US20130322135A1 - Compact, method for producing compact, reactor, converter, and power conversion device - Google Patents

Compact, method for producing compact, reactor, converter, and power conversion device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130322135A1
US20130322135A1 US13/984,191 US201113984191A US2013322135A1 US 20130322135 A1 US20130322135 A1 US 20130322135A1 US 201113984191 A US201113984191 A US 201113984191A US 2013322135 A1 US2013322135 A1 US 2013322135A1
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Prior art keywords
compact
soft magnetic
laser
magnetic particles
sample
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US13/984,191
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English (en)
Inventor
Kazushi Kusawake
Masato Uozumi
Atsushi Sato
Koji Yamaguchi
Mamoru Ono
Hiroyuki Murase
Kazuo Nakamae
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Sumitomo Electric Sintered Alloy Ltd
Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Sumitomo Electric Sintered Alloy Ltd
Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Assigned to SUMITOMO ELECTRIC SINTERED ALLOY, LTD., SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD. reassignment SUMITOMO ELECTRIC SINTERED ALLOY, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NAKAMAE, KAZUO, SATO, ATSUSHI, UOZUMI, MASATO, MURASE, HIROYUKI, YAMAGUCHI, KOJI, KUSAWAKE, KAZUSHI, ONO, MAMORU
Publication of US20130322135A1 publication Critical patent/US20130322135A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/20—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder
    • H01F1/22—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together
    • H01F1/24—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together the particles being insulated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B22F1/102—Metallic powder coated with organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/16—Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B23K26/0081—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
    • B23K26/354—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by melting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/33—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials mixtures of metallic and non-metallic particles; metallic particles having oxide skin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/08—Cores, Yokes, or armatures made from powder
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0206—Manufacturing of magnetic cores by mechanical means
    • H01F41/0246—Manufacturing of magnetic circuits by moulding or by pressing powder
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C2202/00—Physical properties
    • C22C2202/02—Magnetic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F37/00—Fixed inductances not covered by group H01F17/00
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/4902—Electromagnet, transformer or inductor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a compact obtained by pressure-forming coated soft magnetic powder, a method for producing the compact, a reactor that includes the compact, a converter that includes the reactor, and a power conversion device that includes the converter.
  • the present invention relates to a low-loss compact and a method for producing the low-loss compact.
  • Reactors are used as one component of the boosting circuits.
  • Reactors are configured by winding a coil on a core.
  • a loss called iron loss occurs in the core. Iron loss is roughly expressed as a sum of a hysteresis loss and an eddy-current loss and is particularly high when the core is used at high frequencies.
  • a core formed of a compact is sometimes used.
  • a compact is formed by compressing coated soft magnetic powder that includes coated soft magnetic particles constituted by soft magnetic particles having surfaces coated with insulating coatings. Since the soft magnetic particles are insulated from one another by the insulating coatings, the compact has a particularly high effect of decreasing the eddy current loss.
  • a compact is prepared by filling a cavity formed by a relatively movable columnar-shaped first punch and a cylindrical die with coated soft magnetic powder and pressure-forming the coated soft magnetic powder inside the cavity with the first punch and a columnar second punch.
  • the insulating coatings of the coated soft magnetic particles may become damaged due to the pressure applied during the pressure-forming and sliding contact with the die at the time the compact is withdrawn from the die. Damage on insulating coatings may cause exposure and stretching of the soft magnetic particles.
  • the soft magnetic particles in the compact may become conductive to each other and form film-shaped conductive portions and the eddy current loss may increase thereby.
  • Patent Literature (PTL) 1 describes treating surfaces of a raw compact formed by pressing coated soft magnetic powder (soft magnetic powder) with concentrated hydrochloric acid. To be more specific, the raw compact is immersed in concentrated hydrochloric acid to remove conductive portions on the entire surfaces of the raw compact to form a compact.
  • Treating the entire surfaces of the raw compact as described above can decrease the loss to a certain extent.
  • the conductive portions can be removed by treating the entire surfaces of the raw compact, there is a possibility that undamaged insulating coatings of the coated soft magnetic particles will be damaged thereby. As a result, the effect of reducing the loss may be diminished.
  • the present invention has been made under the above-described circumstances.
  • One of the objects thereof is to provide a low-loss compact.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a compact, by which a low-loss compact can be efficiently produced.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a compact produced by the production method of the present invention described above.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a reactor that includes the compact.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a converter that includes the reactor and a power conversion device that includes the converter.
  • the inventors of the present invention aiming to achieve the objects have carried out extensive studies on the method for producing a compact. To be more specific, compacts were produced by changing the region to be surface-treated and the cause of diminishing of the loss-reducing effect was investigated. As a result, the following findings were made.
  • the conductive portions that are generated in a portion (slide-contact surface) that comes into sliding contact with a die during withdrawal of the raw compact from the die are removed by treating the entire surfaces of the raw compact. Meanwhile, the conductive portions are rarely formed on the raw compact in a portion (press-contact surface) that contacts the punch and the insulating coatings are sometimes destructed by conducting the surface-treatment on that portion. Accordingly, soft magnetic particles are in an exposed state at the press-contact surface and the effect of reducing the iron loss may be diminished. It was thus found that the surface treatment is preferably conducted on part of a raw compact, in particular, a part of a slide-contact surface and more particularly a region of the slide-contact surface, the region extending in the entire length in the magnetic flux direction.
  • the following method of performing a surface treatment on a particular region of a raw compact is the method by which a low-loss compact can be efficiently produced.
  • This method for producing a compact is a method for producing a compact by using coated soft magnetic powder that includes a plurality of coated soft magnetic particles constituted by soft magnetic particles and insulating coatings coating outer peripheries of the soft magnetic particles, the method including a raw material preparation step and a surface-treatment step.
  • a raw material preparation step a raw compact obtained by press-forming the coated soft magnetic powder is prepared.
  • the surface-treatment step the number of disrupted portions in conductive portions where constitutional materials of the soft magnetic particles on the surface of the raw compact become conductive to each other is increased.
  • the surface treatment step is performed on part of the surface of the compact.
  • the surface-treatment step may involve any surface treatment that can increase the number of disrupted portions in the conductive portions by one or any combination of chemical, mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal treatments.
  • Specific examples of the mechanical treatment include cutting and polishing and examples of the thermal and optical treatment include a laser treatment.
  • the conductive portions can be removed by any of these treatment methods. In particular, cutting or polishing will presumably remove the conductive portions by mechanically separating them. In contrast, in the laser treatment, the number of discontinuous portions presumably increases due to melting and flowing of the conductive portions.
  • a more specific method is the following method for producing a compact according to the present invention.
  • This production method is a method for producing a compact by using coated soft magnetic powder that includes a plurality of coated soft magnetic particles constituted by soft magnetic particles and insulating coatings coating outer peripheries of the soft magnetic particles, the method including a raw material preparation step and an irradiation step.
  • a raw material preparation step a raw compact obtained by press-forming the coated soft magnetic powder is prepared.
  • the irradiation step at least part of a surface of the raw compact is irradiated with a laser.
  • a high energy is applied to a conductive portion having a thin-film shape or rapid heating and cooling is allowed to occur, presumably increasing the number of disrupted portions in the conductive portions.
  • the increase in the number of disrupted portions in the conductive portions can increase the electrical resistance of the conductive portions or can block conduction in the conductive portions. As a result, the eddy current flows less easily or blocked and thus the loss of the compact can be reduced.
  • Compacts produced by various production methods were also investigated. It was found that a compact obtained by the production method of the present invention in which an oxide film is present in at least part of a surface of the compact and the oxygen content in a surface portion where the oxide film is present is within a particular range exhibits a low loss. Thus, the present invention specifies a compact that has such a surface portion where the oxygen content is within a particular range.
  • the compact according to the present invention and a compact produced by the method for producing a compact according to the present invention are each formed by press-forming coated soft magnetic powder that includes a plurality of coated soft magnetic particles constituted by soft magnetic particles and insulting coatings coating outer peripheries of the soft magnetic particles.
  • An oxide film containing iron is present in at least part of a surface of the compact.
  • an oxygen content is 9 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less.
  • the compact according to the present invention exhibits a low eddy current loss and low loss since the compact has the surface portion where the oxygen content is within a particular range.
