously arranged in a pattern, one clamping strip being arranged so as to be movable, and the other being rigid relatively to said frame, said frame further carrying a holddown mechanism operative vertically downwardly, as disclosed in German "Offenlegungsschrift" No. 1,534,201.
  • this grab is characterized in that said hold-down mechanism is operative along at least the inside of said movably arranged clamping strip.
  • a simple and effective hold-down mechanism comprises one or more hold-down strips each biased downwardly by spring means, said spring means being secured to a tensioning frame movable relatively to the carrier frame between a passive and an active level.
  • the tensioning frame For picking up a unit or group of stones or bricks the tensioning frame is moved upwards, so that the apparatus can be lowered onto a stack of units of stones or bricks without being hindered by the hold-down strips.
  • the tensioning frame When the uppermost unit has been engaged, the tensioning frame is moved to the lower, active position, as a result of which the hold-down strips are pressed down on to the respective rows of border stones or bricks, and can force these downwardly as soon as the lateral clamping has been sufficiently released.
  • the grab is provided with a supporting rail secured to the carrier frame along the outside of at least one of the clamping strips and at least one supporting plate spaced from said supporting rail, the levels of said supporting rail and of said supporting plate being adjustable so as to enable them to function as level positioning means relative to paving already laid and relative to the sand bed or other substrate.
  • a hand rail may be provided for maneuvering the grab.
  • the suspension means whereby the carrier frame is suspended from the swivelling crane preferably includes a combination of universal joint means and freewheel joint means.
  • the correct horizontal position may be found by maneuvering by means of the hand rail, and when the grab is further lowered it comes to rest on the supporting rail and the supporting plate. Owing to the freewheel clutch, further downward movements of the crane jib can no longer adversely affect this position found.
  • FIG. 1 shows a paving machine including the grab according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of the grab, with a number of parts, such as the suspension means, being omitted for clarity; and
  • FIG. 3 is a part-sectional side-elevational view of the grab.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a paving machine comprising a vehicle 1 with a swivelling crane 2, to the jib 3 of which is secured, by suspension means 4, a grab 5.
  • FIG. 1 shows the machine with the vehicle 1 on a part B already paved and a stack of units 6 of stones or bricks arranged in a particular pattern, one of the units 6 being engaged by grab 5 and positioned in contiquity with the part B already paved in spaced relationship over sand bed Z.
  • grab 5 comprises a carrier frame 7 carrying a hand rail 8 and a supporting rail 9 and a supporting plate 10 adjustable in height, and by means of which a unit of stones or bricks 6 can be positioned.
  • the carrier frame 7 also carries four clamping strips 11, 12, 13, and 14, of which in the embodiment shown, strips 11 and 12 are rigidly secured to the carrier frame 7, while strips 13 and 14 are hinged to the carrier frame and are equipped with hydraulic actuating cylinders 15 and 16, respectively.
  • the operative surfaces of the hinging clamping strips 13 and 14 may be covered with a plurality of rubber elements 13a and 14a, respectively, which on the side facing the stones or bricks are provided with wear-resistant steel strips for protection of the rubber. In this way the grab can take up dimensional tolerances of the bricks.
  • the hydraulic system for the actuation of cylinders 15 and 16 may be arranged so that when clamping strips 13, 14 are closed, first cylinder 16 is actuated, and cylinders 15 are not actuated until after clamping strip 14 exerts a certain force on the group of stones or bricks 6.
  • the group of stones or bricks is thus first compressed in the longitudinal direction between strips 12 and 14 before being clamped by strips 11 and 13 as well.
  • the clamping is sufficiently great for the group of stones or bricks to be manoeuvred without the stones or bricks being shifted relatively to each other.
  • the hydraulic cylinders 15, 16 are actuated all at the same time, so that strips 13 and 14 are opened at the same time and all stones or bricks may fall simultaneously.
  • a hold-down mechanism for the border stones or bricks which presses these vertically downwardly onto the sand bed Z as the clamping strips are opened.
  • the hold-down mechanism comprises a tensioning frame 17 that can be moved up and down relatively to carrier frame 7 by a cylinder 18 via levers 18a. From the tensioning frame 17, a plurality of springs 19a extend downwardly and are attached to the carrier frame 7, and a plurality of connection rods 30 extend downwardly to separate hold-down strips 19 extending along the inside of the clamping strips 11-14.
  • the grab 5 is attached to the jib 3 by suspension means including, in the embodiment shown, a universal joint, such as a cardan joint 20, 24, at each end with a freewheel joint, such as a sliding sleeve unit 23 with spring rings 23a between them.
  • the freewheel joint 23 in the suspension prevents the transmission of minor vertical movements and vibrations of the crane jib to the unit of stones or bricks as it is being laid on the substrate and as it is being picked up from a stack of such units.
  • the spring means 23a function as a buffer during the hoisting of the grab.
  • the suspension arrangement makes it possible for the grab to be optimally adjusted relatively to a stack of units of stones or bricks, relatively to the substrate, and relatively to pavement already laid.
  • the suspension means may include a swivel joint 21 with a lock 22 against rotation, with which pre-selected settings relative to the crane jib can be rapidly accomplished.
  • the method and the grab for use therein, according to the invention make it possible for units or groups of bricks or stones to be positioned in a reliable manner without disturbing the herringbone bond with rectangular concrete paving stones, so that the subsequent insertion of half bricks becomes superfluous.
  • the release of a positioned unit of stones or bricks it is ensured that all stones or bricks thereof fall vertically downwardly on the sand bed, and the carefully prepared sand bed is not previously disturbed.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Machines (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Load-Engaging Elements For Cranes (AREA)
US06/571,569 1983-01-21 1984-01-17 Paving method and grab for use in said method Expired - Fee Related US4583879A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL8300230A NL8300230A (nl) 1983-01-21 1983-01-21 Bestratingswerkwijze en grijper ten gebruike bij deze werkwijze.
NL8300230 1983-01-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4583879A true US4583879A (en) 1986-04-22

