US20150175655A1 - Inhibitors of hepatitis c virus - Google Patents

Inhibitors of hepatitis c virus Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150175655A1
US20150175655A1 US14/412,331 US201314412331A US2015175655A1 US 20150175655 A1 US20150175655 A1 US 20150175655A1 US 201314412331 A US201314412331 A US 201314412331A US 2015175655 A1 US2015175655 A1 US 2015175655A1
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alkyl
optionally substituted
groups
carbocyclyl
membered
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US14/412,331
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Inventor
Kyla Bjornson
Eda Canales
Jeromy J. Cottell
Kapil Kumar Karki
Ashley Anne Katana
Darryl Kato
Tetsuya Kobayashi
John O. Link
Ruben Martinez
Barton W. Phillips
Hyung-Jung Pyun
Michael Sangi
Adam James Schrier
Dustin Siegel
James G. Taylor
Chinh Viet Tran
Teresa Alejandra Trejo Martin
Randall W. Vivian
Zheng-Yu Yang
Jeff Zablocki
Sheila Zipfel
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Gilead Pharmasset LLC
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Gilead Sciences Inc
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Priority to US14/412,331 priority Critical patent/US20150175655A1/en
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PHILLIPS, BARTON W., BJORNSON, KYLA, MARTINEZ, RUBEN, TRAN, CHINH VIET, KOBAYASHI, TETSUYA, KARKI, Kapil Kumar, SANGI, MICHAEL, VIVIAN, RANDALL W., SIEGEL, DUSTIN, ZABLOCKI, JEFF, SCHRIER, Adam James, PYUN, HYUNG-JUNG, ZIPFEL, SHEILA, COTTELL, JEROMY J., TREJO MARTIN, TERESA ALEJANDRA, YANG, ZHENG-YU, KATANA, ASHLEY ANNE, KATO, DARRYL, LINK, JOHN O., TAYLOR, JAMES G., CANALES, EDA
Publication of US20150175655A1 publication Critical patent/US20150175655A1/en
Assigned to GILEAD PHARMASSET LLC reassignment GILEAD PHARMASSET LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GILEAD SCIENCES, INC.
Assigned to GILEAD PHARMASSET LLC reassignment GILEAD PHARMASSET LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GILEAD SCIENCES, INC.
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    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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Definitions

  • Novel small molecule inhibitors of viral replication are disclosed, compositions containing such compounds, and therapeutic methods comprising the administration of such compounds are also disclosed.
  • HCV hepatitis C virus
  • HCV treatment is further complicated by the fact that HCV is genetically diverse and expressed as several different genotypes and numerous subtypes. For example, HCV is currently classified into six major genotypes (designated 1-6), many subtypes (designated a, b, c, and so on), and about 100 different strains (numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on).
  • HCV HCV is distributed worldwide with genotypes 1, 2, and 3 predominate within the United States, Europe, Australia, and East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and China). Genotype 4 is largely found in the Middle East, Egypt and central Africa while genotype 5 and 6 are found predominantly in South Africa and South East Asia respectively (Simmonds, P. et al. J Virol . 84: 4597-4610, 2010).
  • ribavirin a nucleoside analog, and interferon-alpha (a) (IFN)
  • IFN interferon-alpha
  • HCV protease inhibitors frequently have compromised in vitro activity against HCV genotypes 2 and 3 compared to genotype 1 (See, e.g., Table 1 of Summa, V. et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 2012, 56, 4161-4167; Gottwein, J. et al, Gastroenterology , 2011, 141, 1067-1079).
  • clinical efficacy has also proven highly variable across HCV genotypes. For example, therapies that are highly effective against HCV genotype 1 and 2 may have limited or no clinical efficacy against genotype 3.
  • antiviral agents have good clinical efficacy against genotype 1, but lower and more variable against genotypes 2 and 3. (Reiser, M.
  • Antiviral agents that are less susceptible to viral resistance are also needed.
  • resistance mutations at positions 155 and 168 in the HCV protease frequently cause a substantial decrease in antiviral efficacy of HCV protease inhibitors (Mani, N. Ann Forum Collab HIV Res ., 2012, 14, 1-8; Romano, K P et al, PNAS, 2010, 107, 20986-20991; Lenz O, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy , 2010, 54, 1878-1887.)
  • Novel compounds that inhibit the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease are disclosed.
  • the compounds disclosed inhibit multiple genotypes of the hepatitis C virus. These compounds are useful for the treatment of HCV infection and the related symptoms.
  • Formula (IV) is C 3 -C 6 carbocyclylene that is attached to L and to the remainder of the compound of Formula IV through two adjacent carbons, wherein said C 3 -C 6 carbocyclene is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • Formula (IV) is C 3 -C 6 carbocyclylene that is attached to L and to the remainder of the compound of Formula IV through two adjacent carbons, wherein the C 3 -C 6 carbocyclene is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl or trifluoromethyl.
  • Formula (IV) is C 6 -C 8 bridged bicyclic carbocyclylene or C 6 -C 8 fused bicyclic carbocyclylene that is attached to L and to the remainder of the compound of Formula IV through two adjacent carbons.
  • L is C 3 -C 6 alkylene, substituted with 1-4 halogens.
  • L is C 5 alkylene, substituted with two halogens.
  • the halogens are each fluoro.
  • L is C 3 -C 6 alkylene.
  • L is C 5 alkylene
  • Q is t-butyl or C 5 -C 6 carbocyclyl.
  • Q is t-butyl
  • E is C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halogen atoms.
  • E is difluoromethyl.
  • W is hydrogen, —O(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, halogen or cyano.
  • W is methoxy
  • Z 2a is hydrogen or methyl.
  • Z 2a is methyl
  • J 6 is C 3 -C 8 carbocyclyl optionally substituted with 1-4 Z 3 groups;
  • L 3 is C 1 -C 8 alkylene or C 2 -C 8 alkenylene wherein said C 1 -C 8 alkylene is substituted with 1-4 Z 4 groups or said C 2 -C 8 alkenylene is substituted with 1-4 Z 4 groups and wherein each is optionally substituted with 1-4 halogens;
  • L 8 is L 8A -L 8B -L 8C wherein L 8A and L 8C are each independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene or a bond and L 8B is a 3- to 6-membered saturated or unsaturated ring containing 0 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, wherein L 8A and L 8C connect to L 8B at two different ring atoms and L 8B is optionally substituted with 1-4 Z 1 groups;
  • One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating a Flaviviridae viral infection (e.g., an HCV viral infection) in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for inhibiting the proliferation of the HCV virus, treating HCV or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medical therapy (e.g., for use in treating a Flaviviridae viral infection such as an HCV viral infection or in treating the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human)).
  • a Flaviviridae viral infection such as an HCV viral infection
  • a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medical therapy (e.g., for use in treating a Flaviviridae viral infection such as an HCV viral infection or in treating the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human)).
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a Flaviviridae viral infection (e.g., an HCV viral infection) or the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • a Flaviviridae viral infection e.g., an HCV viral infection
  • the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of the proliferation of a Flaviviridae virus, an HCV virus or for use in the therapeutic treatment of delaying the onset of HCV symptoms.
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a Flaviviridae virus infection (e.g., an HCV virus infection).
  • a Flaviviridae virus infection e.g., an HCV virus infection.
  • One embodiment provides the use of a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for a Flaviviridae virus infection (e.g., an HCV virus infection) in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • a Flaviviridae virus infection e.g., an HCV virus infection
  • One embodiment provides processes and intermediates disclosed herein that are useful for preparing compounds of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or salts thereof.
  • a cyclic group e.g. cycloalkyl, carbocyclyl, bicyclic carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl
  • the number or numbers refer to the number of atoms making up the cyclic group, including any heteroatoms. Therefore, for example, a 4-8 membered heterocyclyl group has 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 ring atoms.
  • Alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl with at least one site of unsaturation, e.g., a (sp 2 )carbon-(sp 2 )carbon double bond.
  • an alkenyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2 -C 8 alkenyl), or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2 -C 6 alkenyl).
  • suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl (—CH ⁇ CH 2 ) and allyl (—CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ).
  • Alkenylene refers to an alkene having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene.
  • alkenylene radicals include, but are not limited to, 1,2-ethenylene (—CH ⁇ CH—) or prop-1-enylene (—CH 2 CH ⁇ CH—).
  • Alkoxy is RO— where R is alkyl, as defined herein.
  • alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy.
  • Alkyl refers to a saturated, straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl radical.
  • an alkyl group can have 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., (C 1 -C 8 ) alkyl) or 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., (C 1 -C 6 alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl.
  • Alkylene refers to an alkyl having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane.
  • alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH 2 —), ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —), propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) and butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —).
  • Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon with at least one site of unsaturation, e.g., a (sp)carbon-(sp)carbon triple bond.
  • an alkynyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (C 2 -C 8 alkyne) or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (C 2 -C 6 alkynyl).
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenyl (—C ⁇ CCH) and propargyl (—CH 2 ⁇ CCH) groups.
  • Alkynylene refers to an alkynyl having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne.
  • Typical alkynylene radicals include, but are not limited to, acetylene (—C ⁇ C—), propargylene (—CH 2 C ⁇ C—), and 1-pentynylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C ⁇ C—).
  • Aryl refers to a single all carbon aromatic ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system (e.g., a fused multicyclic ring system) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic.
  • an aryl group can have 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms. It is to be understood that the point of attachment of a multiple condensed ring system, as defined above, can be at any position of the ring system including an aromatic or a carbocyclyl portion of the ring.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and indanyl.
  • “Arylene” refers to an aryl as defined herein having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from two different carbon atoms of a parent aryl. Typical arylene radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylene,
  • Bicyclic carbocyclyl refers to a 5-14 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic fused, bridged, or spiro ring hydrocarbon attached via a ring carbon.
  • a spiro bicyclic carbocyclyl the two rings share a single common carbon atom.
  • a fused bicyclic carbocyclyl the two rings share two common and adjacent carbon atoms.
  • a bridged bicyclic carbocyclyl the two rings share three or more common, non-adjacent carbon atoms.
  • Examples of bicyclic carbocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to spiro bicyclic carbocyclyl groups wherein two carbocyclyl rings share one common atom
  • Bicyclic carbocyclylene refers to a bicyclic carbocyclyl, as defined above, having two monovalent radical centers derived from the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atom of a parent bicyclic carbocyclyl.
  • Examples of bicyclic carbocyclylene groups include, but are not limited to, spiro bicyclic carbocyclylene groups wherein two carbocyclyl rings share one common atom
  • Carbocyclyloxy is RO— where R is carbocyclyl, as defined herein.
  • “Bicyclic carbocyclyloxy” is RO— where R is bicyclic carbocyclyl, as defined herein.
  • Carbocyclyl and “carbocycle” refers to a hydrocarbyl group containing one saturated or partially unsaturated ring structure, attached via a ring carbon.
  • carbocyclyl refers to a saturated or a partially unsaturated C 3 -C 12 cyclic moiety, examples of which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • Carbocyclylene (as well as “carbocyclene”) refers to a carbocyclyl, as defined herein, having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent carbocyclyl.
  • Examples of carbocyclene include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene and cyclohexylene.
  • Carbocyclylalkyl refers to a hydrocarbyl group containing one saturated or partially unsaturated ring structure attached to an alkyl group, attached via a ring carbon or an alkyl carbon.
  • carbocyclylalkyl refers to a saturated or a partially unsaturated C r -C 12 carbocyclylalkyl moiety, examples of which include cyclopropylalkyl, cyclobutylalkyl, cyclopropylethyl, and cyclopropylpropyl.
  • Carbocyclylalkylene refers to a carbocyclylalkyl, as defined herein, having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent cycloalkylalkyl.
  • Examples of cycloalkylene include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethylene and cyclopropylmethylene.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a hydrocarbyl group containing one saturated ring structure, attached via a ring carbon.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated C 3 -C 12 cyclic moiety, examples of which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • Cycloalkoxy is RO— where R is cycloalkyl, as defined herein.
  • Direct bond refers a covalent bond between two atoms.
  • Halo or “halogen” refers to chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br), fluoro (—F) or iodo (—I).
  • Haloalkenyl refers to alkenyl group, as defined herein, substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
  • Haloalkoxy refers to alkoxy, as defined herein, substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
  • Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group, in which one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group is replaced with a halogen atom.
  • haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CFH 2 and —CH 2 CF 3 .
  • Haloalkylene refers to alkylene group, as defined herein, substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
  • Heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom.
  • Heteroalkylene refers to an alkylene group, as defined herein, in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom.
  • Heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group, as defined herein, in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom.
  • Heteroalkenylene refers to heteroalkenyl group, as defined above, having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different atoms of a parent heteroalkenyl group.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a single aromatic ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; the term also includes multiple condensed ring systems that have at least one such aromatic ring.
  • heteroaryl includes monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having up to 6 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
  • the rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements.
  • heteroaryl examples include pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, isoindolyl, benzotriazolyl, purinyl, thianaphthenyl and pyrazinyl.
  • heteroaryl can occur via an aromatic ring, or, if heteroaryl is bicyclic or tricyclic and one of the rings is not aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, through a non-aromatic ring or a ring containing no heteroatoms.
  • “Heteroaryl” is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen containing heteroaryl.
  • Heteroarylene refers to a heteroaryl, as defined above, having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms or the removal of a hydrogen from one carbon atom and the removal of a hydrogen atom from one nitrogen atom of a parent heteroaryl group.
  • Non-limiting examples of heteroarylene groups are:
  • Heterocyclyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic group of 2 to 14 ring-carbon atoms and, in addition to ring-carbon atoms, 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Bi- or tricyclic heterocyclyl groups may have fused, bridged, or spiro ring connectivity. In various embodiments the heterocyclic group is attached to another moiety through carbon or through a heteroatom.
  • heterocyclyl examples include without limitation azetidinyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzoimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydr
  • a spiro bicyclic heterocyclyl group refers to a bicyclic heterocyclyl group wherein the two rings of the bicyclic heterocyclyl group share one common atom.
  • a fused bicyclic bicyclic heterocyclyl group refers to a bicyclic heterocyclyl group wherein the two rings of the bicyclic heterocyclyl group share two common atoms.
  • a bridged bicyclic heterocyclyl group refers to a bicyclic heterocyclyl group wherein the two rings of the bicyclic heterocyclyl group share three or more (such as 3, 4, 5 or 6) common atoms.
  • Heterocyclene refers to a heterocyclyl, as defined herein, having two monovalent radical centers derived from the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms, through a carbon and a heteroatom, or through two heteroatoms of a parent heterocycle.
  • Prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the drug substance, or active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), photolysis, and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s). A prodrug is thus a covalently modified analog or latent form of a therapeutically active compound.
  • Non-limiting examples of prodrugs include ester moieties, quaternary ammonium moieties, glycol moieties, and the like.
  • optionally substituted refers to a moiety wherein all substituents are hydrogen or wherein one or more of the hydrogens of the moiety are replaced by non-hydrogen substituents; that is to say the moiety that is optionally substituted is either substituted or unsubstituted.
  • LG refers to a moiety of a compound that is active towards displacement or substitution in a chemical reaction.
  • examples of in which such as displacement or substitution occur include, but are not limited to, nucleophilic substitution bimolecular (S N 2), nucleophilic substitution unimolecular (S N 1), nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S N Ar), and transition metal catalyzed cross-couplings.