  • a low-loss reactor can be made. Accordingly, the compact of the present invention is suitable for use in a constitutional member of a reactor and the iron loss characteristic can be improved even when the coil is excited with a high-frequency alternating current.
  • the irradiation step is performed on at least part of a slide-contact surface of the raw compact, the slide-contact surface being a surface that have come into contact with a die.
  • the irradiation step is performed on a surface of the raw compact, the surface being a surface that serves as at least part of a parallel surface parallel to a direction of a magnetic flux generated by excitation using the compact as a magnetic core.
  • the region irradiated with the laser is at least part of a surface parallel to the magnetic flux direction, the eddy current flowing in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can presumably be blocked at the region irradiated with the laser.
  • the eddy current loss can be reduced and a low-loss compact can be produced.
  • the irradiation step is performed on a surface of the raw compact, the surface being at least part of a parallel surface parallel to the direction of a magnetic flux generated by excitation using the compact as a magnetic core and being a region that extends across the entire length of the compact in the direction of the magnetic flux.
  • the region irradiated with the laser is at least part of the parallel surface among the surfaces of the raw compact and is a region in the parallel surface that extends across the entire length of the compact in the magnetic flux direction.
  • the eddy current flowing in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can be blocked across the entire length, presumably.
  • the eddy current loss can be further reduced and a compact exhibiting a lower loss can be produced.
  • the laser is one type of laser selected from a YAG laser, a YVO 4 laser, and a fiber laser.
  • the laser is a laser selected from those described above, the number of disrupted portions in the conductive portions can be easily increased.
  • the wavelength of the laser is within a wavelength absorption range of the soft magnetic particles.
  • the number of disrupted portions in the conductive portions can be easily increased and the insulating coatings of the coated soft magnetic particles in portions other than the conductive portions are less likely to be damaged.
  • the number of disrupted portions in the conductive portions can be assuredly increased by adjusting the laser energy density U to 37.0 W/mm 2 or more. Since the laser energy density U is 450.0 W/mm 2 or less, contact between soft magnetic particles resulting from excessive melting can be suppressed and it becomes possible to suppress diminishing of the loss-reducing effect.
  • the ratio of an irradiation interval to a beam diameter of the laser is 0.35 or less.
  • the ratio is 0.35 or less, the area of the untreated region not irradiated with the laser can be reduced and thus it becomes easier to disrupt the conductive portions.
  • the number of times of laser overlap is 5 or more.
  • the conductive portions can be more reliably disrupted.
  • a portion in which an oxygen content is less than 6 mass % is also present in the surface of the compact.
  • both a low-oxygen region where the oxygen content is less than 6 mass % and a high-oxygen region where the oxygen content is 9 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less are present on the surface of the compact. Even when the compact partly has a low-oxygen region, the eddy current can be blocked at the high-oxygen region. Thus, a low-loss compact can be obtained.
  • the oxide film has a portion having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
  • the oxide film has a thick portion having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the eddy current flows less easily at that portion when the compact is used as a part of a magnetic core of a reactor.
  • a disrupted region and a gathered portion are present.
  • the disrupted region is present in at least part of a surface of the compact and electrically disrupts adjacent soft magnetic particles from each other.
  • the gathered portion is present on a surface of the soft magnetic particle adjacent to the disrupted region, does not bridge between the adjacent particles, and is constituted by an oxide film that is thicker at a central portion than at an outer peripheral portion.
  • the eddy current can be disrupted at the disrupted region and the gathered portion. Since the adjacent soft magnetic particles are electrically disrupted at this disrupted region and the gathered portion is present on the particle adjacent to the disrupted region, not only insulation between the particles but also the insulation of the surface of the compact can be reliably achieved.
  • a disrupted region and an aggregated portion may be present.
  • the disrupted region is present in at least part of a surface of the compact and electrically disrupts adjacent soft magnetic particles from each other.
  • the aggregated portion is present on a surface of the soft magnetic particle adjacent to the disrupted region, protrudes toward an outer peripheral side of the soft magnetic particle, and locally has a large thickness.
  • the oxide film is present in at least part of the aggregated portion.
  • the eddy current can be disrupted at the disrupted region and the aggregated portion. Since the adjacent soft magnetic particles are electrically disrupted at this disrupted region and the end portions of the disrupted portion are covered with insulating oxide films, particles can be more reliably insulated from each other.
  • the oxide film in the aggregated portion has a portion that has a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
  • the aggregated portion has a portion that has a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m or more as described above, for example, the eddy current flows less easily at that portion when the compact is used as a part of a magnetic core of a reactor.
  • the oxide film contains at least one selected from FeO, ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 , ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 , and Fe 3 O 4 .
  • a density d of the compact is 7.0 g/cm 3 or more.
  • the soft magnetic particles are composed of iron having a purity of 99 mass % or higher.
  • the compact can yield high permeability and magnetic flux density.
  • a reactor of the present invention includes a coil formed by winding a wire and a magnetic core that is arranged on an outer side and an inner side of the coil and forms a closed magnetic circuit. At least part of the magnetic core is formed of a compact, and the compact is the compact according to the present invention.
  • the reactor of the present invention is a low-loss reactor since a compact having an excellent loss-reducing effect is included.
  • the reactor of the present invention is suitable for use in a constitutional member of a converter.
  • a converter of the present invention includes a switching element, a drive circuit configured to control operation of the switching element, and a reactor configured to smoothen the operation of the switching element, the converter converting an input voltage by operation of the switching element. This reactor is the reactor according to the present invention.
  • the converter according to the present invention is suitable for use in a constitutional member of a power conversion device.
  • a power conversion device according to the present invention includes a converter configured to covert an input voltage and an inverter that is connected to the converter and performs conversion between DC and AC, the power conversion device being configured to drive a load by using power converted by the inverter. This converter is the converter according to the present invention.
  • the magnetic core includes the reactor of the present invention formed of a low-los compact, the magnetic core exhibits low loss and is suitable for use in vehicle parts etc.
  • a method for producing a compact according to the present invention can reduce the eddy current loss and can efficiently produce a low-los compact.
  • a compact according to the present invention is a low-loss compact that exhibits a low eddy current loss.
  • a reactor according to the present invention exhibits a low loss.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a compact according to a first embodiment and is an exploded perspective view of a reactor core equipped with the compact.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a reactor according to a second embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a power system of a hybrid car.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram showing an example of a power conversion device of the present invention equipped with a converter of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the energy density of the laser and the loss of the compact in samples in Test Example 3.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of X-ray diffraction on Sample No.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of X-ray diffraction on Sample No. 3-6.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of X-ray diffraction on Sample No. 1-3.
  • FIG. 9 includes SEM images showing the surface state of a sample before the laser irradiation in the process of producing the compact of Sample No. 1-1, in which (A) shows a cross-section near the surface and (B) shows the surface.
  • FIG. 10 includes SEM images showing the surface state of a sample after the laser irradiation in the process of producing the compact of Sample No. 1-1, in which (A) shows a cross-section near the surface and (B) shows the surface.
  • FIG. 11 includes SEM images showing the surface state of a sample after the laser irradiation in the process of producing the compact of Sample No. 3-5, in which (A) shows a cross-section near the surface and (B) shows the surface.
  • FIG. 12 includes SEM images showing the surface state of a sample after the laser irradiation in the process of producing the compact of Sample No. 3-6, in which (A) shows a cross-section near the surface and (B) shows the surface.
  • FIG. 13 includes SEM images showing the surface state of a sample after the laser irradiation in the process of producing the compact of Sample No. 3-8, in which (A) shows a cross-section near the surface and (B) shows the surface.
  • FIG. 14 is a SEM image showing the surface state of a sample after the laser irradiation in the process of producing the compact of Sample No. 3-9, the image showing a cross-section near the surface.
  • Embodiments of the present invention will now be described. First, a compact and a method for producing the compact are described and then a reactor that includes the compact, a converter that includes the reactor, and a power conversion device are described.
  • a compact according to the present invention is obtained by pressure-forming coated soft magnetic powder that contains a plurality of coated soft magnetic particles each constituted by a soft magnetic particle having an outer periphery coated with an insulating coating and an iron-containing oxide film is present in at least part of a surface of the compact.