Family

ID=19841268

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US06/571,569 Expired - Fee Related US4583879A (en) 1983-01-21 1984-01-17 Paving method and grab for use in said method

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US4583879A (nl)
JP (1) JPS59185207A (nl)
AU (1) AU563085B2 (nl)
BE (1) BE898707A (nl)
CA (1) CA1229759A (nl)
DE (1) DE3401227A1 (nl)
DK (1) DK151818C (nl)
FR (1) FR2539775B1 (nl)
GB (1) GB2134957B (nl)
IT (1) IT1207033B (nl)
NL (1) NL8300230A (nl)
SE (1) SE458453B (nl)
ZA (1) ZA84451B (nl)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4954010A (en) * 1990-02-21 1990-09-04 Montgomery Darryl R Transverse-mounted slurry sealant box assembly
US6047520A (en) * 1997-07-31 2000-04-11 Caraballo; Abelardo Floor tile holder, setter, and spacer; and table
BE1014002A3 (nl) * 1999-09-20 2003-02-04 Ebema Nv Werkwijze en inrichting voor het aanbrengen van stenen op een ondergrond.
WO2003024883A2 (en) * 2001-09-19 2003-03-27 William Bruce Smith System and method for removal and replacement of rigid pavement slabs
BE1015496A3 (nl) * 2003-04-07 2005-05-03 Ebema N V Werkwijze en inrichting voor het aanbrengen van deksels met sleuven op betonnen kabelgoten.
US20060056912A1 (en) * 2004-09-13 2006-03-16 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Concrete pavers layable in a herringbone pattern
US20100260545A1 (en) * 2007-09-10 2010-10-14 Van Camp Guido L P Paving system for mechanically paving with irregular paving stones
US8459897B1 (en) 2012-06-08 2013-06-11 Ronald A. Knapp Fragmented slab lifting apparatus and method
US20140147203A1 (en) * 2012-02-21 2014-05-29 Research Institute Of Highway Ministry Of Transport Auxiliary member for pavement construction, concrete slab and method for pavement construction
US8747021B1 (en) 2013-03-05 2014-06-10 Techo-Bloc Inc. Transport apparatus and method for the transport, orientation and installation of a unit of paving blocks
US9074381B1 (en) 2014-04-25 2015-07-07 Gary Lee Drew Tile laying machine and a method of use
US9358688B2 (en) 2014-04-25 2016-06-07 Gary Lee Drew Machine for aligning items in a pattern and a method of use
CN109056478A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2018-12-21 王海艳 一种新式的人行道快速铺砖车
US20190234083A1 (en) * 2016-06-20 2019-08-01 Frignano Servizi S.R.L. A Capitale Ridotto Equipment for the movement and laying of ceramic articles, particularly large-format tiles
CN112501995A (zh) * 2020-10-16 2021-03-16 杭州景昱园林工程有限公司 一种景观园林路面铺设机械
CN113338128A (zh) * 2021-06-11 2021-09-03 曹成朋 一种大数据分析式喷砂铺设施工方法
CN114575223A (zh) * 2022-03-14 2022-06-03 浙江碧海建筑工程有限公司 一种市政用路面自动铺砖车