  • Examples of leaving groups include, but are not limited to, a halogen atom (e.g. —Cl, —Br, —I) and sulfonates (e.g. mesylate (—OMs), tosylate (—OTs) or triflate (—OTf)).
  • a halogen atom e.g. —Cl, —Br, or —I
  • a transition metal e.g. Pd catalyzed Suzuki coupling between an aryl halide and aryl boronic acid
  • another reagents such as a base.
  • chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
  • “Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Isomers include stereoisomers, enantiomers and diastereomers.
  • “Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
  • Enantiomers are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture. The term “( ⁇ )” is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
  • stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may have chiral centers, e.g., chiral carbon atoms. Such compounds thus include racemic mixtures of all stereoisomers, including enantiomers, diastereomers, and atropisomers.
  • the compounds disclosed herein include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric, chiral atoms. In other words, the chiral centers apparent from the depictions are provided as the chiral isomers or racemic mixtures. Both racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers isolated or synthesized, substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, are all within the scope of the invention.
  • racemic mixtures can be separated into their individual, substantially optically pure isomers through well-known techniques such as, for example, the separation of diastereomeric salts formed with optically active adjuncts, e.g., acids or bases followed by conversion back to the optically active substances.
  • optically active adjuncts e.g., acids or bases followed by conversion back to the optically active substances.
  • the desired optical isomer can also be synthesized by means of stereospecific reactions, beginning with the appropriate stereoisomer of the desired starting material.
  • a compound disclosed herein when a bond is drawn in a non-stereochemical manner (e.g., flat) the atom to which the bond is attached includes all stereochemical possibilities. It is also to be understood that when a bond is drawn in a stereochemical manner (e.g., bold, bold-wedge, dashed or dashed-wedge) the atom to which the stereochemical bond is attached has the stereochemistry as shown unless otherwise noted. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is greater than 50% a single enantiomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 80% a single enantiomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 90% a single enantiomer.
  • a compound disclosed herein is at least 98% a single enantiomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 99% a single enantiomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is greater than 50% a single diastereomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 80% a single diastereomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 90% a single diastereomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 98% a single diastereomer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein is at least 99% a single diastereomer.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can also exist as tautomeric isomers in certain cases. Although only one delocalized resonance structure may be depicted, all such forms are contemplated within the scope of the invention.
  • ene-amine tautomers can exist for purine, pyrimidine, imidazole, guanidine, amidine, and tetrazole systems and all their possible tautomeric forms are within the scope of the invention.
  • this invention also includes any compound claimed that may be enriched at any or all atoms above naturally occurring isotopic ratios with one or more isotopes such as, but not limited to, deuterium ( 2 H or D).
  • a —CH 3 group may be replaced by —CD 3 .
  • protecting groups include prodrug moieties and chemical protecting groups.
  • Protecting groups may be represented by the abbreviation “PG.”
  • Protecting group refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole.
  • Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See e.g. Peter G. M. Wuts and Theodora W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , 4 th edition; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New Jersey, 2007. See also Kocienski, P. J.
  • Protecting Groups 3 rd edition; Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart: New York, 2005, in particular Chapter 1, Protecting Groups: An Overview, pages 1-48, Chapter 2, Carbonyl Protecting Groups, pages 49-118, Chapter 3, Diol Protecting Groups, pages 119-186, Chapter 4, Hydroxyl Protecting Groups, pages 187-364, Chapter 5, Thiol Protecting Groups, pages 365-392.
  • Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g., making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion.
  • Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools.
  • Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.
  • protecting groups are optionally employed to prevent side reactions with the protected group during synthetic procedures. Selection of the appropriate groups to protect, when to do so, and the nature of the chemical protecting group “PG” is dependent upon the chemistry of the reaction to be protected against (e.g., acidic, basic, oxidative, reductive or other conditions) and the intended direction of the synthesis. PGs do not need to be, and generally are not, the same if the compound is substituted with multiple PG. In general, PG will be used to protect functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, thio, or amino groups and to thus prevent side reactions or to otherwise facilitate the synthetic efficiency. The order of deprotection to yield free deprotected groups is dependent upon the intended direction of the synthesis and the reaction conditions to be encountered, and may occur in any order as determined by the artisan.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds disclosed herein include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth metal (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • an appropriate base such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth metal (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a nitrogen atom or an amino group include for example salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.
  • organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids
  • organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids
  • compositions of a compound of a hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na + and NX 4 + (wherein each X is independently selected from H or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group).
  • salts of active ingredients of the compounds disclosed herein will typically be pharmaceutically acceptable, i.e., they will be salts derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base.
  • salts of acids or bases which are not pharmaceutically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV, (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or another compound disclosed herein. All salts, whether or not derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.
  • Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound disclosed herein.
  • metal salts which are prepared in this way are salts containing Li + , Na + , and K + .
  • a less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound.
  • compositions herein comprise compounds disclosed herein in their un-ionized, as well as zwitterionic form, and combinations with stoichiometric amounts of water as in hydrates.
  • A is —C(O)—, 6-10 membered arylene, or 5-6 membered heteroarylene group, wherein said arylene or heteroarylene is optionally substituted with 1-4 halogens or haloalkyl groups. In some embodiments, A is —C(O)—.
  • M is —O— or a bond. In some embodiments, M is —O—.
  • G is —CO 2 H or —CONHSO 2 Z 2 . In some embodiments, G is —CONHSO 2 Z 2 . In some embodiments, G is —CONHSO 2 Z 2 and Z 2 is cyclopropyl optionally substituted with methyl.
  • G is:
  • G is:
  • Z 2 is:
  • Z 2 is:
  • Z 2a is hydrogen, halogen or methyl. In some embodiments, Z 2a is:
  • Z 2a is
  • Z 2a is
  • Z 2a is
  • one of R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is Z 1 and the other two are H. In some embodiments, R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each H.
  • X is —OC(O)—, —O—, or a direct bond. In some embodiments, X is —O—.
  • X is —OC(O)—, —O—, or a direct bond. In certain other embodiments, X is —O—.
  • T 1 is
  • T 2 is
  • T 3 is
  • T 4 is
  • T 5 is
  • T 8 is
  • T 9 is
  • T 10 is
  • T 11 is
  • T 12 is
  • T 1 is:
  • T 2 is:
  • T 3 is:
  • T 2 is T 2 , which is optionally substituted with 1-4 Z 1 groups, which are the same or different.
  • T 2 is:
  • T 2 is:
  • T 2 is:
  • T 2 is:
  • J is J 1 , J 4 , J 5 or J 8 . In other embodiments, J is J 4 . In certain embodiments, J is J 5 .
  • J 4 is
  • J is
  • J 5 is
  • J is C 1 -C 3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, J is methyl or ethyl. In further other embodiments, J is —CH 2 —CH 3 .
  • L is L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 , L 7 , L 8 or L 9 . In one embodiment, L is L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 or L 6 . In certain embodiments, L is L 1 or L 2 .
  • L is C 3 -C 6 alkylene, substituted with 1-4 halogens.
  • L is C 5 alkylene, substituted with two halogens.
  • the halogens of L are each fluoro.
  • L is:
  • L is N
  • L 1 is:
  • L 2 is:
  • L 3 is
  • L 4 is
  • L 5 is
  • L 6 is N
  • L 7 is
  • L 8 is
  • L 9 is
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • L is N
  • Q is Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 , Q 5 or Q 7
  • Q 1 is
  • Q 2 is
  • Q 3 is
  • Q 4 is
  • Q 5 is
  • Q 7 is
  • Q is Q 1 . In certain other embodiments, Q is C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C3-6 carbocyclyl. In further embodiments, Q is
  • Q is t-butyl or C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • E is E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , or E 4 . In certain embodiments, E is E 3 .
  • E is C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halogen atoms. In certain embodiments, E is difluoromethyl.
  • E is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • E is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • E is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • E is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • E is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • each U 1 , U 3 , U 4 , U 5 or U 6 is optionally substituted with 1-3 W at any substitutable position, and each W is independently W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , W 5 , W 6 or W 7 .
  • W 1 is oxo, halogen, —OR 6 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —CN, —CF 3 , —SR 6 , —C(O) 2 R 6 , —C(O)N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(O)R 6 , —N(R 6 )C(O)R 6 , —SO 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —S(O)(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), C 3 -C 8 carbocyclyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —N(R 6 ) 2 , —NR 6 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl)O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), halo(C 1 -C 6 alkoxy), —NR 6 SO 2 R 6 , —SO 2 N(R 6 ) 2 , —NHCOOR 6 ,
  • each R 6 is independently H, C 6 -C 10 aryl or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein said aryl or alkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen atoms, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 8 carbocyclyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 alkoxy), —OH, —O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —SH, —S(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , —C(O)(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —SO 2 N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , —NHCOO(C 1 -C 6 alkyl),
  • W 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkoxy substituted with a 5-14 membered heteroaryl or C 6 -C 10 aryl; wherein said heteroaryl or aryl is substituted with 1-4 Z 1c groups.
  • W 3 is a C 2 -C 8 alkynyl group substituted with a C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -C 8 carbocyclyl, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, or 5-14 membered heteroaryl group; wherein said aryl, carbocyclyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with 1-4 Z 1c groups.
  • W 4 is —SF 5 .
  • W 5 is —O(C 2 -C 6 alkyl)OR 22 wherein R 22 is a C 6 -C 10 aryl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl or 4-10 membered heterocyclyl group that is optionally substituted with 1-4 Z 1c groups.
  • W is hydrogen, —O(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, halogen or cyano.
  • W is methoxy
  • U 1 is
  • each U 1 is optionally substituted with 1-2 Z 1 groups.
  • U 3 is
  • each U 3 is optionally substituted with 1-2 Z 1 groups.
  • U 4 is
  • each U 4 is optionally substituted with 1-2 Z 1 groups.
  • U 5 is
  • each U 5 is optionally substituted with 1-2 Z 1 groups.
  • U 6 is
  • each U 6 is optionally substituted with 1-2 Z 1 groups.
  • U 7 is
  • each U 7 is optionally substituted with 1-2 Z 1 groups.
  • each W is independently W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , W 5 , W 6 or W 7 wherein is
  • each W is independently W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , W 5 , W 6 or W 7 wherein is
  • each W is independently W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , W 5 , W 6 or W 7 .
  • W 1 is
  • W 2 is
  • W 3 is
  • W 5 is
  • W 6 is
  • W 7 is
  • W is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
  • each W is independently halogen or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • J is methyl or ethyl
  • E is substituted with 1-2 halogen atoms
  • L is substituted with 1-2-halogen atoms
  • T is unsubstituted.
  • J is methyl or ethyl
  • E is C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl
  • L is C 5 -alkyl or C 5 -alkenyl.
  • J is C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • J is methyl or ethyl.
  • Formula (IV) is C 3 -C 6 carbocyclylene that is attached to L and to the remainder of the compound of Formula IV through two adjacent carbons, wherein said C 3 -C 6 carbocyclene is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • Formula (IV) is C 3 -C 6 carbocyclylene that is attached to L and to the remainder of the compound of Formula IV through two adjacent carbons, wherein the C 3 -C 6 carbocyclene is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl or trifluoromethyl.
  • Formula (IV) is C 6 -C 8 bridged bicyclic carbocyclylene or C 6 -C 8 fused bicyclic carbocyclylene that is attached to L and to the remainder of the compound of Formula IV through two adjacent carbons.
  • L is C 3 -C 6 alkylene, substituted with 1-4 halogens.
  • L is C 5 alkylene, substituted with two halogens.
  • the halogens are each fluoro.
  • L is C 3 -C 6 alkylene.
  • L is C 5 alkylene
  • Q is t-butyl or C 5 -C 6 carbocyclyl.
  • Q is t-butyl
  • E is C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halogen atoms.
  • E is difluoromethyl.
  • W is hydrogen, —O(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, halogen or cyano.
  • W is methoxy
  • Z 2a is hydrogen or methyl.
  • Z 2a is methyl
  • a compound of Formula IVa or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided:
  • a compound of Formula IVf, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is provided:
  • a compound of any one of Formula IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, or IVh, or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating a Flaviviridae viral infection (e.g., an HCV viral infection) in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human).
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for inhibiting the proliferation of the HCV virus, treating HCV infection or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human).
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in medical therapy (e.g., for use in treating a Flaviviridae viral infection (e.g., an HCV viral infection) or the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient (e.g., a mammal such as a human).
  • a Flaviviridae viral infection e.g., an HCV viral infection
  • a patient e.g., a mammal such as a human
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a Flaviviridae viral infection (e.g., an HCV viral infection) or the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • a Flaviviridae viral infection e.g., an HCV viral infection
  • the proliferation of the HCV virus or delaying the onset of HCV symptoms in a patient in need thereof (e.g., mammal such as a human).
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of the proliferation of a Flaviviridae virus, an HCV virus or for use in the therapeutic treatment of delaying the onset of HCV symptoms.
  • One embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a Flaviviridae virus infection (e.g., an HCV virus infection).
  • a Flaviviridae virus infection e.g., an HCV virus infection.
  • One embodiment provides the use of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for a Flaviviridae virus infection (e.g., an HCV virus infection) in a mammal (e.g., a human).
  • a Flaviviridae virus infection e.g., an HCV virus infection
  • a mammal e.g., a human
  • a method of treating chronic hepatitis C infection includes administering to a patient in need thereof, a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • a compound of Formula I, II III or IV such as any one of IVa-IVh
  • a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a method of treating hepatitis C infection in treatment-na ⁇ ve patients includes administering to a treatment-na ⁇ ve patient, a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method of treating hepatitis C infection in treatment-experienced patients includes administering to a treatment-experienced patient, a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method of treating hepatitis C infection in an interferon ineligible or an interferon intolerant patient includes administering, a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • the methods of treatment described herein include administering the compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient for a fixed period of duration.
  • the fixed period of duration is 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks or 12 weeks. In other embodiments, the fixed period of duration is not more than 12 weeks.
  • the compound is administered for about 12 weeks. In further embodiments, the compound is administered for about 12 weeks or less, for about 10 weeks or less, for about 8 weeks or less, for about 6 weeks or less, or for about 4 weeks or less.
  • the compound may be administered once daily, twice daily, once every other day, two times a week, three times a week, four times a week, or five times a week.
  • the methods of treatment described herein includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to is infected with HCV genotype (GT) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (i.e., a method for treating a GT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV infection).
  • a compound of Formula I, II III or IV such as any one of IVa-IVh
  • a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating an HCV infection in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human), wherein the patient is infected with HCV genotype 1.
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating an HCV infection in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human), wherein the patient is infected with HCV genotype 2.
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating an HCV infection in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human), wherein the patient is infected with HCV genotype 3.
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating an HCV infection in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human), wherein the patient is infected with HCV genotype 4.
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating an HCV infection in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human), wherein the patient is infected with HCV genotype 5.
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • One embodiment provides a method for treating an HCV infection in a patient in need thereof (e.g., a mammal such as a human), wherein the patient is infected with HCV genotype 6.
  • the method includes administering a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient.
  • the administering step includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the patient in need of treatment.
  • a compound of Formula I, II III or IV such as any one of IVa-IVh
  • a stereoisomer or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • methods of inhibiting the activity of HCV include the step of treating a sample suspected of containing HCV with a compound or composition disclosed herein.