  • the feature of the compact is that a particular amount of oxygen is contained in the surface portion where the oxide film is present. In the detailed description below, this feature is mainly described and the structure of the soft magnetic powder is described in the subsequent description of the production method.
  • the constitutional elements of the compact substantially retain the characteristics and properties of ingredients.
  • An iron-containing oxide film is present in at least part of a surface of the compact. Assuming that the total content of iron and oxygen in the surface portion of the compact where the oxide film is present is 100 mass %, the oxygen content is 9 mass % or more. In this manner, when the compact is used as a reactor core, for example, the eddy current can be disrupted or flows less easily at the portion where the oxide film is formed. Accordingly, the eddy current loss can be reduced and a low-loss reactor can be configured.
  • the surface portion refers to a region from the compact surface to a depth of about 1 ⁇ m toward the inner side of the compact.
  • the oxygen content refers to a value observed in this region. The oxygen content is measured by, for example, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The upper limit of the oxygen content is 20 mass % or less. At such an oxygen content, the loss can be sufficiently reduced.
  • EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
  • the surface of the compact may include a portion where the oxygen content is less than 6 mass %.
  • a low-oxygen region where the oxygen content is less than 6 mass % and a high-oxygen region where the oxygen content is 9 to 20 mass % are present in the surface of the compact. These two regions can be formed by partly irradiating the surface of the compact with a laser. The region not irradiated with the laser in the surface of compact forms a low-oxygen region.
  • a conductive portion that bridges between coated soft magnetic particles is formed as the surface makes a sliding contact against a die in a forming step described below.
  • the conductive portion is formed when a metal portion of a particular soft magnetic particle ⁇ makes sliding contact with a die and spreads in a direction opposite to the direction in which the formed product is pulled out from the die and forms a thin-film portion that hangs over a soft magnetic particle ⁇ adjacent to the soft magnetic particle ⁇ .
  • the surface of the compact is then irradiated with a laser to melt the conductive portion.
  • the melted conductive portion flows toward the respective particle sides so as to form a disrupted region between the two particles.
  • the portion where the bridge established by the conductive portion between the adjacent soft magnetic particles ⁇ and ⁇ is disrupted forms a disrupted region.
  • Thick aggregated portions are locally formed when the energy density U of the laser is low.
  • An aggregated portion is formed when a melted metal solidifies by localizing on the adjacent soft magnetic particle ⁇ side before the melted metal gathers to the surface of the soft magnetic particle ⁇ integrally connected to the thin film-shaped conductive portion.
  • the aggregated portion protrudes from the surface of the soft magnetic particle ⁇ toward the outer peripheral side of the particle ⁇ and sometimes hangs over the surface of the adjacent soft magnetic particle.
  • the aggregated portions are often formed in a band shape. As the conductive portion melts, the conductive portion having electrical conductivity is electrically disrupted and an insulating oxide film is formed in at least part of the aggregated portion. Accordingly, the particles can be more reliably insulated from one another.
  • oxide films are also formed on the remaining parts of the surface other than the aggregated portions of the soft magnetic particles having the aggregated portions.
  • the aggregated portions sometimes have thicker oxide films than those formed on the parts of the surface other than the aggregated portions of the soft magnetic particles that have aggregated portions.
  • the melted conductive portion flows more extensively and the melted metal moves toward the center of each particle to minimize the surface area due to surface tension.
  • a gathered portion which does not bridge between adjacent particles and constituted by an oxide film that is thicker in the central portion than in the outer peripheral portion is formed on each particle surface.
  • This gathered portion is formed by the melted metal that has solidified after it gathered on the soft magnetic particle ⁇ .
  • the gathered portion is usually planar and close to a disk in shape. In other words, the portion that had formally been a conductive portion turns into an oxide film.
  • an oxide film is formed on the film-shaped conductive portion as is. If oxidation proceeds further, the entire conductive portion turns into an oxide film.
  • Oxide films are sometimes formed only on individual particle surfaces and, in other times, are formed bridging between adjacent particles. Both of the former and the latter are formed on the surface of the compact in some cases and only one of the former and the latter is formed on the surface of the compact in other cases. In the former case, oxide films are scattered on the surface of the compact. The former state is readily generated as the energy density U of the laser is increased.
  • the oxide film preferably has a portion where the thickness is 0.1 ⁇ m or more. In this manner, the eddy current can be disrupted or flows less easily at the thick portion.
  • the oxide film preferably has a thick portion where the thickness is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, 1 ⁇ m or more, 3 ⁇ m or more, 5 ⁇ m or more, 7 ⁇ m or more, and further more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more.
  • the thickness of the oxide film can be determined by cross-section observation of a compact with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), for example.
  • the composition of the oxide film preferably contains at least one compound selected from FeO, ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 , ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 , and Fe 3 O 4 . Particularly preferably, large quantities of FeO and Fe 3 O 4 are contained.
  • a low-loss reactor can be formed by using a compact that includes the above-described oxide film as the constitutional part of the reactor.
  • the composition of the oxide film can be detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD), for example.
  • a disrupted region that electrically disrupts between adjacent soft magnetic particles is present in at least part of the surface of the compact.
  • the gathered portion is present on at least one of the surfaces of soft magnetic particles adjacent to the disrupted region. In other words, the gathered portion is formed on the surface of an individual particle.
  • the aggregated portion may be present on a surface of a soft magnetic particle adjacent to the disrupted region.
  • the aggregated portion in some cases is formed as the conductive portion stretched from plural soft magnetic particles is melted and then integrally aggregated. Accordingly, there may be two or more particles that have aggregated portions.
  • the aggregated portion includes, for example, a portion where the thickness of the oxide film is 0.5 ⁇ m or more. In some cases, gathered portions and aggregated portions are scattered on the surface of the compact.
  • the density d (g/cm 3 ) of the compact is preferably high. At a high density, a compact exhibits a high magnetic flux density.
  • the density d is 7.0 g/cm 3 or more.
  • the upper limit of the density d is 7.55 g/cm 3 . This is because the insulation between soft magnetic particles may be degraded at an excessively high density d.
  • the compact according to the present invention described above may be produced by the following production method of the present invention, for example.
  • the production of the compact of the present invention involves a method for producing a compact by using coated soft magnetic powder, the method including a raw material preparation step and an irradiation step. First, a step of preparing coated soft magnetic powder, which is a constituent material of the compact, is described and then the above-described steps are described.
  • coated soft magnetic powder that constitutes a compact is prepared and press-formed to form a raw compact or a raw compact that has been formed in advance is obtained by purchasing or the like.
  • an ingredient preparation step and a raw material forming step of forming a raw compact from the ingredients are included.
  • coated soft magnetic powder that constitutes a compact is prepared.
  • the coated soft magnetic powder includes plural coated soft magnetic particles having outer peripheries coated with insulating coatings.
  • coated soft magnetic powder is prepared.
  • soft magnetic particles having a composition described below may be obtained by making or purchasing and then outer peripheries of the soft magnetic particles may be coated with insulating coatings having a composition described below to prepare coated soft magnetic powder.
  • coated soft magnetic powder produced in advance may be purchased. In the former case, if soft magnetic particles are to be made, coated soft magnetic powder can be produced through a method for producing soft magnetic particles described below and a method for coating the particles with insulating coatings.
  • Soft magnetic particles preferably contain 50 mass % or more of iron, for example, pure iron (Fe).
  • iron alloys e.g., Fe—Si-based alloys, Fe—Al-based alloys, Fe—N-based alloys, Fe—Ni-based alloys, Fe—C-based alloys, Fe—B-based alloys, Fe—Co-based alloys, Fe—P-based alloys, Fe—Ni—Co-based alloys, and Fe—Al—Si-based alloys
  • pure iron having an iron content of 99 mass % or more and particularly preferably 99.5 mass % or more is preferably used from the viewpoints of permeability and magnetic flux density.
  • the average particle size of soft magnetic particles may be any size that contributes to reducing the loss in the compact.
  • the average particle size is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected.
  • the average particle size may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less.
  • the average particle size of the soft magnetic particles is 1 ⁇ m or more, the increase in coercive force and in hysteresis loss of the compact made from the soft magnetic powder can be suppressed without degrading the flowability of the soft magnetic particles.
  • the average particle size of the soft magnetic particles is limited to 150 ⁇ m or less to effectively reduce the eddy current loss that occurs in a high-frequency region of 1 kHz or higher.