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8401564D0 (en) * 1984-01-20 1984-02-22 Charcon Ltd Block laying apparatus
FR2593104B1 (fr) * 1986-01-17 1990-08-31 Acodim Sarl Pince a serrage automatique, en particulier pour blocs de beton.
SE8605112D0 (sv) * 1986-11-28 1986-11-28 Alo Maskiner Ab Balhanteringsanordning
US4836731A (en) * 1988-03-07 1989-06-06 Builders Equipment Company Method and apparatus for cubing stones of diverse geometries
JP2573984B2 (ja) * 1988-03-07 1997-01-22 鹿島道路株式会社 敷き材の敷設装置
DE4343053C1 (de) * 1993-12-16 1995-03-09 Probst Greif Foerdertech Verlegeeinrichtung mit daran angeordneter Abdrückvorrichtung zum Verlegen von Verbundsteinlagen
GB9525653D0 (en) * 1995-12-15 1996-02-14 Thames Water Utilities Apparatus for laying a surface
CN110453576A (zh) * 2019-08-25 2019-11-15 袁利峰 一种自动铺地砖机
CN111188247B (zh) * 2020-01-07 2020-10-13 中源宏宇建设集团有限公司 一种道路路缘石安砌设备
CN113756161A (zh) * 2021-08-06 2021-12-07 赵晨希 一种模块化道路铺设装置
CN114411506B (zh) * 2021-12-20 2023-10-13 西安尊恒盛合建设工程有限公司 一种自动铺砖机

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2095414A (en) * 1932-03-09 1937-10-12 David A Hemstreet Shoulder spreader for roadways
US2784923A (en) * 1953-08-25 1957-03-12 Sepke Andrew Lifting tongs
US3098673A (en) * 1960-11-14 1963-07-23 Carlesimo John Lifting device
AT241752B (de) * 1962-04-30 1965-08-10 Peter Sen Moskopf Greifvorrichtung für in Abstand liegendes, schichtweise zu erfassendes Stückgut
CA768524A (en) * 1967-10-03 Russell T. Flora, Jr. Lifting hook assembly
US4168130A (en) * 1977-04-22 1979-09-18 Dr. Barth Kg Apparatus for placing paving elements
US4194853A (en) * 1977-04-06 1980-03-25 Gunter Barth Method and apparatus for producing a ground covering from individual paving stones
DE3006652A1 (de) * 1980-02-22 1981-08-27 Sf-Vollverbundstein-Kooperation Gmbh, 2820 Bremen Klammer fuer plattenfoermige betonelemente
US4320985A (en) * 1978-12-13 1982-03-23 Optimas Bauelemente Und Baugerate Gmbh Apparatus for multiple setting of concrete paving blocks
DE3133661A1 (de) * 1981-08-26 1983-03-17 Rudolf 8034 Germering Aumiller Verlegeverfahren fuer lose betonpflaster und verbundsteine
US4383788A (en) * 1980-01-28 1983-05-17 Wamac-Idab Ab Arrangement for a machine particularly intended for handling loose signature packs
US4479739A (en) * 1981-05-29 1984-10-30 Schweikert Otfried W Machine for laying shaped bricks