  • compounds disclosed herein act as inhibitors of HCV, as intermediates for such inhibitors or have other utilities as described below.
  • compounds binding in the liver may bind with varying degrees of reversibility.
  • a method for treating HCV includes adding a compound disclosed herein to the sample.
  • the addition step comprises any method of administration as described above.
  • the activity of HCV after application of the compound can be observed by any method including direct and indirect methods of detecting HCV activity. Quantitative, qualitative, and semiquantitative methods of determining HCV activity are all contemplated. Typically one of the screening methods described above are applied, however, any other method such as observation of the physiological properties of a living organism are also applicable.
  • HCV Many organisms contain HCV.
  • the compounds of this invention are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of conditions associated with HCV activation in animals or in humans.
  • “Pharmaceutically-acceptable” means suitable for use in pharmaceutical preparations, generally considered as safe for such use, officially approved by a regulatory agency of a national or state government for such use, or being listed in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • “Pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier, or other ingredient which is pharmaceutically-acceptable and with which a compound of the invention is administered.
  • the compounds of this invention are formulated with conventional carriers (e.g., inactive ingredient or excipient material), which will be selected in accordance with ordinary practice. Tablets will contain excipients including glidants, fillers, binders and the like. Aqueous formulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic. All formulations will optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (1986). Excipients include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like. One embodiment provides the formulation as a solid dosage form including a solid oral dosage form. The pH of the formulations ranges from about 3 to about 11, but is ordinarily about 7 to 10.
  • compositions While it is possible for the active ingredients to be administered alone it may be preferable to present them as pharmaceutical formulations (compositions).
  • compositions both for veterinary and for human use, of the invention comprise at least one active ingredient, as above defined, together with one or more acceptable carriers therefor and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and physiologically innocuous to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques and formulations generally are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with inactive ingredients (e.g., a carrier, pharmaceutical excipient, etc.) which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • inactive ingredients e.g., a carrier, pharmaceutical excipient, etc.
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • formulations suitable for oral administration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations include one or more compounds of the invention together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients and optionally other therapeutic agents.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared.
  • Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.
  • Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable.
  • excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • inert diluents such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate
  • granulating and disintegrating agents such as maize starch, or alginic acid
  • binding agents such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch,
  • Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • a dosage form for oral administration to humans contains approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material formulated with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material (e.g., inactive ingredient or excipient material).
  • carrier material e.g., inactive ingredient or excipient material.
  • the carrier material varies from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein contain about 1 to 800 mg, 1 to 600 mg, 1 to 400 mg, 1 to 200 mg, 1 to 100 mg or 1 to 50 mg of the compound of Formula I, II, III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein contain not more than about 400 mg of the compound of Formula I, II, III or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein contain about 100 mg of the compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • formulations disclosed herein may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • compositions comprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together with a veterinary carrier are further provided.
  • Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.
  • Effective dose of active ingredient depends at least on the nature of the condition being treated, toxicity, whether the compound is being used prophylactically (lower doses), the method of delivery, and the pharmaceutical formulation, and will be determined by the clinician using conventional dose escalation studies.
  • One or more compounds of Formulas I, II, III, or IV are administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated. Suitable routes include oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural), and the like. It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with for example the condition of the recipient. An advantage of the compounds of this invention is that they are orally bioavailable and can be dosed orally. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are oral dosage forms. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are oral solid dosage forms.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formulas I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent (i.e., active ingredient), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • additional therapeutic agents include additional antiviral agents.
  • the additional therapeutic agent used in combination with the compounds described herein includes, without limitation, any agent having a therapeutic effect when used in combination with the compound of the present invention. Such combinations are selected based on the condition to be treated, cross-reactivities of ingredients and pharmaco-properties of the combination.
  • the therapeutic agent used in combination with the compounds of Formulas I, II, III, or IV include, without limitation, one of more of the following: interferons, ribavirin analogs, NS3 protease inhibitors, NS5a inhibitors, NS5b inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase 1 inhibitors, hepatoprotectants, non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV, nucleoside analogues, and other drugs for treating HCV infection.
  • the additional therapeutic agents include, without limitation, NS3 protease inhibitors, NS5a inhibitors, and/or NS5b inhibitors.
  • a pharmaceutical composition including a compound of Formulas I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more of an NS3 protease inhibitor, an NS5a inhibitor, and/or an NS5b inhibitor is provided.
  • a pharmaceutical composition including a compound of Formulas I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more of an NS5a inhibitor and/or an NS5b inhibitor is provided.
  • compositions which includes a compound of Formulas I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh) and one or more additional antiviral agents, wherein the additional antiviral agent is not an interferon, ribavirin, or a ribavirin analogue.
  • pharmaceutical compositions which includes a compound of Formulas I, II, III, or IV (such as any one of IVa-IVh), or a stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers, and one or more additional antiviral agents, wherein the additional antiviral agent is not ribavirin or a ribavirin analogue.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are combined with one or more other active ingredients (e.g., one or more additional antiviral agents) in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous or sequential administration to a patient.
  • the combination therapy may be administered as a simultaneous or sequential regimen. When administered sequentially, the combination is administered in two or more administrations.
  • the active ingredients are: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined pharmaceutical composition; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate pharmaceutical composition; or (3) by some other regimen.
  • the active ingredients are administered or delivered sequentially, e.g., in separate tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes.
  • an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e. serially, whereas in combination therapy, effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together.
  • interferons include, without limitation, pegylated rIFN-alpha 2b (PEG-Intron), pegylated rIFN-alpha 2a (Pegasys), rIFN-alpha 2b (Intron A), rIFN-alpha 2a (Roferon-A), interferon alpha (MOR-22, OPC-18, Alfaferone, Alfanative, Multiferon, subalin), interferon alfacon-1 (Infergen), interferon alpha-n1 (Wellferon), interferon alpha-n3 (Alferon), interferon-beta (Avonex, DL-8234), interferon-omega (omega DUROS, Biomed 510), albinterferon alpha-2b (Albuferon), IFN alpha XL, BLX-883 (Locteron), DA-3021, glycosylated interferon alpha-2b (AVI-005), PEG-Infergen
  • ribavarin analogs include, without limitation, ribavirin (Rebetol, Copegus), levovirin VX-497, and taribavirin (Viramidine).
  • Exemplary NS5A inhibitors include, without limitation, ledipasvir (GS-5885), GS-5816, JNJ-47910382, daclatasvir (BMS-790052), ABT-267, MK-8742, EDP-239, IDX-719, PPI-668, GSK-2336805, ACH-3102, A-831, A-689, AZD-2836 (A-831), AZD-7295 (A-689), and BMS-790052.
  • Exemplary NS5B inhibitors include, without limitation, polymerase inhibitor is sofosbuvir (GS-7977), tegobuvir (GS-9190), GS-9669, TMC647055, ABT-333, ABT-072, setrobuvir (ANA-598), filibuvir (PF-868554), VX-222, IDX-375, IDX-184, IDX-102, BI-207127, valopicitabine (NM-283), R1626, PSI-6130 (R1656), PSI-7851, BCX-4678, nesbuvir (HCV-796), BILB 1941, MK-0608, NM-107, R7128, VCH-759, GSK625433, XTL-2125, VCH-916, JTK-652, MK-3281, VBY-708, A848837, GL59728, A-63890, A-48773, A-48547, BC-2329, BMS-791325, and BILB-1941.
  • Exemplary NS3 protease inhibitors include, without limitation, GS-9451, GS-9256, simeprevir (TMC-435), ABT-450, boceprevir (SCH-503034), narlaprevir (SCH-900518), vaniprevir (MK-7009), MK-5172, danoprevir (ITMN-191), sovaprevir (ACH-1625), neceprevir (ACH-2684), Telaprevir (VX-950), VX-813, VX-500, faldaprevir (BI-201335), asunaprevir (BMS-650032), BMS-605339, VBY-376, PHX-1766, YH5531, BILN-2065, and BILN-2061.
  • Exemplary alpha-glucosidase 1 inhibitors include, without limitation, celgosivir (MX-3253), Miglitol, and UT-231B.
  • Exemplary hepatoprotectants include, without limitation, IDN-6556, ME 3738, MitoQ, and LB-84451.
  • non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV include, without limitation, benzimidazole derivatives, benzo-1,2,4-thiadiazine derivatives, and phenylalanine derivatives.
  • nucleoside analogues include, without limitation, ribavirin, viramidine, levovirin, a L-nucleoside, or isatoribine and said interferon is ⁇ -interferon or pegylated interferon.
  • Exemplary other drugs for treating HCV infection include, without limitation, imiquimod, 852A, GS-9524, ANA-773, ANA-975, AZD-8848 (DSP-3025), PF-04878691, and SM-360320, cyclophillin inhibitors (e.g., DEBIO-025, SCY-635, or NIM811) or HCV IRES inhibitors (e.g., MCI-067); emericasan (IDN-6556), ME-3738, GS-9450 (LB-84451), silibilin, or MitoQ. BAS-100, SPI-452, PF-4194477, TMC-41629, GS-9350, GS-9585, and roxythromycin.
  • cyclophillin inhibitors e.g., DEBIO-025, SCY-635, or NIM811
  • HCV IRES inhibitors e.g., MCI-067
  • emericasan IDN-6556
  • Additional exemplary other drugs for treating HCV infection include, without limitation, zadaxin, nitazoxanide (alinea), BIVN-401 (virostat), DEBIO-025, VGX-410C, EMZ-702, AVI 4065, bavituximab, oglufanide, PYN-17, KPE02003002, actilon (CPG-10101), KRN-7000, civacir, GI-5005, ANA-975 (isatoribine), XTL-6865, ANA 971, NOV-205, tarvacin, EHC-18, and NIM811.
  • Still further exemplary other drugs for treating HCV infection include, without limitation, thymosin alpha 1 (Zadaxin), nitazoxanide (Alinea, NTZ), BIVN-401 (virostat), PYN-17 (altirex), KPE02003002, actilon (CPG-10101), GS-9525, KRN-7000, civacir, GI-5005, XTL-6865, BIT225, PTX-111, ITX2865, TT-033i, ANA 971, NOV-205, tarvacin, EHC-18, VGX-410C, EMZ-702, AVI 4065, BMS-650032, Bavituximab, MDX-1106 (ONO-4538), Oglufanide, FK-788, VX-497 (merimepodib), DEBIO-025, ANA-975 (isatoribine), XTL-6865, or NIM811.
  • thymosin alpha 1 Zadaxin
  • L F is a “linker fragment,” (that is to say, a precursor to L) wherein an attached unsaturated carbon-carbon bond (e.g. alkene or alkyne) at the portion of L F distal to facilitates, as a non-limiting example, a metal catalyzed reaction that results in the connection of L F to U to form an L group.
  • metal catalyzed reactions that result in such a connection include Ru catalyzed ring closing metathesis or a Pd catalyzed cross coupling reaction (e.g. Negishi, Heck, or Sonagashira couplings).
  • Mass spectra were obtained using Thermo Scientific or Agilent Technologies mass spectrometers equipped with electrospray ionisation (ESI). Masses are reported as ratios of mass to charge (m/z) of, for example, an ion of the compound (represented by [M] + ), an ion formed from the compound with another ion, such as a hydrogen ion (represented by [M+H] + ), a sodium ion (represented by [M+Na] + ), an ion formed from the compound by losing an ion, such as the deprotonated compound (represented by [M ⁇ H] ⁇ ), etc.
  • an ion of the compound represented by [M] +
  • an ion formed from the compound with another ion such as a hydrogen ion (represented by [M+H] + ), a sodium ion (represented by [M+Na] + )
  • an ion formed from the compound by losing an ion such as the deproton
  • the retention factor (“R f ”) of a compound is the distance traveled by a compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front on a TLC plate.
  • Terms such as “early eluting” and “late eluting” refer to the order in which a compound elutes or is recovered from a solid stationary phase/liquid solvent mobile phase based chromatography method (e.g. normal phase silica gel chromatography or reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)).
  • Scheme 1 demonstrates a general route to S1-3, where J, R 1 , R, M, L, T, U, W and Q are as defined herein, Z 2a is as defined in Formula IV or III, or is H or Z 2a as defined in Formula I or II.
  • ester intermediate S1-1 is hydrolyzed with a base such as lithium hydroxide when R is C 1 -C 3 alkyl (e.g., methyl), or with acid such as trifluoroacetic acid when R is tert-butyl.
  • the product of the ester hydrolysis is then coupled to an intermediate S1-2 through a coupling reaction (e.g. using a peptide coupling agent such as HATU and a base such as DIPEA) to generate compounds of the general structure S1-3.
  • a coupling reaction e.g. using a peptide coupling agent such as HATU and a base such as DIPEA
  • Scheme 2 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S2-6 where U, W, R 1 , J, and Q are as defied herein.
  • an appropriately substituted and protected proline species S2-2 undergoes an etherification reaction such as S N Ar (e.g. treatment with Cs 2 CO 3 and S2-1 where R 2 is H and LG 2 is halogen), S N 2 (e.g. preconversion of S2-2 to a brosylate (R 2 is Bs) followed by treatment with S2-1 where LG 2 is —OH and base such as DABCO), Mitsunobu reaction (e.g.
  • S N Ar e.g. treatment with Cs 2 CO 3 and S2-1 where R 2 is H and LG 2 is halogen
  • S N 2 e.g. preconversion of S2-2 to a brosylate (R 2 is Bs) followed by treatment with S2-1 where LG 2 is —OH and base such as DABCO
  • Mitsunobu reaction e.g.
  • Scheme 3 shows a general synthesis of intermediate S3-6 where L F -CH 2 —CH 2 is L, and U, W, R 1 , J, Q, M, T, and L are as defied herein.
  • an intermediate S3-1 is coupled via amide bond formation reaction to an intermediate S3-2 to provide intermediate S3-3.
  • Metal catalyzed cross-coupling e.g. Suzuki reaction using potassium vinyltrifluoroborate, Et 3 N, Pd(dppf)Cl 2
  • S3-4 followed by ring closing metathesis (e.g. Zhan 1B) to give S3-5, followed by reduction of the double bond (e.g. H 2 , 10% Pd/C) provides intermediate S3-6.
  • ring closing metathesis e.g. Zhan 1B
  • Scheme 4 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S4-5 where L F -CH 2 —CH 2 is L, and U, W, R 1 , J, Q, Q and L are as defied herein.
  • intermediate S4-1 is protected with a protecting group such as Boc.
  • S4-1 undergoes a transition metal catalyzed cross coupling (e.g. Sonogashira coupling) to an intermediate S4-2 to provide intermediate S4-3.
  • the triple bond of intermediate S4-3 is reduced to a single bond by hydrogenation (e.g. H 2 , catalytic 10% Pd/C) to give intermediate S4-4.
  • H 2 hydrogenation
  • Pd/C catalytic 10% Pd/C
  • Scheme 5 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S5-9 where L F -CH 2 —CH 2 is L, and U, W, R 1 , J, Q, T and L are as defied herein.
  • intermediate S5-1 undergoes a metal catalyzed cross coupling (such as Sonogashira reaction) with an intermediate S5-2 to provide intermediate S5-3.
  • the triple bond of intermediate S5-3 is reduced to a single bond under appropriate conductions such as by hydrogenation (e.g. using H 2 over catalytic 10% Pd/C) to give intermediate S5-4.