  • the average particle size of the soft magnetic particles is more preferably 40 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. As long as the lower limit of the average particle size is 40 ⁇ m or more, the effect of reducing the eddy current loss can be obtained and the handling of the coated soft magnetic powder is facilitated. Thus, a compact having a higher density can be obtained.
  • the average particle size refers to a particle size at which the total of the masses of particles from the small size side reaches 50% of the total mass of all particles in a particle size histogram, in other words, a 50% particle size.
  • the shape of the soft magnetic particles preferably has an aspect ratio of 1.2 to 1.8.
  • This aspect ratio is the ratio of the largest diameter to the smallest diameter of a particle.
  • Soft magnetic particles having an aspect ratio within this range will increase the demagnetization factor once formed into a compact and a compact having excellent magnetic properties can be obtained compared to when soft magnetic particles having a small aspect ratio (close to 1.0) are used. Moreover, the strength of the compact can be improved.
  • Soft magnetic particles are preferably produced by an atomizing method such as a water atomizing method or a gas atomizing method.
  • Soft magnetic particles produced by a water atomizing method have many irregularities on the particle surfaces and thus a high-strength compact is easily obtained as the irregularities interlock.
  • soft magnetic particles produced by a gas atomizing method are favorable in that the particle shape is substantially spherical and irregularities that penetrate the insulating coatings are few.
  • Insulating coatings cover the outer peripheries of the soft magnetic particles to insulate between adjacent soft magnetic particles. Covering the soft magnetic particles with the insulating coatings suppresses contact between the soft magnetic particles and maintains the relative permeability of the compact to a low level. Moreover, due to the presence of the insulating coatings, the eddy current is suppressed from flowing between the soft magnetic particles and the eddy current loss of the compact can be decreased.
  • the insulating coatings may be any coatings having a sufficient insulating property to ensure insulation between the soft magnetic particles.
  • Examples of the material for the insulating coatings include phosphate salts, titanate salts, silicone resins, and a double layer material containing a phosphate and a silicone resin.
  • insulating coatings formed of phosphate salts have excellent deformability.
  • the insulating coatings can follow the deformation of the soft magnetic particles and can also undergo deformation.
  • Phosphate salt coatings have high adhesion to soft magnetic particles and thus do not easily detach from the soft magnetic particles surfaces.
  • the phosphate salts include metal phosphate compounds such as iron phosphate, manganese phosphate, zinc phosphate, calcium phosphate, and aluminum phosphate.
  • Insulating coatings formed of a silicone resin have high heat resistance and thus do not decompose easily in the heat treatment step described below. Thus, the insulation between the soft magnetic particles can be satisfactorily maintained up to completion of production of the compact.
  • the phosphate is preferably positioned on the soft magnetic particle side and the silicone resin is preferably disposed directly on the phosphate. Since the silicone resin is directly disposed on the phosphate, the properties of both the phosphate and the silicone resin can be exhibited.
  • the average thickness of the insulating coatings may be any as long as adjacent soft magnetic particles can be insulated from one another.
  • the average thickness is preferably 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the insulating coatings is 10 nm or more, the contact between the soft magnetic particles can be suppressed and the energy loss caused by the eddy current can be effectively suppressed.
  • the thickness of the insulating coatings is 1 ⁇ m or less, the percentage of the insulating coatings in the coated soft magnetic particles is prevented from becoming excessively high and thus the magnetic flux density of the coated soft magnetic particles is prevented from decreasing excessively.
  • the thickness of the insulating coatings can be measured as follows. First, the coating composition obtained from compositional analysis (transmission electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX)) and the amounts of elements determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are used to determine an equivalent thickness. Then the coatings are directly observed through a TEM image to confirm that the order of the equivalent thickness determined in advance is an appropriate value and the value determined as such is assumed to be the average thickness.
  • compositional analysis transmission electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX)
  • ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
  • the method for coating soft magnetic particles with insulating coatings may be appropriately selected.
  • the particles may be coated by conducting hydrolysis or condensation polymerization.
  • Soft magnetic particles and ingredients of insulating coatings are blended and the resulting blend is mixed under heating.
  • the soft magnetic particles can be sufficiently dispersed in the ingredients of the coatings and thus outer sides of the individual soft magnetic particles can be coated with the insulating coatings.
  • the heating temperature and the mixing time may be appropriately selected.
  • the heating temperature and the mixing time are selected to more sufficiently disperse the soft magnetic particles so that it becomes easier to coat individual particles with insulating coatings.
  • coated soft magnetic powder that includes coated soft magnetic particles prepared in the ingredient preparation step described above is pressure-formed to form a raw compact.
  • coated soft magnetic powder is injected into a forming mold constituted by punches and a die having particular shapes and compacted under pressure.
  • the coated soft magnetic powder is pressure-formed so as not to cause seizure of the formed product on the die by pressure or breaking of the insulating coatings of the coated soft magnetic powder during use of the punches and die.
  • Examples of the method therefor include an outer lubrication forming method in which a lubricant is applied onto at least one of the punches and die in a portion (inner wall) that comes into contact with the coated soft magnetic powder and then the coated soft magnetic powder is pressurized, and an inner lubrication forming method in which a mixture of coated soft magnetic powder and a lubricant prepared in advance is pressurized in the die.
  • the lubricant is applied to the inner wall and thus the friction with the coated soft magnetic powder can be decreased and a high-density compact can be formed.
  • the lubricant adhering to the surfaces of the coated soft magnetic powder decreases the friction between the particles of the coated soft magnetic powder and thus breaking of the insulating coatings of the coated soft magnetic particles can be suppressed.
  • the lubricant examples include solid lubricants such as metal soaps such as stearic acid and lithium stearate, aliphatic acid amides such as stearic acid amide, and higher aliphatic acid amides such as ethylene bisstearic acid amide; dispersions of solid lubricants in liquid media such as water; liquid lubricants; and inorganic lubricants having hexagonal crystal structures.
  • solid lubricants such as metal soaps such as stearic acid and lithium stearate, aliphatic acid amides such as stearic acid amide, and higher aliphatic acid amides such as ethylene bisstearic acid amide
  • dispersions of solid lubricants in liquid media such as water
  • liquid lubricants and inorganic lubricants having hexagonal crystal structures.
  • the forming mold may be heated in advance and then pressure-forming may be conducted.
  • the forming mold temperature may be 50° C. to 200° C., for example.
  • a high-density compact can be obtained by heating the mold.
  • the pressure applied may be appropriately selected.
  • the density d is preferably about 7.0 g/cm 3 or more.
  • the pressure is preferably about 490 to 1470 MPa and more preferably about 590 to 1079 MPa.
  • a raw compact 10 having a rectangular parallelepiped shape shown in FIG. 1 (lower right side) can be formed.
  • the shape of the raw compact 10 can be appropriately changed by changing the shape of the mold used for pressure-forming.
  • Examples of the shape of the raw compact 10 include, in addition to the rectangular parallelepiped shape, a prism having a trapezoidal section and a U-letter form that has a U-letter shaped surface.
  • a surface of the raw compact is partly irradiated with a laser.
  • Laser irradiation increases the number of disrupted portions where the conductive portions that make constitutional materials of plural soft magnetic particles on the surface of the raw material to be conductive to each other have been disrupted.
  • disruption of the conductive portions is mainly performed by melting the conductive portion and allowing the melted conductive portion to flow.
  • the raw compact surface to which the laser is applied may be at least part of a surface that makes sliding contact with the die and that is susceptible to formation of conductive portions.
  • the portion to be irradiated with the laser is preferably at least part of a surface (parallel surface) parallel to the magnetic flux direction when the raw compact 10 is used as a magnetic core, e.g., a reactor core 3 shown in FIG. 1 (upper side), and excitation is conducted.
  • FIG. 1 shows one example of the reactor core 3 included in a reactor ( FIG. 2 ).
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded view of inner core units 31 to be covered with a coil ( FIG. 2 ) and exposed core units 32 exposed from the coil.
  • the inner core units 31 are configured by stacking core pieces 31 m and gap members 31 g .
  • Each core piece 31 m may be formed of a compact 1 obtained by irradiating the raw compact 10 with a laser, or a compact 1 subjected to laser irradiation and the heat treatment described below.