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US3427936A (en) * 1966-08-01 1969-02-18 Meij Antonius J Van Der Method for paving a street
DE1534201B1 (de) * 1966-08-12 1969-02-20 Allg Strassenbaubedarfs Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum maschinellen Verlegen von Formsteinen
DE2721590A1 (de) * 1977-05-13 1978-11-16 Josef Fleischer Steinlegesystem
JPS559502A (en) * 1978-07-05 1980-01-23 Ricoh Co Ltd Substrate for electrophotographic material
DE2902727A1 (de) * 1979-01-25 1980-08-07 Lehnen & Lischke Bau Impex Selbstfahrende vorrichtung zum versetzen von pflasterstein-verlegeeinheiten
DE3240420A1 (de) * 1982-11-02 1984-05-03 Werner 8580 Bayreuth Zapf Pflasterstein-verlegeeinrichtung

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA768524A (en) * 1967-10-03 Russell T. Flora, Jr. Lifting hook assembly
US2095414A (en) * 1932-03-09 1937-10-12 David A Hemstreet Shoulder spreader for roadways
US2784923A (en) * 1953-08-25 1957-03-12 Sepke Andrew Lifting tongs
US3098673A (en) * 1960-11-14 1963-07-23 Carlesimo John Lifting device
AT241752B (de) * 1962-04-30 1965-08-10 Peter Sen Moskopf Greifvorrichtung für in Abstand liegendes, schichtweise zu erfassendes Stückgut
US4194853A (en) * 1977-04-06 1980-03-25 Gunter Barth Method and apparatus for producing a ground covering from individual paving stones
US4168130A (en) * 1977-04-22 1979-09-18 Dr. Barth Kg Apparatus for placing paving elements
US4320985A (en) * 1978-12-13 1982-03-23 Optimas Bauelemente Und Baugerate Gmbh Apparatus for multiple setting of concrete paving blocks
US4383788A (en) * 1980-01-28 1983-05-17 Wamac-Idab Ab Arrangement for a machine particularly intended for handling loose signature packs
DE3006652A1 (de) * 1980-02-22 1981-08-27 Sf-Vollverbundstein-Kooperation Gmbh, 2820 Bremen Klammer fuer plattenfoermige betonelemente
US4479739A (en) * 1981-05-29 1984-10-30 Schweikert Otfried W Machine for laying shaped bricks
DE3133661A1 (de) * 1981-08-26 1983-03-17 Rudolf 8034 Germering Aumiller Verlegeverfahren fuer lose betonpflaster und verbundsteine