  • Deprotection of the alcohol to provide S5-5, followed by activation e.g. DSC under basic conditions, e.g. triethylamine provides intermediate S5-6.
  • Coupling of S5-6 and S5-7 under basic conditions provides S5-8.
  • a macrolactamization e.g. coupling agent such as HATU under basic conditions
  • Scheme 6 shows a general synthesis of the intermediates S6-6 and S6-7 where U, R 1 , J, Q, M, T and L are as defied herein.
  • intermediate S6-1 W is OPG, where PG is a protecting group.
  • S6-1 is first deprotected to give intermediate S6-2.
  • Alkylation of intermediate S6-2 with an appropriate electrophile such as S6-4 provides intermediate S6-6.
  • Reaction of S6-2 with triflic anhydride provides S6-3, which then undergoes metal catalyzed cross coupling with an appropriate nucleophilic coupling partner such as S6-5 (e.g. Sonagashira or Suzuki reaction) to provide intermediate S6-7.
  • S6-5 e.g. Sonagashira or Suzuki reaction
  • Scheme 7 shows a general synthesis of intermediate S7-13 where L F -CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 is L, and W, R 1 , J, Q, M, and T are as defied herein.
  • L is C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • intermediate S7-1 first undergoes lithium halogen exchange and then is treated with intermediate S7-2 to generate intermediate S7-3, which is then condensed with intermediate S7-4 to provide quinoxaline intermediate S7-5.
  • Halogenation of S7-5 (e.g. POCl 3 ) provides intermediate S7-6.
  • Intermediate S7-6 is attached via an ether formation to intermediate S7-7 through an S N Ar reaction (e.g. Cs 2 CO 3 ) to generate intermediate S7-8.
  • intermediate S7-8 Deprotection of the N-PG of intermediate S7-8 provides S7-10.
  • An amide bond coupling reaction of intermediate S7-9 and intermediate S7-10 e.g. EDC and HOBT, or HATU, NMM, DIPEA
  • intermediate S7-11 e.g. EDC and HOBT, or HATU, NMM, DIPEA
  • Ring closing metathesis of S7-11 generates intermediate S7-12.
  • Reduction of the double bond e.g. hydrogenation over palladium on carbon
  • Scheme 8 shows a general syntheses of intermediate S8-5 wherein an appropriately protected 4-oxo proline S8-1 is reacted with Bredereck's reagent to generate enaminone S8-2. Addition of an organometallic species provides enone S8-3, which undergoes reduction to hydroxyl intermediate S8-4 in a stereoselective manner (e.g. Luche reduction or CBS reduction). Subsequent olefin reduction gives 3-substituted hydroxy proline intermediate S8-5.
  • a stereoselective manner e.g. Luche reduction or CBS reduction
  • Scheme 9 shows a general synthesis of intermediate S9-3 wherein a vinyl triflate S9-1 (prepared for example, by methods in Kamenecka, T. M., et al. Tetrahedron Letters , 2001, 8571) undergoes metal catalyzed cross coupling (e.g. Negishi coupling) to generate intermediate S9-2. Hydroboration and subsequent oxidation of intermediate S9-2 provides intermediate S9-3.
  • a vinyl triflate S9-1 prepared for example, by methods in Kamenecka, T. M., et al. Tetrahedron Letters , 2001, 8571
  • metal catalyzed cross coupling e.g. Negishi coupling
  • Scheme 10 shows a general synthesis of substituted sulfonamide intermediate S10-3.
  • Tert-butyl cyclopropylsulfonylcarbamate S10-1 is deprotonated (e.g. n-BuLi) and reacted with an electrophile (e.g. alkyl halide) to give the protected substituted sulfonamide intermediate S10-2, which is then deprotected (e.g. 4 N HCl in dioxane) to provide intermediate S10-3.
  • an electrophile e.g. alkyl halide
  • Scheme 11 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S11-3 where E is as defined herein.
  • a sulfonamide S11-1 is coupled to a protected amino acid S11-2 using a coupling agent such as CU and a base such as DBU.
  • Scheme 12 shows a general synthesis of intermediates S12-10 and S12-17, where L F is C 1 -C 3 alkylene.
  • both syntheses begin with the monoprotection of intermediate S12-1 to produce S12-2, followed by oxidation (e.g. Swern oxidation) to provide intermediate S12-3.
  • Enantioselective alpha chlorination e.g. organocatalyst S12-4 and NCS
  • Reaction of S12-5 with a bis-zinciomethane derivative e.g. Nysted's reagent
  • Intermediate S12-6 is orthogonally protected to provide intermediate S12-7.
  • Intermediate S12-7 Deprotection of —OPG of S12-7 provides intermediate S12-8, which is subsequently dehydrated (e.g. Grieco's reagent) to intermediate S12-9 and finally O-PG 2 is removed to afford intermediate S12-10.
  • Intermediate S12-6 is alternatively be activated (e.g. DSC and a base such as pyridine) to provide intermediate S12-11 which is coupled to intermediate S12-12 to provide carbamate intermediate S12-13.
  • Intermediate S12-13 is deprotected to give intermediate S12-14, which is then oxidized (e.g. Swern oxidation) to provide aldehyde intermediate S12-15.
  • Olefination e.g. Wittig reaction
  • Scheme 13 shows a general synthesis of intermediate S13-5 where Q and T are as defined herein and L F is C 1 -C 3 alkylene.
  • Activation of intermediate S13-1 e.g. DSC
  • carbamate formation between intermediate S13-2 and amino acid ester intermediate S13-3 under basic conditions gives ester intermediate S13-4.
  • Scheme 14 shows a general synthesis of intermediate S14-7 where Q is as defined herein and L F is C 1 -C 3 alkylene.
  • Oxidation of intermediate S14-1 e.g. Dess-Martin periodinane
  • S14-3 e.g. R 2 is —CF 3
  • suitable reagent such as CsF
  • S14-4 e.g. TBAF
  • S14-5 is then added to an isocyanate S14-6 to give intermediate S14-7.
  • Scheme 15 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate ( ⁇ )-S15-3, generated from the Kulinkovich reaction of a Grignard reagent S15-1 and an ester S15-2, according to standard procedures as described in Kulinkovich, O. G. and Kananovich, D. G., Eur. J. Org. Chem . 2007, 2007, 2121.
  • Scheme 16 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S16-4 where Q, M, and T are as defined herein and L F is C 1 -C 3 alkylene.
  • olefin S16-1 undergoes oxidative cleavage (e.g. OsO 4 , NaIO 4 ) to aldehyde S16-2, which is then reduced to alcohol S16-3 (e.g. NaBH 4 ) and finally is dehydrated (e.g. Greico elimination) to afford intermediate S16-4.
  • Scheme 17 shows two general synthetic strategies for producing intermediate S17-3 where J is as defined herein.
  • an appropriately protected 4-oxo proline S17-1 is deprotonated and alkylated (e.g. LiHMDS followed by J-LG).
  • a second deprotonation with base followed by re-protonation at low temperature generates stereoenriched intermediate S17-2, based on a described protocol (Blanco, M-J. et. al. J. Org. Chem . 1999, 64, 8786).
  • Reduction of the ketone in a stereoselective manner e.g. CBS reduction
  • Scheme 17 shows an alternative general synthesis wherein intermediate S17-4 is hydrogenated to generate a mixture of S17-5 and S17-6.
  • Ketone reduction of S17-5 in a stereoselective manner e.g. CBS reduction
  • Scheme 18 shows a general synthesis of intermediates S18-4 and S18-5, wherein an appropriately protected 4-oxo proline S18-1 is hydroxylated in a stereoselective manner (e.g. MoOPh) to provide intermediate S18-2, which is subsequently reacted with an alkylating agent (e.g. trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate) to afford intermediate S18-3.
  • an alkylating agent e.g. trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate
  • Scheme 19 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S19-7 where Q is as defined herein and L F is C 1 -C 3 alkylene.
  • an epoxide intermediate S19-1 is converted to the ( ⁇ )-trans-intermediate S19-3.
  • Activation of the alcohol intermediate ( ⁇ )-S19-3 e.g. DSC
  • Scheme 20 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S20-3 where L F -O is F, and U, W, R 1 , J, Q, M, T and L are as defied herein.
  • intermediate S20-1 first undergoes oxidative cleavage of an olefin (e.g. OsO 4 , NaIO 4 ) and subsequent reduction of the resultant aldehyde (e.g. NaBH 4 ) to provide intermediate S20-2. Transition metal catalyzed cross coupling provides intermediate S20-3.
  • an olefin e.g. OsO 4 , NaIO 4
  • the resultant aldehyde e.g. NaBH 4
  • Scheme 21 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S21-7 where Q and T are as defined herein.
  • activation of mono-protected diol S21-1 e.g. DSC
  • amino ester intermediate S21-3 provides carbamate intermediate S21-4.
  • Intermediate S21-4 is then deprotected to unmask the alcohol functionality (intermediate S21-5) which is then allylated to provide intermediate S21-6.
  • Scheme 22 shows a general synthesis of an intermediate S22-3 where U, W, R 1 , J, and Q are as defied herein.
  • intermediate S22-1 is globally deprotected to provide amino acid intermediate S22-2.
  • the acid functionality of intermediate S22-2 is then converted to a base-labile carboxylic acid ester (e.g. methyl ester), intermediate S22-3.
  • a base-labile carboxylic acid ester e.g. methyl ester
  • Steps 1-3 Preparation of Intermediate A1: Intermediate A1 was prepared using the procedure detailed in Example 2.12 of International Patent Publication No. WO 2008/064066 (hereinafter “WO '066”) (p. 75-76) substituting (1R,2S)-methyl 1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclopropane-carboxylate (prepared according to Beaulieu, P. L., et al., J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 5869) for (1R,2S)-ethyl 1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclopropane-carboxylate.
  • WO '066 International Patent Publication No. WO 2008/064066
  • Intermediate A2 was prepared similarly to Intermediate A1, substituting 1-methylcyclopropane-1-sulfonamide (prepared according to Example 1.2 of WO '066, p. 47) for cyclopropanesulfonamide.
  • Step 1 Preparation of A3-1: Cyclopropane ester A3-1 was prepared from (1R,2S)-methyl 1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate (prepared according to Beaulieu, P. L., et al., J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 5869) using the procedure detailed in Example 26 of International Patent Publication No. WO 2009/005677 (hereinafter “WO '677”) (p. 176).
  • Steps 2-4. Preparation of Intermediate A3 Intermediate A3 was prepared similarly to (1R,2S)-1-amino-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropanecarbox-amide hydrochloride of Example 2.12 of WO '066 (p. 75-76) substituting A3-1 for (1R,2S)-ethyl 1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclopropane-carboxylate.
  • Steps 1-3 Preparation of Intermediate A5: Intermediate A5 was prepared similarly to (1R,2S)-1-amino-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane-carboxamide hydrochloride of Example 2.12 of WO '066 (p. 75-76) substituting A5-1 (prepared according to Example 104 of WO '677, p. 265) for (1R,2S)-ethyl 1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate.
  • Intermediate A6 was prepared similarly to Intermediate A5, substituting 1-methylcyclopropane-1-sulfonamide (prepared according to Example 1.2 of WO '066, p. 47) for cyclopropanesulfonamide.
  • Steps 1-2. Preparation of Intermediate A8 Intermediate A8 was prepared similarly to (1R,2S)-1-amino-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane-carboxamide hydrochloride of Example 2.12 of WO '066 (p. 75-76) substituting A8-1 (prepared according to the procedure detailed in Example 97.1.4 of US '652, p. 72-3) for (1R,2S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclo-propanecarboxylic acid and substituting 1-methylcyclopropane-1-sulfonamide (prepared according to Example 1.2 of WO '066, p.
  • Step 1-2 Preparation of Intermediate A9: Intermediate A9 was prepared similarly to (1R,2S)-1-amino-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane-carboxamide hydrochloride of Example 2.12 of WO '066 (p. 75-76) substituting A9-1 (prepared according to Example 1, Steps 1 L-1O of International Patent Publication No. WO 2009/134987, p. 75-77) for (1R,2S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
  • Step 1 Preparation of A11-1: To a solution of NaOH (46.2 g, 50% w/w in water) at rt was added BnEt 3 NCl (10.5 g, 46 mmol), di-tert-butyl malonate (10 g, 46 mmol) and 1,2-dibromopropane (14 g, 69.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and was extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 100 mL). The organic layers were washed with water (80 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . Concentration in vacuo produced A11-1 that was used subsequently without further purification.
  • Step 2 Preparation of A11-2: To a mixture of t-BuOK (175 g, 1.56 mol) in ether (1.2 L) at 0° C. was added water (3.4 mL) followed by addition of diester A11-1 (91 g, 0.35 mol). The mixture was stirred at rt for three days, then quenched with ice-water. The aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 ⁇ 400 mL), acidified with critic acid, and then extracted with EA (3 ⁇ 400 mL).
  • Step 3 Preparation of A11-3: To a mixture A11-2 (33.5 g, 0.17 mol) and triethylamine (70 mL) in THF (200 mL) at 0° C. was added ethyl chloroformate (22 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. To the mixture at 0° C. was added sodium azide (54 g, 0.83 mol, 4.9 eq) in water (100 mL), the mixture was stirred for 40 min.
  • the mixture was extracted with EA (2 ⁇ 400 mL), washed with water (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to produce a residue that was taken up in toluene (100 mL) and treated with benzyl alcohol (50 mL).
  • the mixture was then heated at 70° C. for 2 h, cooled to rt, adjusted to pH 8 with sodium bicarbonate, and then extracted with ether (3 ⁇ 200 mL).
  • the aqueous layer was then adjusted to pH 5 with 1 N HCl and extracted with EA (2 ⁇ 300 mL).
  • Step 6 Preparation of A11-5: Cbz carboxamide A11-4 (36 g, 0.15 mol), Boc 2 O (40 g, 0.18 mol), and Pd/C (3.6 g, 10% w/w) were combined in methanol under H 2 and stirred at 32° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst, additional Boc 2 O (40 g, 0.18 mol) and Pd/C (3.6 g, 10% w/w) were added and the reaction placed under a H 2 atmosphere with stirring at rt for a weekend.
  • Step 7 Preparation of A11-6: To a solution of NaH 2 PO 4 (1.9 g) in water (160 mL) at 40° C. was added Alcalase (2.4 U/g, 16 mL). The mixture was adjusted with 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide to pH 8. All-5 (2.80 g) in DMSO (32 mL) was added to the buffer dropwise over 30 min. The mixture was stirred at 40° C. and maintained at pH 8 with addition of 50% NaOH for 19 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, with ether (3 ⁇ 100 mL) and the organic phase washed with sat.
  • Steps 8 and 9 Preparation of A11-7: Solid LiOH.H 2 O (19.1 g, 455 mmol) is taken up in 50 mL MeOH/50 mL water at rt. Once all LiOH has dissolved, methyl ester A11-6 (10.4 g, 45.5 mmol) is taken up in 100 mL THF added to reaction mixture and stirred vigorously overnight. The resulting solution is diluted with water (150 mL), adjusted to pH ⁇ 3 with 12 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to produce a fine white powder (9.2 g).