  • a magnetic flux is formed in the compact along the axis direction of the coil.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser may be at least part of a surface of the raw compact 10 , the surface being a surface that will constitute a parallel surface (slide-contact surface 31 s ).
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser may be at least part of a slide-contact surface 31 so orthogonally intersecting the magnetic flux direction. It is believed that, in this manner, since the eddy current flowing in the surface of the slide-contact surface 31 so can be blocked, the eddy current loss can be further reduced. Furthermore, at least part of a slide-contact surface 31 sp parallel to the magnetic flux direction is preferably irradiated with a laser. In this manner, the eddy current in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can be blocked at the portion of the slide-contact surface 31 sp irradiated with a laser.
  • the parallel surface parallel to the magnetic flux direction is the lateral surface of the cylinder.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser may be at least part of the lateral surface of the raw compact.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser is preferably a region in the slide-contact surface 31 s , the region extending across the entire length in the punch pressing direction.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser is more preferably a part of a parallel surface of a raw compact, the part extending across the entire length in the magnetic flux direction.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser is preferably a part of a parallel surface of the raw compact 10 , the part extending from one end surface to the other end surface.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser is preferably a part of a parallel surface of the raw compact 10 , the part extending across the entire length in the pressing direction (the entire length in the magnetic flux direction). It is believed that, in this manner, the eddy current that flows in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can be blocked across the entire length.
  • a low-loss compact can be more effectively produced if the region to be surface-treated is a slide-contact surface 31 s that makes sliding contact with the die, serves as a parallel surface described above, and extends across the entire length in the magnetic flux direction.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser is a region in the slide-contact surface 31 so orthogonally intersecting the magnetic flux direction, the region extending from one end surface to the other end surface, in other words, the region between long sides or short sides of the slide-contact surface 31 so. It is believed that, in this manner, the eddy current flowing in the slide-contact surface 31 so can be blocked.
  • a region of the slide-contact surface 31 sp parallel to the magnetic flux direction, the region extending across the entire length in the magnetic flux direction, is preferably irradiated with a laser. In this manner, the eddy current flowing in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can be blocked across the entire length.
  • the region to be irradiated with a laser is preferably a region in the lateral surface of the raw compact, the region extending in the entire length in the pressing direction (entire length in the magnetic flux direction).
  • the total area of the parallel surface is expressed by t ⁇ l where t represents the length of the parallel surface in the direction parallel to the magnetic flux direction and l represents the entire length of the compact in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction, and the region to be irradiated with the laser is expressed by t ⁇ w where w represents the treatment width, which is the width of the region in the parallel surface actually subjected to a surface treatment (width in a direction orthogonal to the magnetic flux direction).
  • the treatment width w preferably satisfies d ⁇ w ⁇ l where d represents the average particle size of coated soft magnetic iron-based powder.
  • d represents the average particle size of coated soft magnetic iron-based powder.
  • the ratio w/1 of the treatment width w to the entire length l is 30% or less, yet more preferably 20% or less, still more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 5% or less.
  • the type of laser may be any laser that can disrupt conductive portions at the surface of the raw compact.
  • the laser may be one selected from a YAG laser, a YVO 4 laser, and a fiber laser. With such a laser, the conductive portions can be disrupted.
  • These lasers may be known lasers each containing a medium doped with a variety of materials.
  • the YAG laser may include a medium doped with Nd, Er, or the like.
  • the YVO 4 laser may include a medium doped with Nd or the like.
  • the fiber laser may include a medium, which is a fiber core, doped with a rare earth element, e.g., Yb.
  • the wavelength of the laser is preferably within the wavelength absorption region of the soft magnetic particles (conductive portions). In this manner, the conductive portions can be easily disrupted and removal of regions other than the conductive portions can be suppressed.
  • the wavelength is preferably about 532 nm to 1064 nm to be more specific.
  • the energy density U preferably satisfies 37.0 W/mm 2 ⁇ U ⁇ 450.0 W/mm 2 .
  • the energy density U is 450.0 W/mm 2 or less, the contact between the soft magnetic particles caused by excessive melting can be sufficiently suppressed.
  • the energy density U is more preferably 50.0 W/mm 2 or more and 300.0 W/mm 2 or less.
  • the oxide films formed can come to contain more FeO or Fe 3 O 4 and thus the oxygen content in the surface portion can be increased, and (2) thick portions can be formed in oxide films.
  • (1) while the amounts of FeO and Fe 3 O 4 are increased, more Fe 3 O 4 occurs than FeO as the energy density U becomes higher.
  • the oxygen content can be increased to 9 mass % or more by increasing the energy density U.
  • the oxygen content can be about 20 mass %.
  • portions where the thickness of the oxide film is 0.1 ⁇ m or more can be formed.
  • portions with thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m or more, 1.0 ⁇ m or more, 3 ⁇ m or more, 5 ⁇ m or more, 7 ⁇ m or more, and particularly 10 ⁇ m or more can be formed.
  • portions where the oxide films have a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m can be formed.
  • disrupted regions that electrically disrupts between adjacent soft magnetic particles can be formed in at least part of the surface of the compact irradiated with the laser.
  • oxide films are formed in surface regions within surfaces of soft magnetic particles adjacent to the disrupted regions, the surface regions being positioned at a surface of the compact.
  • a laser having a low energy density U is applied, disrupted regions are formed and aggregated portion are formed on surfaces of soft magnetic particles adjacent to the disrupted regions.
  • the thickness of the oxide film in an aggregated portion increases with the increasing energy density U of the laser.
  • the thickness of the entire oxide film can be increased and the thickness of the center portion of the oxide film can be made larger than that of the outer peripheral side as the energy density U of the laser is increased. This is because the amount of the melted metal or the flowability of the melted metal differs depending on the magnitude of the laser energy density U and thus there occurs a difference in the extent of aggregation of the constituent materials of the soft magnetic particles acting to minimize the surface tension due to surface tension.
  • the ratio of the irradiation interval to the beam diameter of the laser is preferably small.
  • the beam diameter refers to a diameter of a laser on a surface of a compact.
  • the irradiation interval refers to a distance in which a laser beam moves in a scanning direction within one pulse time of laser irradiation.
  • the ratio is preferably 0.35 or less and particularly preferably 0.30 or less.
  • the ratio of the scanning interval to the laser beam diameter is also preferably small.
  • the scanning interval refers to a distance in which the laser travels when moving to a next line of scanning. In other words, when the ratio of the scanning interval to the beam diameter of the laser is small, the region not irradiated with the laser can be minimized and it becomes easier to disrupt the conductive portions.
  • the number of laser overlap is preferably 2 or more.
  • the number of overlap refers to the number of times the same region is treated (scanned) with a laser.
  • the number of laser overlap is preferably high. In this manner, conductive portions can be reliably disrupted.
  • the number of overlap is 5 or more and preferably 10 or more.
  • the method for irradiating a surface of the raw compact with a laser may be any method capable of applying a laser to a desired position of a surface of a raw compact.
  • the raw compact described above may be heat-treated to remove strains and dislocations introduced to the soft magnetic particles during the raw material forming step.
  • the strains can be sufficiently removed when the temperature of the heat treatment is high.
  • the heat treatment temperature is 300° C. or higher and preferably 400° C. or higher and the upper limit is preferably about 800° C.
  • the heat treatment temperature not only strain can be removed but also lattice defects such as dislocations introduced to the soft magnetic particles during pressing can be removed. As a result, the hysteresis loss of the compact can be effectively reduced.
  • the time of the heat treatment may be appropriately selected based on the heat treatment temperature described above and the volume of the raw compact so as to sufficiently remove the strain and/or dislocations introduced to the soft magnetic particles during the raw material forming step.
  • the heat treatment time is preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour.
  • the atmosphere of the heat treatment may be air but is preferably an inert gas atmosphere. In this manner, adhesion of soot and the like produced by combustion of the lubricant to the raw compact can be suppressed.
  • the heat treatment step may be performed on the raw compact before the irradiation step or the raw compact after the irradiation step.
  • the compact of the present invention is suitable for use in a constitutional member of a reactor.
  • the conductive portions are irradiated with a laser so that a high energy is imparted to the conductive portions having a thin-film shape or so that rapid heating and cooling (temperature changes) can be performed.