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4954010A (en) * 1990-02-21 1990-09-04 Montgomery Darryl R Transverse-mounted slurry sealant box assembly
US6047520A (en) * 1997-07-31 2000-04-11 Caraballo; Abelardo Floor tile holder, setter, and spacer; and table
BE1014002A3 (nl) * 1999-09-20 2003-02-04 Ebema Nv Werkwijze en inrichting voor het aanbrengen van stenen op een ondergrond.
US6752566B2 (en) * 2001-09-19 2004-06-22 Works R&D, Inc. Exo-Lift
US6595718B2 (en) * 2001-09-19 2003-07-22 Works R&D, Inc. Exo-lift
WO2003024883A3 (en) * 2001-09-19 2004-04-22 William Bruce Smith System and method for removal and replacement of rigid pavement slabs
WO2003024883A2 (en) * 2001-09-19 2003-03-27 William Bruce Smith System and method for removal and replacement of rigid pavement slabs
BE1015496A3 (nl) * 2003-04-07 2005-05-03 Ebema N V Werkwijze en inrichting voor het aanbrengen van deksels met sleuven op betonnen kabelgoten.
US20060056912A1 (en) * 2004-09-13 2006-03-16 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Concrete pavers layable in a herringbone pattern
US7425106B2 (en) 2004-09-13 2008-09-16 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Concrete pavers positioned in a herringbone pattern
US20080279626A1 (en) * 2004-09-13 2008-11-13 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Concrete pavers layable in a herringbone pattern
US20100260545A1 (en) * 2007-09-10 2010-10-14 Van Camp Guido L P Paving system for mechanically paving with irregular paving stones
US20140147203A1 (en) * 2012-02-21 2014-05-29 Research Institute Of Highway Ministry Of Transport Auxiliary member for pavement construction, concrete slab and method for pavement construction
US8985895B2 (en) * 2012-02-21 2015-03-24 Research Institute Of Highway Ministry Of Transport Auxiliary member for pavement construction, concrete slab and method for pavement construction
US8459897B1 (en) 2012-06-08 2013-06-11 Ronald A. Knapp Fragmented slab lifting apparatus and method
US8591143B1 (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-11-26 Ronald A. Knapp Fragmented slab lifting apparatus and method
US8747021B1 (en) 2013-03-05 2014-06-10 Techo-Bloc Inc. Transport apparatus and method for the transport, orientation and installation of a unit of paving blocks
US9074381B1 (en) 2014-04-25 2015-07-07 Gary Lee Drew Tile laying machine and a method of use
US9358688B2 (en) 2014-04-25 2016-06-07 Gary Lee Drew Machine for aligning items in a pattern and a method of use
US20190234083A1 (en) * 2016-06-20 2019-08-01 Frignano Servizi S.R.L. A Capitale Ridotto Equipment for the movement and laying of ceramic articles, particularly large-format tiles
CN109056478A (zh) * 2018-09-26 2018-12-21 王海艳 一种新式的人行道快速铺砖车
CN109056478B (zh) * 2018-09-26 2020-08-11 温州创谋三维设计有限公司 一种新式的人行道快速铺砖车
CN112501995A (zh) * 2020-10-16 2021-03-16 杭州景昱园林工程有限公司 一种景观园林路面铺设机械
CN113338128A (zh) * 2021-06-11 2021-09-03 曹成朋 一种大数据分析式喷砂铺设施工方法
CN114575223A (zh) * 2022-03-14 2022-06-03 浙江碧海建筑工程有限公司 一种市政用路面自动铺砖车

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2134957A (en) 1984-08-22
GB8401065D0 (en) 1984-02-15
AU2356684A (en) 1984-07-26
NL8300230A (nl) 1984-08-16
DK24184A (da) 1984-07-22
SE8400230L (sv) 1984-07-22
IT8419260A0 (it) 1984-01-20
JPS59185207A (ja) 1984-10-20
SE8400230D0 (sv) 1984-01-18
ZA84451B (en) 1984-09-26
JPH0347361B2 (nl) 1991-07-19
DK151818B (da) 1988-01-04
BE898707A (nl) 1984-07-19
CA1229759A (en) 1987-12-01
DK151818C (da) 1988-06-13
FR2539775A1 (fr) 1984-07-27
GB2134957B (en) 1986-06-04
AU563085B2 (en) 1987-06-25
DE3401227A1 (de) 1984-07-26
FR2539775B1 (fr) 1987-03-20
IT1207033B (it) 1989-05-17
SE458453B (sv) 1989-04-03
DK24184D0 (da) 1984-01-20

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AS Assignment

Owner name: AANNEMINGSBEDRIJF LUYMES & BAL EN VAN DER STRAATEN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:HOFMAN, HENDRIK;REEL/FRAME:004222/0809

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