  • This material (1.5 g, 7 mmol) is taken up in THF (30 mL) and treated with CU (1.47 g, 9.1 mmol). The resulting solution was heated to 65° C. for 2 h, cooled to rt and treated with DBU (2.1 mL, 13.9 mmol) and 1-methylcyclopropane-1-sulfonamide (1.4 g, 10.5 mmol). The resulting solution is stirred at rt overnight. Addition of 1 M HCl is used to adjust the pH ⁇ 1 prior to removing the majority of THF in vacuo.
  • Step 10 Preparation of Intermediate A11.
  • Acyl sulfonamide A11-7 (0.25 g, 0.75 mmol) in dioxane (1 mL) is treated with HCl (4 M in dioxane, 2.8 mL, 11.2 mmol) at rt. After 4 h, the reaction is concentrated in vacuo to produce 0.20 g of Intermediate A-11 that is used subsequently without additional purification.
  • Step 1 Preparation of A12-1: A vessel containing a solution of carboxylic acid A9-1 (1 g, 4 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was treated with CU (0.84 g, 5.2 mmol), sealed and heated to 75° C. for 2 h. The clear tan colored solution is divided in half and used subsequently without further purification for the remainder of Step 1 in the preparation of Intermediate A12 as well as the preparation of Intermediate A13 as detailed below. This solution is treated with 1-fluorocyclopropane-1-sulfonamide (0.42 g, 3 mmol; prepared according to Steps 1, 4, and 9 of Example 7 of International Patent Publication No. WO 2009/14730, p.
  • the resulting solution was stirred for 20 min and was removed from the cold bath. After an additional 15 min, the reaction was placed in a water bath at ambient temperature. After an additional 7 min, the reaction was quenched by dropwise addition of MeOH (20 mL). After stirring an additional 2.5 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc (300 mL), and washed with 0.2 M HCl (200 mL). The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic phase was filtered to remove solids, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated. The crude residue was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 and was concentrated onto 20 g silica gel.
  • Step 3 Preparation of B2-2: Alcohol B2-1 (1.23 g, 3.18 mmol) and 2 g 4 ⁇ MS were suspended in DCM (16 mL) and treated with NMO (560 mg, 4.78 mmol) and TPAP (76 mg, 0.218 mmol). After stirring for 30 min, the mixture was filtered over a short pad of silica and eluted off with 50% EtOAc/Hex. The filtrate was concentrated and the crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10% to 30% EtOAc/Hex to afford ketone B2-2 (0.99 g).
  • Step 4 Preparation of B2-3: LiHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 5.8 mL, 5.8 mmol) was added to THF (22 mL) and the stirred solution was cooled to ⁇ 78° C. A rt solution of ketone B2-2 (2.14 g, 5.55 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added dropwise by cannula over 5 min. The flask that had contained B2-2 was then rinsed with THF (4 mL) and the rinsing was added dropwise by cannula to the reaction mixture.
  • N-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (2.40 g, 6.11 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added to the reaction mixture dropwise by syringe over 5 min. After another 1 h, the reaction mixture was warmed to rt. Following an additional 30 min, the reaction was quenched by addition of 20 mL H 2 O and diluted with Et 2 O. The organic solution was washed with 10% NaOH and dried over K 2 CO 3 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was loaded onto a silica column that had been pre-equilibrated with 1% TEA/Hex. The material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0% to 15% EtOAc/Hex doped with 1% TEA) to afford enol triflate B2-3 (1.89 g).
  • Steps 6 and 7. Preparation of B2-5: Compound B2-4 (1.85 mmol theoretical) was dissolved in 1:1 MeOH/DCM (20 mL) and treated with HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 2 mL, 8.0 mmol). After stirring for 2 h at rt, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was carried on without further purification. The crude product amine hydrochloride was treated with Boc 2 O (2.02 g, 9.25 mmol), DCM (18 mL), MeOH (1.8 mL) and TEA (0.52 mL, 3.7 mmol).
  • Step 8 Preparation of Intermediate B2: Carbamate B2-5 (345 mg, 1.43 mmol) was dissolved in THF (7 mL) and cooled to 0° C. BH 3 —SMe 2 complex (2.0 M in THF, 0.79 mL, 1.58 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was allowed to come to rt gradually. After 15 h, the reaction was quenched by dropwise addition of H 2 O (added until bubbling ceased), then cooled to 0° C.
  • Step 1 Preparation of B3-1: Enol triflate B2-3 (91 mg, 0.176 mmol) was dissolved in THF (1.7 mL) and treated with cyclopropyl zinc bromide (0.5 M in THF, 1.7 mL, 0.85 mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (20 mg, 0.018 mmol). The stirred reaction mixture was heated to 50° C. for 2 h then cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc. The organic solution was washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine, then dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Steps 2 and 3 Preparation of B3-2: Vinyl cyclopropane B3-1 (43 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 MeOH/DCM (10 mL) and treated with HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1 mL, 4.0 mmol). After stirring for 1.5 h at rt, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was carried on without further purification. The crude product of step 2 was treated with Boc 2 O (229 mg, 1.05 mmol), DMAP (13 mg, 0.105 mmol), DCM (5 mL) and TEA (0.293 mL, 2.10 mmol).
  • Step 1 Preparation of enone B5-2: To a solution of B1-1 in tetrahydrofuran (7.35 mL) was added ethylmagnesium bromide (3 M in diethyl ether, 1.47 mL 4.41 mmol) via syringe at ⁇ 78° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 2.5 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt over 30 min at which point the reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL twice), and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and were concentrated in vacuo.
  • ethylmagnesium bromide 3 M in diethyl ether, 1.47 mL 4.41 mmol
  • Step 2 Preparation of B5-2: To a solution of enone B5-1 (308 mg, 0.95 mmol) in methanol (4.7 mL) was added cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate (566 mg, 1.52 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to ⁇ 78° C., and sodium borohydride (57.7 mg, 1.52 mmol) was added as a solid. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was warmed to 0° C. and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (20 mL) was added.
  • Step 3 Preparation of Intermediate B5: To a solution of alcohol B5-2 (319 mg, 0.98 mmol) in ethanol (4.9 mL) was added Pd/C (10%, 103.9 mg, 0.097 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. The atmosphere was replaced with hydrogen and the reaction mixture was stirred vigorously at rt. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and was filtered through a pad of Celite with ethyl acetate washings (10 mL three times). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford Intermediate B5 (188 mg), which was used directly in the next step without purification.
  • Step 1 Preparation of B6-1: A solution of isopropylmagnesium bromide (2.9 M in MeTHF, 3.2 mL, 9.3 mmol) was added dropwise to a cooled solution of B1-1 (1.02 g, 3.00 mmol) in 60 mL of ether at ⁇ 78° C. under argon. Reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. Reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aqueous NH 4 CI and extracted three times with ether. Combined organics were washed with sat. aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • isopropylmagnesium bromide 2.9 M in MeTHF, 3.2 mL, 9.3 mmol
  • Step 2 Preparation of B6-2 and B6-3: CeCl 3 .7H 2 O (1.32 g, 3.50 mmol) was added to a solution of B6-1 (740 mg, 2.18 mmol) in 47 mL of methanol at room temperature under argon. After cooling to ⁇ 78° C., sodium borohydride (127 mg, 3.34 mmol) was added slowly portionwise. After two hours, reaction mixture was warmed to 0° C. After fifteen minutes, reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aqueous NH 4 CI and extracted three times with ethyl acetate.
  • Step 3 Preparation of Intermediate B6: The ⁇ 3:1 mixture of B6-2 and B6-3 (341 mg, 1.00 mmol) was dissolved in 28 mL of ethyl acetate. Palladium on carbon (10 wt %, 109 mg, 0.11 mmol) was then added and mixture was hydrogenated under an atmosphere of hydrogen for nineteen hours. Mixture was then filtered over Celite, washing with ethyl acetate, and filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield Intermediate B6 (141 mg) as a colorless oil.
  • Step 1 Preparation of B7-2: To a solution of alcohol B7-1 (500 mg, 1.33 mmol; prepared according to Barreling, P., et al. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 4195) in DCM (6.65 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (564 mg, 1.33 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was purified directly by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) to afford ketone B7-2 (431 mg) as a colorless oil.
  • Step 2 Preparation of Intermediate B7: To a solution of intermediate B7-2 (410 mg, 1.09 mmol) and (R)-(+)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (Aldrich, 1 M in toluene, 1.09 mL, 1.09 mmol) in THF (5.45 mL) was added BH 3 .THF (1 M in toluene, 2.18 mL, 2.18 mmol) at ⁇ 78° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (15 mL) and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt.
  • BH 3 .THF 1 M in toluene, 2.18 mL, 2.18 mmol
  • Step 1 Preparation of B8-1. n-BuLi (0.44 mL, 1.1 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane) was added to a cold ( ⁇ 78° C.) solution of (S)-methyl 4-oxo-1-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (383 mg, 1 mmol, prepared as described in Sardina, F. J., Blanco, M.-J. J. Org. Chem . 1996, 61, 4748) in THF/HMPA (3.8 mL/0.4 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at ⁇ 78° C. to ⁇ 50° C.
  • Steps 1 and 2 Preparation of trans-cyclopropanol mixture 01-2 and D1-3: THF (1000 mL) was introduced in a three neck round bottomed flask containing Mg (32.2 g, 1.34 mol). A solution of 7-bromohept-1-ene (216 g, 1.22 mol) in THF (600 mL) was introduced to an addition funnel. One crystal of iodine and 20 mL of 7-bromohept-1-ene solution were added to the reaction. The solution was heated to reflux, and the remainder of the 7-bromohept-1-ene solution was added drop wise.
  • Step 3 Preparation of cyclopropyl acetate mixture D1-4 and D1-5: To a 1000 mL round bottom flask was added trans-cyclopropyl alcohol mixture D1-2 and D1-3 (60.3 g, 0.48 mol), 700 mL of DCM and TEA (62.9 g, 0.62 mol) prior to cooling the solution in an acetone/ice bath to an internal temp of ⁇ 5° C. Acetyl chloride (41.3 g, 0.53 mol) was added dropwise to the solution over a 30 min period while maintaining an internal temp ⁇ 10° C. The resulting slurry was then warmed to rt and stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 350 mL of water.
  • Step 4 Preparation of D1-3: To a 1000 mL round-bottom flask was added a solution of mixture D1-4 and D1-5 (39 g, 0.23 mol) in 680 mL of MTBE saturated with aqueous 0.1 M pH 7 phosphate buffer. The flask was placed in an ice bath to maintain an internal temperature of approximately 10° C. throughout the hydrolysis reaction which was initiated by the addition of 3.0 g of Novozyme 435. The reaction was aged at 10° C. for approximately 6 h until conversion had reached about 40%. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the solid immobilized enzyme was washed three times with 200 mL of MTBE. The resulting MTBE solution was concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 5 Preparation of D1-6: Cyclopropanol 01-3 (17.7 g, 0.140 mol) was dissolved in 300 mL of MeCN at 0° C. To the solution was added DSC (72.0 g, 0.280 mol) and TEA (42.42 g, 0.420 mol). The reaction mixture was warmed to 40° C. and stirred overnight and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 01-6 (25.8 g) as a yellow solid.
  • Step 6 Preparation of 01-7: To a solution of 01-6 (10 g, 0.0374 mol) in THF (374 mL) was added L-tert-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride (10.2 g, 0.056 mol) and TEA (11.3 g, 0.112 mol). The solution was stirred overnight at 40° C. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 01-7 (10.2 g) as a yellow oil. LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 16 H 28 NO 4 : 298.2. found: 298.0.
  • Step 7 Preparation of Intermediate 01: A solution of 01-7 (20 g, 0.067 mol) in 2:1 mixture of MeOH/H 2 O (447 mL/223 mL) was treated with LiOH.H 2 O (11.3 g, 0.269 mol) and then heated at 60° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, concentrated to half volume and extracted with MTBE. Then the aqueous solution was acidified with aqueous 1 N HCl (400 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (400 mL ⁇ 3), the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to afford Intermediate 01 (18 g).
  • Step 1 Preparation of Intermediate D2: To a suspension of 01-6 (600 mg, 2.25 mmol) and (S)-2-amino-2-cyclopentylacetic acid hydrochloride salt (386 mg, 2.7 mmol, Betapharma Inc.) in THF (20 mL) were added distilled water (6 mL) and triethylamine (0.94 mL, 6.74 mmol). The homogeneous solution was allowed to stir for ⁇ 18 h. The THF was evaporated and the aqueous residue was diluted with water (20 mL). The mixture was basified with 1 N NaOH (pH >10) and then washed twice (20 mL) with ethyl acetate.
  • Step 1 Preparation of Intermediate D3: To a suspension of D1-6 (800 mg, 3 mmol) and (S)-2-amino-2-cyclohexylacetic acid (519 mg, 3.3 mmol; Alfa Aesar) in water (15 mL) was added K 3 PO 4 (1.27 g, 6 mmol). The homogeneous solution was allowed to stir at rt for 5 h. To the reaction mixture was charged with water (15 mL) and EtOAc (15 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL). Organic layers were combined, washed with 1 N HCl, H 2 O and brine, and dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
  • Step 1 Preparation of D4-2: Bicyclic alcohol D4-1 (2.9 g, 29.5 mmol, prepared according to Section A, Intermediate 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,491 B2 (hereinafter “US '491”), p 192.) was dissolved in DCM (60 mL) and TEA (8.2 mL, 59 mmol) was added. The stirred solution was cooled to 0° C. and MsCl (3.4 mL, 44 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt gradually. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was poured into H 2 O.
  • Step 2 Preparation of D4-3: NaH (1.69 g, 42.3 mmol) was suspended in 100 mL THF and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Diethyl malonate (6.4 mL, 47 mmol) was added dropwise over 4 min and the stirred mixture was warmed to rt. After another hour, mesylate D4-2 (3.73 g, 21.2 mmol) in 20 mL THF was added and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h. After this period, the reaction mixture was cooled to rt and poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 . The aqueous layer was extracted 2 ⁇ with EtOAc. Then, the organics were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0% to 15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford D4-3 (4.64 g).
  • Step 3 Preparation of D4-4: Malonate D4-3 (4.64 g, 19.3 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL DMSO then NaCl (1.24 g, 21.2 mmol) and water (0.694 mL, 38.6 mmol) were added. The stirred mixture was heated to 170° C. for 48 h then cooled to rt and diluted with Et 2 O. The organic solution was washed with H 2 O twice, then brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (5% to 15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford D4-4 (2.83 g).
  • Step 7 Preparation of D4-7: A solution of KHMDS (0.5 M in PhMe, 3.4 mL, 1.7 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 78° C. and a separate ⁇ 78° C. solution of oxazolidinone D4-6 (465 mg, 1.55 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise by cannula. After 30 min, a ⁇ 78° C. solution of trisyl azide (576 mg, 1.86 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added by cannula. Three min later, the reaction was quenched by addition of AcOH (0.41 mL, 7.13 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to 30° C.
  • Step 8 Preparation of D4-8: Azide D4-7 (367 mg, 1.08 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (471 mg, 2.16 mmol) were dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL). 10% Pd/C (197 mg) was added and the atmosphere replaced with H 2 . The suspension was stirred under 1 atm H 2 for 20 h, then filtered over Celite and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (15% to 30% EtOAc/Hex) to afford D4-8 (376 mg). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M-(t-Bu)+H] + calcd for C 19 H 23 N 2 O 5 : 359.16. found: 359.43.