  • the thin-film parts are melted, and the melted metal flows or aggregates due to the surface tension, thereby forming lumps (aggregated portions) and gathered portions as illustrated in Test Examples below. Accordingly, the conductive portions become divided and similar disruptions occur at a large number of conductive portions, thereby increasing the number of portions where the conductive portions are disrupted.
  • the electrical resistance of the conductive portions is increased or the conduction in the conductive portions can be blocked. As a result, the eddy current flows less easily or can be blocked. Accordingly, a low-loss compact having a low eddy current loss can be produced.
  • the inner core units are configured as a combination of plural divided core pieces
  • at least one and preferably all of the divided core pieces can be constituted by the compacts of the present invention.
  • the region of the inner core unit or the divided core piece to be irradiated with a laser is at least part of a surface that is parallel to the magnetic flux direction during excitation of the coil.
  • the parallel surface is a slide-contact surface that makes sliding contact with the die.
  • the eddy current occurring in the circumferential direction of the inner core units can be blocked at the regions irradiated with the laser and thus the eddy current loss can be reduced.
  • the laser is applied to a parallel surface in the region that extends from one end surface to the other end surface of the inner core units or each divided piece and a reactor is assembled, the laser-irradiated regions extend across the entire length of the inner core unit in the magnetic flux direction. Accordingly, the eddy current can be blocked across the entire length of the inner core in the magnetic flux direction. Thus, the eddy current loss can be further decreased.
  • the outer core units typically have an end surface having a U-letter shape or a trapezoidal shape.
  • the compact of the present invention or the compact obtained by the production method of the present invention may be used in the outer core units as well.
  • the portion to be surface-treated by laser irradiation is part of a surface of a raw compact. Accordingly, the treatment step and the treatment time can be shortened and the process of producing a compact can be simplified. Accordingly, the production cost for the compact can be reduced.
  • a reactor includes a coil obtained by winding a wire, and a magnetic core that is arranged on the inner side and the outer side of the coil and forms a closed magnetic circuit. At least part of the magnetic core is constituted by a compact.
  • This compact may be the compact of the present invention.
  • the feature of the reactor of the present invention is that the compact described above is used in at least part of the magnetic core of the reactor. An example of the reactor is described below with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • the compacts of the present invention are used in inner core units 31 of a magnetic core 3 of a reactor 100 , the inner core units 31 being arranged on the inner side of a coil 2 .
  • Known structures of reactors can be used as the structures other than the core pieces 31 m constituting the inner core units 31 .
  • the exposed core units 32 of the reactor core 3 may be constituted by the compacts of the present invention.
  • the coil 2 includes a pair of coil elements 2 a and 2 b formed by spirally winding a single joint-less continuous wire 2 w , and a connecting part 2 r that connects between the coil elements 2 a and 2 b .
  • the coil elements 2 a and 2 b have a hollow cylindrical shape and the same number of winding turns and are arranged side by side (juxtaposed) so that the axes thereof are parallel to each other.
  • a part of the wire 2 w is bend into a U-letter shape at one end (the end on the right-hand side in FIG. 2 ) of the coil 2 so as to form the connecting part 2 r .
  • the winding directions of the coil elements 2 a and 2 b are the same.
  • a coated wire that includes a conductor composed of a conductive material such as copper, aluminum, or an alloy thereof and an insulating layer composed of an insulating material (typically, an enamel layer composed of polyamideimide or the like) on the outer periphery of the conductor is suitable for use as the wire 2 w .
  • a round wire having a circular cross section and a rectangular wire having a rectangular cross section are suitable for use as the conductor of the wire 2 w .
  • the coil elements 2 a and 2 b are edgewise coils obtained by edgewise-winding of a coated rectangular wire having an insulating layer.
  • the magnetic core is described with reference to FIG. 1 .
  • the magnetic core 3 includes a pair of columnar inner core units 31 covered with the coil elements 2 a and 2 b ( FIG. 2 ) and a pair of exposed core units 32 not provided with the coil 2 ( FIG. 2 ) and exposed from the coil 2 .
  • the inner core units 31 are each a columnar member (in this example, each portion has a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape) having a contour that matches with the inner peripheral shape of the coil elements 2 a and 2 b .
  • the exposed core units 32 are each a columnar member having a pair of trapezoidal surfaces. In the reactor core 3 , the exposed core units 32 are arranged to sandwich the inner core units 31 arranged parallel to each other and end surfaces of each inner core unit 31 are brought into contact with the inner end surfaces of the exposed core units 32 so as to form a ring shape.
  • Each inner core unit 31 is a layered member formed by alternately stacking core pieces 31 m composed of a magnetic material and gap members 31 g composed of a material (for example, a nonmagnetic material such as alumina) having a lower permeability than the core pieces to adjust the inductance.
  • the exposed core units 32 are also core pieces composed of a magnetic material. Integration of the core pieces and integrations of the core pieces 31 m and the gap members 31 g may be achieved by using an adhesive or an adhesive tape, for example.
  • All of the core pieces 31 m of the inner core units 31 are formed of the compacts of the present invention described above.
  • the core pieces 31 m (the inner core units 31 ) are preferably arranged so that the regions irradiated with the laser are positioned to be parallel to the magnetic flux direction during excitation of the coil 2 .
  • the surfaces of the core pieces 31 m irradiated with the laser face the inner peripheral surface of the coil 2 . In this manner, when the coil 2 is excited, the eddy current occurring in the circumferential direction of the inner core units 31 about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can be blocked at the regions irradiated with the laser and the eddy current loss can be reduced.
  • the core pieces 31 m of the inner core units 31 are constituted by the core pieces 31 m (compacts of the present invention) irradiated with the laser as in this example, the core pieces 31 m are preferably arranged so that the regions irradiated with the laser align in the region that extends from one end surface side to the other end surface of each inner core unit 31 .
  • the regions irradiated with the laser extend across the entire length of the inner core units 31 in the magnetic flux direction.
  • the eddy current can be blocked across the entire length of the inner core units 31 in the magnetic flux direction and the eddy current loss can be further reduced.
  • an insulator (not shown in the drawing) composed of an insulating resin may be provided, an outer periphery of an assembly that includes the coil 2 and the reactor core 3 may be covered with an insulating resin to form an integrated member, the assembly may be housed in a casing composed of a metal material or the like, or the assembly housed in the casing may be covered with a sealing resin.
  • the inner core units 31 are constituted by the compacts described above and are arranged to be parallel to the magnetic flux direction during excitation of the coil 2 , the eddy current occurring in the circumferential direction of the inner core units 31 about the axis in the magnetic flux direction can be blocked and the eddy current loss can be reduced.
  • a low-loss reactor 100 can be provided.
  • the reactor described above can be used as a constitutional part of a converter mounted in vehicles, for example, and a constitutional part of a power conversion device that includes the converter.
  • a vehicle 1200 such as a hybrid car or an electric car includes a main battery 1210 , a power conversion device 1100 connected to the main battery 1210 , and a motor (load) 1220 driven by power supplied from the main battery 1210 and used for driving.
  • the motor 1220 is typically a three-phase AC motor, drives wheels 1250 during driving, and functions as a power generator during regeneration.
  • an engine is provided in addition to the motor 1220 .
  • an inlet is illustrated as a portion of the vehicle 1200 at which charging is conducted.
  • the vehicle 1200 may be equipped with a plug.
  • the power conversion device 1100 includes a converter 1110 connected to the main battery 1210 , and an inverter 1120 that is connected to the converter 1110 and performs conversion between DC and AC.
  • the converter 1110 shown in this example boosts the DC voltage (input voltage) of the main battery 1210 from about 200 V to 300 V to about 400 V to 700 V and supplies the power to the inverter 1120 .
  • the converter 1110 also lowers the DC voltage (input voltage) output from the motor 1220 through the inverter 1120 during regeneration, to a DC voltage suitable for use in the main battery 1210 so as to charge the main battery 1210 .
  • the inverter 1120 When the vehicle 1200 is being driven, the inverter 1120 coverts the direct current boosted by the converter 1110 to a particular alternating current and supplies the power to the motor 1220 . During regeneration, the inverter 1120 converts the AC output from the motor 1220 to a direct current and outputs the direct current to the converter 1110 .