  • Step 1 Preparation of diastereomeric carbamate mixture D6-1: Intermediate C2 (1.34 g, 6.31 mmol), ( ⁇ )-trans-1-methyl-2-(pent-4-enyl)cyclopropanol (590 mg, 4.208 mmol; prepared according to procedure for Intermediate C3, WO2011014487, p. 36), DMAP (514 mg, 4.21 mmol), and DIPEA (2.93 mL, 16.83 mmol) were combined in toluene (14 mL). The reaction was heated at 90° C. for 18 h. The reaction was diluted with Et 2 O (25 mL) and 1 N aqueous HCl (75 mL), stirred well, and organics were removed.
  • Step 2 Preparation of diastereomeric Intermediate mixture D6.
  • the diastereomeric mixture D6-1 was taken up in DCM (2 mL) and treated with TFA (2 mL) at room temperature. After 1.5 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and co-evaporated with chloroform repeatedly to remove residual TFA and purified via silica gel chromatography to give 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of Intermediate D6 as a brown oil, (536 mg).
  • Step 1 Preparation of D7-1: (1R,2R)-1-methyl-2-(pent-4-enyl)cyclopentanol (220.9 mg, 1.313 mmol; prepared according to procedure for Intermediate B26, International Patent Publication No. WO 2008/057209 (hereinafter “WO '209”), p. 45) and Intermediate C1 (337.1 mg, 1.969 mmol) were treated with DIPEA (0.91 mL, 5.252 mmol) and DMAP (160.4 mg, 1.313 mmol) in toluene (4.4 mL). The mixture was heated at 85° C. for 21 h. The solution was diluted with ether (80 mL).
  • Step 1 Preparation of D8-2: To a solution of intermediate D8-1 (500 mg, 3.24 mmol, prepared according to WO '209, p. 36) in DCM (6.65 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.37 g, 3.24 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 6 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and was directly purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) to afford ketone D8-2 (252 mg) as a colorless oil.
  • Step 2 Preparation of diastereomeric mixture D8-3: To a solution of ketone D8-2 (385 mg, 2.53 mmol) and TMSCF 3 (749 ⁇ L, 5.07 mmol) in THF (2.3 mL) was added CsF (7.0 mg, 46 ⁇ mol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 2.5 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and the resulting mixture was extracted twice with DCM (10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and were concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 3 Preparation of diastereomeric mixture D8-4: To a solution of D8-3 (700 mg, 2.38 mmol) in THF (11.9 mL) was added TBAF (1 M in THF, 2.38 mL, 2.38 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (75 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and was concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 4 Preparation of diastereomeric mixture D8-5: A solution of D8-4 (380 mg, 1.72 mmol), Intermediate C1 (295.7 mg, 1.72 mmol), DIPEA (1.20 mL, 6.88 mmol), and DMAP (210 mg, 1.72 mmol) in toluene (8.6 mL) was heated to 85° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with 1 N HCl solution (50 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL), and brine (50 mL).
  • Step 5 Preparation of diastereomeric Intermediate mixture D8: To a solution of carbamate D8-5 (500 mg, 1.27 mmol) in DCE (6.4 mL) was added trimethyltin hydroxide (2.30 g, 12.7 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere, and the resulting mixture was heated to 65° C. After 21 h, the reaction mixture allowed to cool to rt and was diluted with 1 N HCl solution (50 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 50 mL).
  • Steps 1 and 2 Preparation of racemate 09-1: Magnesium metal (1.32 g, 54.3 mmol) was added to a 2-neck flask fitted with a reflux condenser and the vessel was flushed with Ar. THF (42 mL) was added followed by iodine (ca. 5 mg). The stirred suspension was heated to 45° C. and 5-bromopent-1-ene was added (1.2 g, 8.1 mmol) in one portion. After stirring several minutes, additional 5-bromopent-1-ene (5.5 g, 37 mmol) was added at a rate sufficient to maintain gentle reflux. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 15 min and was then cooled to ambient temperature and used immediately in the following step.
  • reaction was then removed from the cold bath and warmed to rt. After stirring an additional 1.75 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 CI (5 mL) and was filtered with EtOAc (100 mL) and H 2 O (100 mL) through Celite. The phases were separated, and the organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated to afford ( ⁇ )-D9-1 as a colorless residue (813 mg).
  • Step 1 Preparation of D11-1: To a mixture of D1 (1.0 g, 3.53 mmol), sodium periodate (2.26 g, 10.59 mmol) in 24 mL THF and 12 mL water was added Os EnCatTM 40 (0.25 mmol/g loading, 282 mg, 0.071 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The mixture was stirred for 3 days. Water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered. The filter cake was washed with water (total volume 400 mL) and ethyl acetate (total volume 600 mL). The filtrate layers were separated.
  • Step 2 Preparation of D11-2: To a solution of D11-1 (3.05 g, 10.7 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium borohydride in portions (809 mg, 21.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 6 h. The mixture was diluted with 50 mL ethyl acetate and 50 mL brine and the layers were separated. The organic phase was extracted with two 25 mL portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude product mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc in hexanes: 10% to 100%) to give D11-2 (380 mg). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 14 H 26 NO 5 : 288.2. found: 288.1.
  • Step 3 Preparation of Intermediate D11: To a solution of D11-2 (283 mg, 0.98 mmol) in THF (2.8 mL) at 0° C. was added 1-nitro-2-selenocyanatobenzene (336 mg, 1.47 mmol) and tributylphosphine (363 ⁇ L, 1.47 mmol). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 25 minutes at rt. The reaction was again cooled to 0° C. and was treated with 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (0.665 mL, 5.85 mmol) and stirred for 1 h at rt and then heated at 60° C. for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and the desired product was extracted into aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
  • Step 1 Preparation of D12-1: To a solution of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (121 g, 0.41 mol) in H 2 O (1.5 L) was added dropwise H 2 SO 4 (143 g, 1.46 mol) at rt and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and D4-1 (80 g, 0.814 mol; prepared according to Section A, Intermediate 1 of US '491, p 192.) in MTBE (1.5 L) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (3 ⁇ 500 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 2 Preparation of ( ⁇ )-D12-2: Under Ar, a mixture of THF (4.4 mL) and HMPA (1.8 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 78° C. A 1 M solution of LiHMDS in THF (2.2 mL, 2.2 mmol) was added. Ketone D12-1 (202 mg, 2.10 mmol) was added as a solution in THF (2 mL) over 1 min, washing with additional THF (2 ⁇ 1 mL) to ensure complete transfer. After 25 min, 5-iodopent-1-ene (prepared according to Jin, J. et. al. J. Org. Chem .
  • Step 3 Preparation of ( ⁇ )-D12-3 and ( ⁇ )-D12-4: A solution of ( ⁇ )-D12-2 (142 mg, 0.865 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 78° C. A 1 M THF solution of LiBHEt 3 (1.3 mL, 1.3 mmol) was added dropwise over 30 s. The reaction was stirred 15 min and was removed from the cold bath. After warming to rt (15 min), the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 CI (1 mL). The resulting mixture was diluted with Et 2 O (20 mL) and H 2 O (20 mL). The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O (20 mL).
  • Step 4 Preparation of diastereomeric Intermediate mixture D12 and D13: A mixture of ( ⁇ )-D12-3 (150 mg, 0.90 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (1.0 mL). Pyridine (75 ⁇ L, 0.92 mmol) and DSC (302 mg, 1.18 mmol) were added, and the reaction was stirred at 45° C. for 21.5 h. The reaction was then placed in an ice water bath and H 2 O (1.0 mL) was added dropwise via syringe over 1 min. The mixture was removed from the cold bath and allowed to stir 5 min.
  • Step 1 Preparation of D12-5: To a solution of (1S,4R)-cis-4-acetoxy-2-cyclopent-1-ol (Aldrich, 10 g, 70.4 mmol), triethylamine (48.8 mL, 350 mmol), and DMAP (4.29 g, 35.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (352 mL) was added pivaloyl chloride (10.8 mL, 87.75 mmol) dropwise via syringe at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (500 mL), and extracted with dichloromethane (2 ⁇ 500 mL).
  • Step 2 Preparation of D12-6: To a solution of D12-5 (15.0 g, 70.4 mmol) in methanol (352 mL) was added potassium carbonate (9.73 g, 70.4 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 5 h, the reaction mixture was filtered and was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved into ethyl acetate (500 mL) and the resulting mixture was washed with water (500 mL) and brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 3 Preparation of D12-7: To a solution of copper(I) cyanide (5.10 g, 57.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (95 mL) was added pent-4-enylmagnesium bromide (Novel Chemical Solutions, 0.5 M in THF, 114 mL, 57.0 mmol) dropwise via cannula over a 30 min period at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 10 min, a solution of D12-6 (3.50 g, 19.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (10 mL) was added slowly via cannula. The reaction mixture was then allowed to slowly warm to rt.
  • pent-4-enylmagnesium bromide Novel Chemical Solutions, 0.5 M in THF, 114 mL, 57.0 mmol
  • Step 4 Preparation of (1S,2R,3R,5S)-D12-3: To a solution of D12-7 (20 mg, 0.13 mmol), and diethyl zinc (1 M in hexanes, 132 ⁇ L, 0.132 mmol) in diethyl ether (0.66 mL) was added diiodomethane (21 ⁇ L, 0.26 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with 1 N aqueous HCl solution (0.66 mL). After 5 min, the resulting yellow mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (5 mL) and the resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 ⁇ 5 mL).
  • Step 5 Preparation of Intermediate D12: Alcohol (1S,2R,3R,5S)-D12-3 (0.450 g, 2.7 mmol) was taken up in DMF (2.7 mL) and treated subsequently with DSC (0.92 g, 3.52 mmol) and pyridine (0.22 mL, 2.8 mmol). The reaction was then heated to 50° C. o/n. The reaction was then cooled to 0° C. and water (5.5 mL) was added dropwise over 1 min. The resulting opaque suspension was stirred at rt for 10 min before recooling to 0° C.
  • Step 1 Preparation of ( ⁇ )-D15-1: To a solution of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (11.3 g, 40.0 mmol) in THF (160 mL) was added methyl magnesium bromide (3 M in Et 2 O, 20 mL, 60.0 mmol) dropwise via syringe at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 10 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of methyl propionate (3.80 mL, 40.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added slowly via syringe.
  • methyl magnesium bromide 3 M in Et 2 O, 20 mL, 60.0 mmol
  • Step 1 Preparation of intermediate mixture D17.
  • reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and L-tert-leucine (1.21 g, 9.27 mmol) and K 3 PO 4 (4.69 g, 22.1 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 10 min and was removed from the cold bath. After stirring an additional 6 h, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), acidified with 1 M aqueous HCl (25 mL), and diluted with 0.2 M aqueous HCl (25 mL).
  • Step 1 Preparation of D18-1: (Prepared according to WO2011013141) To a solution of (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutanoic acid (15 g, 126 mmol) in methanol (95 mL) was added concentrated sulfuric acid (8 mL), and the reaction was heated to reflux. After 18 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was slurried with ethyl acetate (95 mL) and D18-1 was collected by vacuum filtration.
  • Step 2 Preparation of D18-2: To a solution of D18-1 (4.5 g, 44 mmol), 4-nitrobenzoic acid (8.19 g, 49 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (22.4 g, 132 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (220 mL) was added diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (12.1 mL, 61.6 mmol) dropwise via syringe at 23° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 20 h, the resulting cloudy orange reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and methanol (200 mL) followed by potassium carbonate (15 g, 109 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred at 23° C.
  • Step 3 Preparation of D18-3: To a solution of crude D18-2 (5 g, 49.5 mmol) and imidazole (3.4 g, 49.5 mmol) in DMF (247 mL) was added TBSCI (7.5 g, 49.5 mmol) at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to 23° C. After 7 h, additional imidazole (7 g, 102 mmol) and TBSCI (16 g, 106 mmol) were added sequentially. After an additional 16 h, the resulting mixture was diluted with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (1 L) and was extracted with ethyl acetate (1 L).
  • Step 4 Preparation of D18-4: To a solution of D18-3 (1.00 g, 4.65 mmol), DMAP (57.8 mg, 0.465 mmol), and triethylamine (1.29 mL, 9.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (23.3 mL) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.5 g, 6.97 mmol) at 23° C. under and argon atmosphere. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was purified directly by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) to afford D18-4.
  • Step 5 Preparation of D18-5: To a solution of D18-4 (700 mg, 2.22 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (11.1 mL) was added pent-4-enylmagnesium bromide (Novel Chemical Solutions, 0.5 M in 2-MeTHF, 4.89 mL, 2.44 mmol) at ⁇ 78° C. dropwise via syringe under an argon atmosphere. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (50 mL) and was allowed to warm to room temperature.
  • pent-4-enylmagnesium bromide Novel Chemical Solutions, 0.5 M in 2-MeTHF, 4.89 mL, 2.44 mmol
  • Step 6 Preparation of D18-6: To a solution of D18-5 (740 mg, 1.92 mmol) and triethylsilane (6.10 mL, 38.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (9.6 mL) was added boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (308 ⁇ L, 2.50 mmol) at ⁇ 78° C. dropwise via syringe under an argon atmosphere. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After an additional 4 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (10 mL), and was diluted with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL).
  • Step 7 Preparation of D18-7: To a solution of D18-6 (338 mg, 1.08 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (21 mL) was added TBAF (1 M in tetrahydrofuran, 21 mL, 21 mmol) at 0° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 17 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and was directly purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) to afford D18-7 (102 mg, 2:1 diastereomeric mixture favoring desired 1 1-((2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-(pent-4-enyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanone diastereomer).
  • Step 8 Preparation of D18-8: To a solution of D18-7 (102 mg, 0.518 mmol) and pyridine (8 ⁇ L, 0.104 mmol) was added DSC (159.2 mg, 0.621 mmol) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was heated to 45° C. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and water (518 ⁇ L), L-tert-leucine (86.5 mg, 0.518 mmol), and K 3 PO 4 (330 mg, 1.55 mmol) were sequentially added, and the resulting mixture was heated to 50° C. After 6 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was diluted with 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (10 mL).
  • Steps 1 and 2 Preparation of D19-1: A 1.0 M THF solution of KHMDS (10 mL, 10 mmol) was diluted with THF (10 mL) under Ar and the resulting solution was cooled to ⁇ 78° C. in a CO 2 :acetone bath. Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one (1.0 g, 9.1 mmol, see: Yin, et. al. J. Org. Chem . 1985, 50, 531) was added as a solution in THF (5 mL) over 2 min, washing with additional THF (2 ⁇ 2.5 mL) to ensure complete transfer.
  • Step 2 To a solution of 3-butenal diethyl acetal (1.4 mL, 8.3 mmol) under Ar cooled in an ice water bath was added a 0.5 M THF solution of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (15.9 mL, 7.95 mmol) over 3 min. The reaction was stirred for 20 h, with the cold bath being allowed to expire overnight.
  • Step 3 Preparation of D19-2: A solution of olefin D19-1 (660 mg, 2.77 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was cooled in an ice water bath. BH 3 .Me 2 S was then added as a 1 M solution in CH 2 Cl 2 (2.9 mL, 2.9 mmol) over 1 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h in the ice water bath and was then allowed to warm to r.t. After stirring an additional 3 h, the reaction mixture was re-cooled in an ice water bath and was diluted with 2 M aqueous NaOH (7 mL) followed by 30° A) aqueous H 2 O 2 (7 mL).
  • Steps 4 and 5 Preparation of D19-3: Acetal D19-2 (360 mg, 1.4 mmol) was dissolved in THF (8 mL) and H 2 O (2 mL). para-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (40 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added and the resulting solution was stirred 16 h at r.t. The reaction was diluted with Et 2 O (50 mL) and H 2 O (30 mL) and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O (30 mL) and the combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (15 mL).
  • Step 5 Methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (1.66 g, 4.6 mmol) was suspended in THF (40 mL) under Ar and was cooled via a CO 2 /acetone bath to ⁇ 78° C. A 1 M solution of NaHMDS in THF (4.2 mL, 4.2 mmol) was added in dropwise fashion and the resulting yellow suspension was stirred for 5 min. The mixture was removed from the cold bath and stirring continued an additional 30 min. The mixture was then re-cooled to ⁇ 78° C. and the crude residue from the previous step (ca.
  • Step 6 Intermediate D19-3 (270 mg, 1.5 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL). Pyridine (125 ⁇ L, 1.5 mmol) and DSC (500 mg, 1.9 mmol) were added, and the reaction was stirred at 45° C. for 15 h. The reaction was then placed in an ice water bath and H 2 O (2.0 mL) was added dropwise over 30 s. The mixture was removed from the cold bath and allowed to stir 10 min. The mixture was re-cooled in an ice water bath and L-tert-leucine (259 mg, 1.97 mmol) was added followed by K 3 PO 4 (835 mg, 3.93 mmol). The reaction mixture was removed from the cold bath and allowed to stir at r.t.
  • Step 2 Preparation of E2-2: To a suspension of E2-1 (3.32 g, 10.49 mmol) in 25 mL MeCN, POCl 3 (2.93 mL, 31.5 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 min with constant stirring. The reaction mixture was warmed to 80° C. and stirred for 5 h. The reaction was then cooled to ambient temperature and neutralized with ice cold saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution, extracted three times with CH 2 Cl 2 (100 mL), washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude material was eluted through a plug of silica with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • Step 1 Preparation of E3-1: To a solution of 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene (25.0 g, 159 mmol) and diethyl oxalate (21.6 mL, 159 mmol) in THF (380 mL), diethyl ether (90 mL) and n-pentane (90 mL) at ⁇ 100° C. was added dropwise n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane, 67 mL, 167.6 mmol) over 30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at ⁇ 95° C. for 1 h and ⁇ 78° C. for 2 h, and quenched with aq.
  • Step 2 Preparation of E3-2 and E3-3: To a solution of E3-1 (14.0 g, 78.6 mmol) and 4-methoxybenzene-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (15.08 g, 71.4 mmol) in EtOH (360 mL) at rt was added triethylamine (19.9 mL, 142.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated. Slurrying in dichloromethane (30 mL) and filtering gave some separation of regioisomers with E3-2 as the precipitating species. (16.5 g total yield from filtration and subsequent chromatography).
  • Step 3 Preparation of Intermediate E3: A solution of E3-3 (2.07 g, 8.2 mmol in 1 mL DMF was treated with POCl 3 (0.8 mL) and heated at 65° C. for 2.5 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and quenched by pouring into ice water. The organic phase was washed subsequently with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give 2.1 g of Intermediate E3.
  • Step 1 Preparation of E6-1: A 1-L 3-necked round-bottom flask was charged with a solution of 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene (25 g, 159.3 mmol) in DMF (360 mL) and water (90 mL). The resulting solution was treated with ethyl 2-oxoacetate (33 mL, 1 M in toluene), and In (25 g). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt and then extracted with 3 ⁇ 300 mL of ether.
  • Step 5 Preparation of Intermediate E6: A solution of E6-4 (0.5 g, 2 mmol in 4.5 mL DMF was treated with POCl 3 (3 mL) and heated at 65° C. for 3 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and quenched by pouring into ice water. The organic phase was washed subsequently with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.48 g of Intermediate E6 (3-chloro-2-(1,1-difluoroallyl)quinoxaline-6-carbonitrile).
  • Step 1 Preparation of E7-1: To a solution of E3-1 (1.84 g, 10.93 mmol) and 4-(difluoromethoxy)benzene-1,2-diamine (1.90 g, 10.93 mmol, prepared according to Reference Example 30y of WO2003035065, p. 511.) in DMF (40 mL) at rt was added DIPEA (9.5 mL, 54.65 mmol) and HATU (6.23 g, 16.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water (100 mL) and brine (50 mL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 2 Preparation of Intermediate E7: Hydroxyquinoxaline E7-1 (800 mg, 2.8 mmol), POCl 3 (1.65 mL, 3.0 mmol) and DMF (10 mL) are combined at rt and then heated to 65° C. for 2.5 h at which time additional POCl 3 (0.2 mL, 0.36 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated an additional 3 h at 65° C. then cooled to rt.
  • Step 1-1 A mixture containing Intermediate B4 (2.03 g, 6.44 mmol), Intermediate E1 (1.6 g, 5.85 mmol), and cesium carbonate (3.15 g, 9.66 mmol) in MeCN (40 mL) was stirred vigorously at rt under an atmosphere of Ar for 16 h. The reaction was then filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 1-1 as a white solid (2.5 g). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M ⁇ Boc+2H] + calcd for C 20 H 27 ClN 3 O 4 : 408.9. found: 408.6.
  • Step 2 Preparation of 1-2: To a solution 1-1 (2.5 g, 4.92 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4 M, 25 mL, 98.4 mmol) and the reaction stirred at rt for 5 h. The crude reaction was concentrated in vacuo to give 1-2 as a white solid (2.49 g) that was used in subsequently without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M] + calcd for C 20 H 26 ClN 3 O 4 : 407.9. found: 407.9.
  • Step 3 Preparation of 1-3: To a DMF (35 mL) solution of 1-2 (2.49 g, 5.61 mmol), Intermediate D1 (1.75 mg, 6.17 mmol) and DIPEA (3.9 mL, 22.44 mmol) was added COMU (3.12 g, 7.29 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with 5% aqueous citric acid solution and extracted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to produce 1-3 as an orange foam (2.31 g) that was used without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M] + calcd for C 35 H 49 ClN 4 O 7 : 673.3. found: 673.7.
  • Step 4 Preparation of 1-4: To a solution of 1-3 (2.31 g, 3.43 mmol), TEA (0.72 mL, 5.15 mmol) and potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (0.69 mg, 5.15 mmol) in EtOH (35 mL) was added PdCl 2 (dppf) (0.25 g, 0.34 mmol, Frontier Scientific). The reaction was sparged with Argon for 15 min and heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction was adsorbed directly onto silica gel and purified using silica gel chromatography to give 1-4 as a yellow oil (1.95 g). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 37 H 53 N 4 O 7 : 665.4. found: 665.3.
  • Step 5 Preparation of 1-5: To a solution of 1-4 (1.95 g, 2.93 mmol) in DCE (585 mL) was added Zhan 1B catalyst (0.215 g, 0.29 mmol, Strem) and the reaction was sparged with Ar for 15 min. The reaction was heated to 80° C. for 1.5 h, allowed to cool to rt and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography to produce 1-5 as a yellow oil (1.47 g; LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 35 H 49 N 4 O 7 : 637.4. found: 637.3).
  • Step 6 Preparation of 1-6: A solution of 1-5 (0.97 g, 1.52 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) was treated with Pd/C (10 wt % Pd, 0.162 g). The atmosphere was replaced with hydrogen and stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction was filtered through Celite, the pad washed with EtOAc and concentrated to give 1-6 as a brown foamy solid (0.803 g) that was used subsequently without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 35 H 51 N 4 O 7 : 639.4. found: 639.3.
  • Step 7 Preparation of 1-7: To a solution of 1-6 (0.803 g, 1.26 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added TFA (5 mL) and stirred at rt for 3 h. An additional 2 mL TFA was added and the reaction stirred for another 1.5 h. The reaction was concentrated to a brown oil that was taken up in EtOAc (35 mL). The organic solution was washed with water. After separation of the layers, sat. aqueous NaHCO 3 was added with stirring until the aqueous layer reached a pH ⁇ 7-8. The layers were separated again and the aqueous extracted with EtOAc twice.
  • Step 8 Preparation of Example 1: To a solution of 1-7 (0.200 g, 0.343 mmol), Intermediate A10 (0.157 g, 0.515 mmol), DMAP (0.063 g, 0.51 mmol) and DIPEA (0.3 mL, 1.72 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added HATU (0.235 g, 0.617 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt o/n. The reaction was diluted with MeCN and purified directly by reverse phase HPLC (Gemini, 30-100% MeCN/H 2 O+0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to give Example 1 (118.6 mg) as a solid TFA salt. Analytic HPLC RetTime: 8.63 min.
  • Example 2 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 1, substituting Intermediate A9 for Intermediate A10 in Step 8.
  • Example 2 was isolated (37.9 mg) in approximately 85% purity as a TFA salt.
  • Example 3 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 1, substituting Intermediate A3 for Intermediate A10 in Step 8.
  • Example 3 was isolated (0.035 g) in approximately 88% purity as a TFA salt.
  • Example 4 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 1, substituting Intermediate A4 for Intermediate A10 in Step 8.
  • Example 4 was isolated (0.018 g) in approximately 88% purity as a TFA salt.
  • Step 1 Preparation of 5-1: HATU (555 mg, 1.46 mmol, Oakwood) and DIPEA (1.10 mL, 6.35 mmol) were added to a mixture of 1-2 (533 mg, 1.20 mmol) and Intermediate D5 (414 mg, 1.33 mmol) in 12 mL of DMF under argon. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. Combined organics were washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-35% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield 5-1 (713 mg) as a white solid.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 37 H 54 ClN 4 O 7 : 701.36. found: 701.58.
  • Step 2 Preparation of 5-2: Pd(dppf)Cl 2 .CH 2 Cl 2 (94 mg, 0.115 mmol, Strem) was added to a deoxygenated mixture of 5-1 (710 mg, 1.01 mmol), potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (213 mg, 1.59 mmol), and triethylamine (0.210 mL, 1.52 mmol) in 11 mL of EtOH at room temperature. Reaction mixture was heated at 78° C. under argon for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate.
  • Step 3 Preparation of 5-3: A mixture of 5-2 (699 mg, 1.01 mmol) and Zhan 1B catalyst (81 mg, 0.111 mmol, Strem) in 200 mL of DCE was deoxygenated under argon for 25 minutes. The mixture was then heated at 95° C. for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture was heated at 95° C. for 10 additional minutes, was cooled to room temperature, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield 5-3 (336 mg) as a light brown solid.
  • Step 4 Preparation of 5-4: Palladium on carbon (10 wt. % Pd, 102 mg, 0.096 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-3 (330 mg, 0.497 mmol) in 8 mL of ethanol and 3.5 mL of ethyl acetate. Mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 100 minutes and was then filtered over Celite, washing with ethyl acetate. Filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 5-4 (64 mg) as a light yellow-brown solid film, which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 37 H 55 N 4 O 7 : 667.40. found: 667.52.
  • Step 5 Preparation of 5-5: TMSOTf (0.53 mL, 2.91 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 5-4 (329 mg, 0.494 mmol) in 10 mL of dichloromethane under argon at room temperature. After one hour, an additional 0.3 mL of TMSOTf was added. After an additional hour, reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting film was taken up in 12 mL of toluene and concentrated under reduced pressure. This process was repeated a second time to yield 5-5 (301 mg), which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 33 H 47 N 4 O 7 : 611.34. found: 611.46.
  • Example 5 (43 mg) as a light yellow solid, trifluoroacetic acid salt, after lyophilization.
  • Analytic HPLC RetTime 9.11 min.
  • Example 6 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 5, substituting Intermediate A10 for Intermediate A9 in Step 6.
  • Example 6 was isolated (29 mg) as a white solid.
  • Step 1 Preparation of 1-2 (free base): Carbamate 1-1 (350 mg, 0.689 mmol) was added to a flask containing a 4:1 mixture of t-butyl acetate:DCM (3.5 mL). To this solution was then added methanesulfonic acid (447 ⁇ L, 6.89 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 20 min at rt, then diluted with methylene chloride (20 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL). The solution was allowed to stir until evolution of gas ceased, then the organics were removed and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with methylene chloride (20 mL).
  • Step 3 Preparation of 7-2: Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (29 mg, 0.0407 mmol) was added to a degassed mixture of 7-1 (280 mg, 0.407 mmol), potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (55 mg, 0.733 mmol), and triethylamine (91 ⁇ L, 0.651 mmol) in 2 mL of ethanol at room temperature. Reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. under N 2 for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, reaction mixture was diluted with toluene (10 mL), concentrated in vacuo to a small volume of solvent, and rediluted in toluene (1 mL).
  • Step 4 Preparation of 7-3 and 7-4: Diastereomeric mixture 7-2 (276 mg, 0.407 mmol) and Zhan 1B catalyst (32 mg, 0.0407 mmol, Strem) were dissolved in 80 mL of DCE and degassed under N 2 for 25 minutes. The mixture was then heated to 100° C. for 1 h. Reaction was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield single diastereomers 7-3 (20 mg, early eluting fraction) and 7-4 (25 mg, late eluting fraction) as light brown residues.
  • Step 5 Preparation of 7-5: Palladium on carbon (10% w/w, 25 mg) was added to a solution of 7-3 (20 mg, 0.0307 mmol) in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and dioxane (2 mL). Mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 30 min and was then filtered through a plug of Celite, and washed with ethyl acetate. Filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 7-5 (16 mg) as a light brown film, which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • Step 6 Preparation of 7-6: Intermediate 7-5 (16 mg, 0.023 mmol) was dissolved in 2 M HCl in dioxane (2 mL) and heated at 80° C. for 1.5 h via microwave reactor. Reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to give 7-6 (15 mg) as a brown residue, which was used in the subsequent step without further purification.
  • Step 7 Preparation of Example 7: HATU (11.9 mg, 0.031 mmol) and DIPEA (22 ⁇ L, 0.126 mmol) were added to a mixture of 7-6 (15 mg, 0.025 mmol) and A10 (11.5 mg, 0.0377 mmol) in 1 mL of DMF. After stirring overnight at room temperature, reaction mixture was poured into water, acidified to pH 1 with 1 N aqueous HCl, and extracted three times with methylene chloride (15 mL). Combined organics were washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Example 8 was prepared in a similar fashion to Example 7, substituting late eluting 7-4 for early eluting 7-3 in Step 5.
  • Example 7 was isolated (2.9 mg) as a white solid.
  • Analytic HPLC RetTime 9.09 min.
  • Step 1 Preparation of 9-1: To a solution of Intermediate D8 (322 mg, 0.85 mmol) and 1-2 (316 mg, 0.78 mmol) in MeCN (3.9 mL) was added HATU (323 mg, 0.85 mmol) followed by DIPEA (678 ⁇ L, 3.90 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) to afford amide 9-1 (476 mg, 1:1 diastereomeric mixture) as a colorless oil.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 38 H 53 ClF 3 N 4 O 7 : 769.4. found: 769.5.