  • the converter 1110 includes switching elements 1111 , a drive circuit 1112 that controls the operation of the switching elements 1111 , and a reactor L and performs conversion of input voltage (in this example, boosting and lowering the voltage) by repeating ON/OFF (switching operation).
  • Power devices such as FETs and IGBTs are used as the switching elements 1111 .
  • the reactor L utilizes the properties of the coil of inhibiting changes in the electrical current that flows in the circuit and has a function of smoothing the changes that occur when the electric current increases or decreases by the switching operations.
  • the reactor described above can be used as this reactor L. Since a low-loss reactor 100 is installed, the power conversion device 1100 and the converter 1110 as a whole can achieve low loss.
  • the vehicle 1200 includes, in addition to the converter 1110 , a converter 1150 for a power supply device, the converter 1150 being connected to the main battery 1210 , and a converter 1160 for auxiliaries.
  • the converter 1160 is connected to a sub battery 1230 that powers auxiliaries 1240 and to the main battery 1210 and converts the high voltage of the main battery 1210 to a low voltage.
  • the converter 1110 typically performs DC-DC conversion but the converter 1150 for the power supply device and the converter 1160 for supplying power to auxiliaries perform AC-DC conversion.
  • the converter 1150 for the power supply device performs DC-DC conversion in some cases.
  • Reactors having a structure similar to the above-described reactor with some changes in size, shape, etc. may be used as the reactors of the converter 1150 for the power supply device and the converter 1160 for supplying power to auxiliaries.
  • the above-described reactors and the like may be used in converters that perform conversion of input power but only have a function of either boosting or lowering the voltage.
  • Test Example 1 compacts of samples 1-1 to 1-3 were prepared as below and the magnetic properties of the samples were tested as described below.
  • a compact of Sample 1-1 is prepared through the steps described below in the order of step a ⁇ step b ⁇ step c ⁇ step d.
  • Step a Ingredient preparation step of preparing coated soft magnetic powder
  • Step b Raw material forming step of pressure-forming the coated soft magnetic powder to prepare a raw compact
  • Step c Heat treatment step of heating the raw compact to form a heat-treated compact
  • Step d Irradiation step of irradiating a surface of the heat-treated compact with a laser.
  • a mixture material containing coated soft magnetic powder obtained by coating surfaces of soft magnetic particles composed of iron powder with insulating coatings composed of iron phosphate, and 0.6 mass % of a lubricant composed of zinc stearate was prepared as a constituent material for a compact.
  • the iron powder was prepared by a water atomization method and had a purity of 99.8% or higher.
  • the average particle size of the soft magnetic particles was 50 ⁇ m and the aspect ratio thereof was 1.2.
  • the average particle size was determined as a particle size at which the total of the masses of particles from the small size side reaches 50% of the total mass of all particles in a particle size histogram, in other words, a 50% particle size.
  • the insulating coatings substantially covered the entire surfaces of the soft magnetic particles and the average thickness thereof was 20 nm.
  • step a The mixture material prepared in step a was placed in a die having a particular shape and a pressure of 730 MPa was applied to pressure-form the material into a raw compact without heating the die. In this step, plural raw compacts having a rectangular parallelepiped shape were made.
  • the raw compacts made in step b were heat-treated in a nitrogen atmosphere at 400° C. ⁇ 30 minutes to obtain plural heat-treated compacts.
  • step d the rectangular parallelepiped heat-treated compacts obtained in step c were combined into a ring shape to prepare a test piece for evaluating iron loss.
  • at least one of the heat-treated compacts is irradiated with a laser.
  • a laser was applied to a part of a surface of each heat-treated compact, the part being where a coil would be disposed for the magnetic property measurement test described below.
  • a region of a surface (parallel surface) that would be parallel to the direction of the magnetic flux that would occur in the sample was irradiated under the conditions described below, the region extending across the entire length in the magnetic flux direction.
  • the ratio w/l of the treatment width w of the region irradiated with the laser to the entire length l of the heat-treated compact in the circumferential direction about the axis in the magnetic flux direction was 7%.
  • the heat-treated compacts on which the coil would not be disposed may also be irradiated with a laser.
  • the heat-treated compacts irradiated with the laser constitute compacts and the compacts are referred to as Sample 1-1.
  • the order of steps for preparing compacts of Sample 1-2 is different from that for Sample 1-1.
  • the order of steps is step a ⁇ step b ⁇ step d ⁇ step c.
  • the region irradiated with the laser in step d was the same as in Sample 1-1.
  • Compacts of Sample 1-3 are different from those of Sample 1-1 in that the surfaces of the compacts are not irradiated with a laser. In other words, the compacts of Sample 1-3 are prepared through step a ⁇ step b ⁇ step c in that order.
  • the eddy current loss was significantly decreased in Sample 1-1, that is, a sample in which part of the surface of the heat-treated compact was irradiated with a laser after the heat-treatment, compared to Sample 1-3 for which no laser irradiation was conducted.
  • the eddy current loss was also decreased in Sample 1-2 in which the heat-treatment was performed after the laser irradiation.
  • test results described above show that it is effective for decreasing the eddy current loss and the loss to perform laser irradiation on a part of a surface of a heat-treated compact, in particular, a part of a surface that would be parallel to the direction of a magnetic flux that occurs when excitation is conducted on the reactor core.
  • Test Example 2 Samples 2-1 and 2-2 were prepared by the same orders of the steps as with Samples 1-1 and 1-2 in Test Example 1 but under different laser irradiation conditions in step d. The magnetic properties of these samples were evaluated as in Evaluation 1 above. The laser irradiation conditions are described below and the observed characteristic values are shown in Table 2. In the table, the results of Sample 1-3 prepared in Test Example 1 are also shown.
  • Test Example 3 Samples 3-1 to 3-10 were prepared under the same conditions as with Sample 2-1 prepared in Test Example 2 except that the energy density U among the laser irradiation conditions in step d was changed.
  • the magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated as in Evaluation 1 above.
  • the energy density U applied to each sample and the observed characteristic values are shown in Table 3 and FIG. 5 .
  • Samples 3-1 to 3-10 Compared to Sample 1-3 (Test Example 1), all of Samples 3-1 to 3-10 exhibited a lower eddy current loss. The eddy current loss was lower in Samples 3-3 to 3-9 than in Samples 3-1, 3-2, and 3-10. In particular, Samples 3-4 to 3-8 exhibited particularly low eddy current losses.
  • Test Example 4 Samples 4-1 to 4-10 were prepared under the same conditions as with Sample 2-1 prepared in Test Example 2 except that the irradiation interval/beam diameter ratio among the laser irradiation conditions in step d was changed.
  • the magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated as in Evaluation 1.
  • the irradiation interval/beam diameter ratio of the laser applied to each sample and the observed characteristic values are shown in Table 4.
  • the eddy current loss was reduced in all of Samples 4-1 to 4-10 compared to Sample 1-3 (Test Example 1).
  • the eddy current loss was lower in Samples 4-1 to 4-7 than in Samples 4-8 to 4-10.
  • the eddy current loss was particularly low in Samples 4-1 to 4-6.
  • Test Example 5 Samples 5-1 to 5-9 were prepared under the same conditions as with Sample 2-1 prepared in Test Example 2 except that, among the laser irradiation conditions in step d, the number of times of overlap was changed. The magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated as in Evaluation 1. The number of times of overlap of the laser applied to the samples and the observed characteristic values are shown in Table 5.
  • the eddy current loss was reduced in Samples 5-1 to 5-8 compared to Sample 5-9.
  • the eddy current loss was lower in Samples 5-1 to 5-6 than in Samples 5-7 and 5-8.
  • the eddy current loss was particularly low in Samples 5-1 to 5-5.
  • the results show that the eddy current loss can be reduced by increasing the number of times of laser overlap and that it is more effective for reducing the eddy current loss to adjust the number of times of overlap to 5 or more and particularly 10 or more.
  • Test Example 6 the components of the surfaces of Samples 1-1 and 3-6 were measured with an X-ray diffractometer of a parallel optical system using a multilayer mirror. The components of Sample 1-1 and 3-6 in the regions irradiated with the laser were measured. The components of a slide-contact surface of Sample 1-3 were also measured. The measurement conditions are shown below. The results from Samples 1-1, 3-6, and 1-3 are shown in FIGS. 6 to 8 . In the graphs, circles indicate Fe 3 O 4 , triangles indicate FeO, and crosses indicate ⁇ -Fe.