  • Step 2 Preparation of 9-2: To a solution of 9-1 (470 mg, 612 ⁇ mol), TEA (128 ⁇ L, 918 ⁇ mol), and potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (123 mg, 918 ⁇ mol) in EtOH (3.06 mL) was added PdCl2(dppf) (50 mg, 61 ⁇ mol). The reaction mixture was deoxygenated with argon for 10 min and heated to 78° C. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and was concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step 3 Preparation of 9-3: To a solution of 9-2 (329 mg, 485 ⁇ mol) in DCE (97 mL) was added Zhan 1B catalyst (35 mg, 49 ⁇ mol, Strem) and the reaction mixture was deoxygenated for 10 minutes with argon. The reaction mixture was then heated to 100° C. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and was concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) to afford macrocycle 9-3 (301 mg, 7:4 diastereomeric mixtures) as a light yellow oil.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 38 H 52 F 3 N 4 O 7 : 733.4. found: 733.5.
  • Step 4 Preparation of 9-4: To a solution of 9-3 (300 mg, 410 ⁇ mol) in ethanol (2.00 mL) was added Pd/C (10 wt % Pd, 43 mg, 41 ⁇ mol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. The atmosphere of the reaction was replaced with hydrogen gas and the reaction mixture stirred vigorously at rt. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and filtered through a pad of Celite with ethyl acetate washings (3 ⁇ 5 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford macrocycle 9-4 (295 mg, 7:4 diastereomeric mixture), which was used directly in the next step without further purification.
  • Step 5 Preparation of 9-5: To a solution of 9-4 (295 mg, 401 ⁇ mol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TMSOTf (72.6 ⁇ L, 401 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 1.5 h, additional TMSOTf (362.9 ⁇ L, 2.00 mmol) was added. After 1 h, additional TMSOTf (362.9 ⁇ L, 2.00 mmol) was added. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was added slowly to a 0.25 N aqueous NaOH solution (precooled to 0° C., 3 mL). The resulting mixture was diluted with 1 N aqueous HCl solution (5 mL), and was extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 5 mL).
  • Example 9 and Example 10 To a solution of acid 9-5 (150 mg, 220 ⁇ mol) and Intermediate A10 (101 mg, 330 ⁇ mol) in MeCN (1.1 mL) was added HATU (127 mg, 330 ⁇ mol) followed by DIPEA (191 ⁇ L, 1.10 mmol) at rt under an argon atmosphere. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient). The fractions containing the desired product were combined and were repurified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% acetone/hexanes gradient) to afford the first eluting
  • Example 9 (40 mg) as a white powder and the second eluting Example 10 (70 mg) as a white powder.
  • Step 1 Preparation of diastereomer mixture 13-1 and 13-2: To a solution of 1-2 (354 mg, 0.87 mmol), Intermediate mixture D9 and D10 (323 mg, 0.96 mmol) and BEP (263 mg, 0.96 mmol; TCI America) was added DIPEA (0.45 mL, 2.61 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated.
  • Step 2 Preparation of diastereomer mixture 13-3 and 13-4: To a solution of the mixture of 13-1 and 13-2 (338 mg, 0.46 mmol), TEA (0.10 mL, 0.69 mmol) and potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (93 mg, 0.69 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) was added PdCl 2 (dppf) (38 mg, 0.046 mmol, Strem Chemicals). The reaction was deoxygenated with N 2 for 10 min and heated to 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aqueous NaHCO 3 solution and extracted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated.
  • PdCl 2 dppf
  • Step 3 and 4. Preparation of 13-5: To a solution of the diastereomeric mixture 13-3 and 13-4 (285 mg, 0.40 mmol) in DCE (100 mL) was added Zhan 1B catalyst (30 mg, 0.04 mmol, Strem) and the reaction was deoxygenated for 30 minutes with N 2 . The reaction was heated to 100° C. for 45 min, allowed to cool to rt and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography to produce macrocyclic olefin product (125 mg; LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 39 H 55 N 4 O 7 : 691.41.
  • Example 13 To a solution of 13-6 (46 mg, 0.072 mmol), Intermediate A9 (28 mg, 0.11 mmol), TBTU (34 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DMAP (13 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added DIPEA (0.038 mL, 0.22 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with water, diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aqueous NaHCO 3 , brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated.
  • Example 13 (14.5 mg) as a TFA salt.
  • Analytic HPLC RetTime 9.39 min.
  • Step 1 Preparation of 14-1: To a solution of 1-2 (223 mg, 0.50 mmol) and Intermediate D2 (221 mg, 0.75 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was added HATU (306 mg, 0.80 mmol) followed by DIPEA (0.43 mL, 2.5 mmol) at room temperature. After 19 h, solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (15 mL). The resulting solution was washed with 1 M aqueous HCl (10 mL).
  • Step 2 Preparation of 14-2: To a solution of 14-1 (173 mg, 0.25 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was added potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (51 mg, 0.38 mmol), PdCl 2 (dppf) (21 mg, 0.025 mmol) and TEA (0.053 mL, 0.38 mmol) sequentially and the resulting mixture was heated to 80° C. After 1 h, additional potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (17 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added and continued stirring at 80° C. After 2.5 h, additional potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (8 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for additional 10 minutes at 80° C.
  • potassium vinyltrifluoroborate 51 mg, 0.38 mmol
  • PdCl 2 dppf
  • TEA 0.053 mL, 0.38 mmol
  • Step 3 Preparation of 14-3: To a solution of 14-2 in deoxygenated DCE (0.006 M) was added Zhan 1B catalyst (18 mg, 0.025 mmol, Strem) and the reaction was deoxygenated for another 10 minutes with Ar. The reaction was heated to 100° C. After 1.5 h, Zhan 1B catalyst (9 mg, 0.012 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for another 30 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and concentrated to 4-5 mL volume. This was directly purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 14-3 as a brown oil (70 mg). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 36 H 49 N 4 O 7 : 649.35. found: 649.50.
  • Step 4 Preparation of 14-4: To a solution of 14-3 (70 mg, 0.11 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added Pd/C (10 wt % Pd, 12 mg) under argon. The atmosphere was replaced with hydrogen and the reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction was filtered over Celite, washed with EtOH and concentrated to give 14-4 as a brown oil that was used subsequently without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 36 H 51 N 4 O 7 : 651.37. found: 651.60.
  • Step 5 Preparation of 14-5: To a solution of 14-4 (70 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TMSOTf (0.103 mL, 0.53 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated to afford 14-5 which was used it for the next step without purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 32 H 43 N 4 O 7 : 595.31. found: 595.43.
  • Example 14 To a solution of 14-5 (36.8 mg, 0.06 mmol) and Intermediate A10 (28 mg, 0.09 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 mL) was added HATU (38 mg, 0.1 mmol) followed by DIPEA (0.065 mL, 0.37 mmol) at room temperature. After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was directly purified by reverse phase HPLC (Gemini 5u C18 110 ⁇ column, 15-100% MeCN/H 2 O+0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford Example 14 as a yellow solid (24 mg) as a TFA salt. Analytic HPLC RetTime: 9.03 min.
  • Example 15 Preparation of Example 15. To a solution of 14-5 (27 mg, 0.045 mmol) and Intermediate A9 (20 mg, 0.067 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.3 mL) was added HATU (27 mg, 0.072 mmol) followed by DIPEA (0.047 mL, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature. After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was directly purified by reverse phase HPLC (Gemini 5u C18 110 ⁇ column, 15-100% MeCN/H 2 O+0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford Example 15 as a yellow solid (18.6 mg) as a TFA salt. Analytic HPLC RetTime: 8.89 min.
  • Step 1 Preparation of 16-1: To a solution of Intermediate D3 (190 mg, 0.60 mmol) and 1-2 (264 mg, 0.60 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DIPEA (0.31 mL, 1.8 mmol) followed by COMU (257 mg, 0.60 mmol) at rt. After 2 h, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting residue diluted with ethyl acetate (15 mL). The resulting solution was washed with 10% aqueous citric acid solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 10 mL) and combined organic layer was washed with brine (15 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated.
  • DIPEA 0.31 mL, 1.8 mmol
  • COMU 257 mg, 0.60 mmol
  • Step 2 Preparation of 16-2: To a solution of 16-1 (260 mg, 0.37 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) were added potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (75 mg, 0.56 mmol), PdCl 2 (dppf) (30 mg, 0.037 mmol) and TEA (0.079 mL, 0.56 mmol) sequentially. The reaction was deoxygenated with Ar for 12 min and was heated to 78° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL), and washed with brine (20 mL).
  • Step 3 Preparation of 16-3: To a solution of 16-2 (250 mg, 0.36 mmol) in deoxygenated DCE (0.005 M) was added Zhan 1B catalyst (26 mg, 0.036 mmol, Strem) and the reaction was deoxygenated for another 10 minutes with Ar. The reaction was heated to 70° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and concentrated. The resulting residue was directly purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 16-3 as a yellow oil (250 mg). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 37 H 50 N 4 O 7 : 663.82. found: 663.42.
  • Step 4 Preparation of 16-4: To a solution of 16-3 (200 mg, 0.3 mmol) in EtOAc (10 mL) was added Pd/C (10 wt % Pd, 100 mg) under argon. The atmosphere was replaced with hydrogen and the reaction was stirred at rt for 1.5 h. The reaction was filtered over Celite, washed with EtOH and concentrated to give 16-4 as an oil (180 mg) that was used subsequently without further purification.
  • LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 37 H 52 N 4 O 7 : 665.83. found: 665.36.
  • Example 16 To a solution of 16-5 (70 mg, 0.12 mmol) and Intermediate A10 (65 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added DIPEA (0.08 mL, 0.46 mmol) followed by HATU (88 mg, 0.23 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with aqueous NH 4 CI and brine. The crude material was purified by reverse phase HPLC (Gemini column, 58-98% MeCN/H 2 O+0.1% TFA) and lyophilized to afford Example 16 (40 mg) as a TFA salt. Analytic HPLC RetTime: 9.21 min.
  • Steps 1 and 2. Preparation of 17-2: A mixture of Intermediate B4 (273 mg, 0.865 mmol), Intermediate E3 (234 mg, 0.865 mmol), and cesium carbonate (310 mg, 0.952 mmol) in MeCN (2.5 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 36 hours. In an alternative process, DMF was used as the solvent. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to afford 17-1, which was used subsequently without further purification or after chromatography purification. The residue was treated with 35 equiv 4 N HCl in dioxane at rt for 2.5 hours.
  • Step 3 Preparation of 17-3: A mixture of 17-2 (370 mg, 0.761 mmol), Intermediate D11 (205 mg, 0.761 mmol), HATU (347 mg, 0.914 mmol) and DIPEA (0.795 mL, 4.57 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with 100 mL water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude product mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc in hexanes: 30%) to give 17-3 (236 mg).
  • Step 4 Preparation of 17-4: A solution of 17-3 (236 mg, 0.34 mmol) in DCE (67 mL) was deoxygenated with argon for 40 minutes. Zhan 1B catalyst (25 mg, 0.034 mmol, Strem) was added and the reaction was heated in a 100° C. oil bath for 40 minutes. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc in hexanes: 5% to 65%) to give the 17-4 (229 mg). LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M-F] + calcd for C 35 H 46 FN 4 O 7 : 653.3. found: 653.2.
  • Step 5 Preparation of 17-5: A solution of 17-4 (229 mg, 0.34 mmol) in 50 mL ethanol was hydrogenated at 1 atm hydrogen gas over 220 mg of 10% wt Pd/C (wet) for 2.5 hours. Filtration through Celite and concentration under reduced pressure gave a crude residue of 17-5 (184 mg). In an alternative process, 17-4 was hydrogenated at hydrogen gas in the presence of Rh.
  • Example 17 A mixture of carboxylic acid 17-6 (153 mg, 0.247 mmol), Intermediate A10 (90 mg, 0.297 mmol), HATU (113 mg, 0.297 mmol), DMAP (45 mg, 0.37 mmol) and DIPEA (0.215 mL, 1.24 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was stirred at rt for 40 minutes. The mixture was diluted with 2 N aqueous HCl (2 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude product mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc in hexanes: 30%-95%) to give Example 17 (95 mg).
  • Step 1 Preparation of 18-1: Intermediate B1 (1.94 g, 6.44 mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (30 mL) under Ar. Intermediate E1 (2.02 g, 7.4 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (7.5 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 8 h at rt. Additional Intermediate E1 (200 mg, 0.73 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (245 mg, 0.75 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred an additional 15 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite with EtOAc and concentrated.
  • Step 2 Preparation of 18-2: Substituted quinoxaline 18-1 (905 mg, 1.84 mmol) was dissolved in tert-butyl acetate (7 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (1.75 mL). MeSO 3 H (600 ⁇ L, 9.2 mmol) was added dropwise over 45 s, and the resulting yellow solution was stirred at rt for 50 min. Additional MeSO 3 H (100 ⁇ L, 1.5 mmol) was added in dropwise fashion and the reaction was stirred an additional 10 min. The reaction mixture was transferred to a stirred mixture of EtOAc (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (30 mL).
  • Step 3 Preparation of 18-3: Amine 18-2 (680 mg, 1.73 mmol) and Intermediate D1 (600 mg, 2.1 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (10 mL). DIPEA (925 ⁇ L, 5.30 mmol) was added followed by HATU (880 mg, 2.3 mmol). The reaction was stirred 110 min at rt and was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (30 mL) and EtOAc (30 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with half-saturated brine (2 ⁇ 40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to a crude residue.
  • DIPEA 925 ⁇ L, 5.30 mmol
  • HATU 880 mg, 2.3 mmol
  • Step 4 Preparation of 18-4: A stirred heterogeneous mixture of 18-3 (703 mg, 1.07 mmol), PdCl 2 (dppf).CH 2 Cl 2 (48 mg, 0.059 mmol) and potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (290 mg, 2.16 mmol) in EtOH (11 mL) was sparged with argon for 15 min. Triethylamine (320 ⁇ L, 2.3 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 75° C. for 70 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and was diluted with EtOAc (40 mL) and half-saturated brine (30 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
  • Step 6 Preparation of 18-6: Olefin 18-5 (290 mg, 0.072 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (5.5 mL) and EtOH (5.5 mL) and the reaction vessel was purged with Ar. Pd/C (10 wt % Pd, 92 mg) was added in a single portion and the reaction vessel was purged twice with H 2 . The reaction was stirred at rt under 1 atm H 2 for 1.5 h and was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated to afford a crude residue of 18-6 that was used without further purification (LCMS-ESI + (m/z): [M+H] + calcd for C 34 H 49 N 4 O 7 : 625.4. found: 625.0.
  • Step 7 Preparation of 18-7: 18-6 (0.466 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (4.3 mL) under Ar. TMSOTf (210 ⁇ L, 1.16 mmol) was added dropwise over 30 s. The reaction was stirred 65 min and an additional portion of TMSOTf (50 ⁇ L, 0.28 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred an additional 100 min and an additional portion of TMSOTf (100 ⁇ L, 0.55 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred an additional 105 min and was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL) and 0.2 M aqueous NaOH (10 mL) was added.
  • Step 8 Preparation of Example 18: To a suspension of acid 18-7 (28 mg, 0.049 mmol) and Intermediate A10 (26.5 mg, 0.087 mmol) in MeCN (1.3 mL) was added DIPEA (55 ⁇ L, 0.31 mmol). To the resulting solution was added HATU (30.5 mg, 0.080 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h and an additional portion of Intermediate A10 (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) was added. After an additional 15 min, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and 1 M aqueous HCl (20 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL).
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