  • Sample 1-1 ( FIG. 6 ) and Sample 3-6 ( FIG. 7 ) contain less ⁇ -Fe and more FeO and Fe 3 O 4 . Comparing Sample 1-1 with Sample 3-6, the amount of ⁇ -Fe is lower in Sample 3-6 in which the energy density U of the laser is high than in Sample 1-1. Whereas a larger amount of FeO than Fe 3 O 4 was detected in Sample 1-1, a larger amount of Fe 3 O 4 than FeO was detected in Sample 3-6.
  • Samples 7-1 to 7-4 were prepared under the same conditions as with Sample 2-1 prepared in Test Example 2 except that the energy density U was changed among the laser irradiation conditions in step d.
  • Sample 7-5 was prepared as with Sample 1-3 prepared in Test Example 1.
  • the oxygen content on the surface of each sample was measured with the instrument described below by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
  • EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
  • the oxygen content is the ratio determined by assuming that the total content of iron and oxygen in a region extending from a surface of each sample to a depth of about 1 ⁇ m toward the inner side of the sample is 100 mass %.
  • the surface treatment performed, the portions that were measured, and the results are shown in Table 6.
  • EDX analyzer Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX analyzer) (GENESIS4000 produced by EDAX)
  • Samples 7-1 to 7-4 had small losses.
  • the losses of Samples 7-1 to 7-3 having an oxygen content of 9 mass % or more were particularly small.
  • the oxygen content of Sample 7-4 and the oxygen contents of the slide-contact surface and the press-contact surface of Sample 7-5 were each about 6 mass %.
  • the oxygen contents in Samples 7-1 to 7-4 were larger than in Sample 7-5 since surfaces of the compacts were oxidized by laser irradiation and oxide films were formed.
  • the oxygen contents of Samples 7-1 to 7-3 were high because oxidation occurred more extensively at a high laser energy density U. It is also believed that because not only the conductive portions were disrupted but also oxide films were formed, the eddy current could be sufficiently blocked and the loss was reduced. Therefore, it was found that the loss can be further reduced by adjusting the oxygen content of the surface to 9 mass % or more.
  • a compact of Sample 7-11 was prepared by performing step a ⁇ step b ⁇ step c in that order, and performing step d in which an electrolysis described below was performed on a surface of a heat-treated compact instead of irradiating the compact with a laser.
  • Electrolysis involves immersing the heat-treated compact in a vessel containing sodium nitrate having a concentration of 20 mass %, causing a Pt electrode serving as anode to contact with a portion to be electrolyzed, immersing another Pt electrode serving as a cathode in the electrolyte, and causing the cathode Pt electrode to contact other portions of the heat-treated compact. While maintaining this state, a voltage of 65 V was applied and a 40 A current was allowed to flow for 35 seconds. The w/1 ratio in the electrolysis was 7%. The compact after the electrolysis was washed with water.
  • a compact of Sample 7-12 was prepared by performing step a ⁇ step b ⁇ step c in that order as with Sample 7-11, and performing step d in which an acid treatment described below was performed on a surface of a heat-treated compact instead of irradiating the compact with a laser.
  • An acid treatment involved immersing a part of a surface of the heat-treated compact for 20 minutes in a 26° C. concentrated hydrochloric acid having pH of 1 in a vessel while stirring the concentrated hydrochloric acid.
  • the w/1 ratio in the acid treatment was 7%.
  • the compact after the acid treatment was washed with water.
  • a compact of Sample 7-13 was prepared by performing step a ⁇ step b ⁇ step c in that order.
  • the type of the coated soft magnetic powder prepared is different from that used in step a of Test Example 1 and step b differs from step b in Test Example 1 in that an outer lubrication forming method in which a lubricant is applied to a die is employed.
  • the outer lubrication forming method was employed so that a sufficient lubricating effect is achieved and conduction portions are not easily formed in the slide-contact surface that comes into sliding contact with the die.
  • the insulating coatings that coated the surfaces of the soft magnetic particles in step a were changed to multilayered insulating coatings.
  • soft magnetic particles were subjected to chemical conversion to form an inner film (thickness: about 20 nm or less) composed of a metal phosphate compound containing hydration water and then particles having the inner films were mixed with a commercially available resin material (silicone XC96-B0446 produced by Momentive (material that forms a silicone resin by hydrolysis and condensation polymerization)) in a heated atmosphere (80° C.
  • insulating layers (total average thickness: 500 nm) having a multilayer structure constituted by an inner film composed of a metal phosphate compound and an outer layer composed of a silicone resin.
  • a lubricant composed of ethylenebis(stearic acid amide) was applied to an inner wall of a die that would come into contact with the coated soft magnetic powder.
  • a pressure of 950 MPa was applied to form a compact by pressure forming. The slide-contact surface of the compact that made a slide contact with the die was observed but no conductive portions were found.
  • the oxygen content was measured as described above at a treated portion in Samples 7-11 and 7-12 and at a press-contact surface in Sample 7-13.
  • the surface treatment performed, the portions measured, and the oxygen contents are shown in Table 7.
  • the oxygen content of the surface was about 4 mass % in Samples 7-11 and 7-12 in which the electrolysis and acid treatment were performed instead of laser irradiation. In other words, it was found that a surface portion that has a particular oxygen content is not formed on the surface of the compact even when electrolysis and an acid treatment are performed. In contrast, the oxygen content of the surface of Sample 7-13, in which the insulating coatings coating the soft magnetic particles, i.e., the ingredient of the compact, are thick and the oxygen content as the ingredient is high compared to Samples 7-1 to 7-3, was about 8 mass %, failing to achieve 9 mass % or more. In other words, it was found that even when a compact is prepared by using coated soft magnetic powder having a high oxygen content as the ingredient, the oxygen content of the surface does not become 9 mass % or more.
  • FIGS. 9(A) , 10 (A), 11 (A), 12 (A), and 13 (A) respectively show cross-sections of Sample 1-1 before and after the laser irradiation and Samples 3-5, 3-6, and 3-8.
  • the surface of the same sample is shown in (B).
  • FIG. 14 shows a cross-section of Sample 3-9.
  • the portion marked by the broken-line circle on the right clearly shows that the particle ⁇ on the right is stretched into a thin-film, thereby forming a thin-film part (conductive portion) that overlaps the surface of the particle ⁇ on the left. Due to overlap of the adjacent particles, substantially no disrupted portions are found in the thin-film part (refer to (B) of the same figure).
  • the thin-film parts formed in the particles melted and flowed, thereby creating disrupted regions.
  • the surface of the particle ⁇ on the left-hand side in the broken-line circle on the right-hand side constitutes a disrupted region.
  • the disrupted region While the disrupted region is formed, a lump (aggregated portion) that protrudes from the particle ⁇ so as to partly hang over the surface of the adjacent particle ⁇ is formed. A thick oxide film (dark gray portion) is formed in this aggregated portion and an oxide film thinner than that in the aggregated portion is formed on the surface of the particle ⁇ in portions other than where the aggregated portion is formed.
  • the core of the aggregated portion indicated by the broken-line circle on the left-hand side remains unoxidized and in a state of metal that constitutes the soft magnetic particles.
  • FIG. 10(B) the area of the thin-film part is small compared to before the laser irradiation (FIG. 9 (B)), the number of disrupted regions is increased, and the gaps between particles are identifiable.
  • a thin-film part (for example, the parts marked by broken-line circles in FIG. 9(A) ) which had been formed across the adjacent particles on the surface of Sample 3-5 melted and flowed due to laser irradiation and formed an oxide film that covers the surface of each particle. Moreover, the surface-side-parts of the adjacent particles are not in contact with each other and a crevasse-shaped disrupted region is formed between the surface-side-parts of the adjacent particles. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 11(B) , the area of the thin-film part is smaller than in Sample 1-1, the number of disrupted portions is increased, and the gaps between particles are identifiable.
  • crevasse-shaped disrupted regions are formed between surface-side-portions of adjacent particles on the surface of Sample 3-6 and an oxide film that covers the surface of each particle is formed.
  • dark gray parts at surfaces of the particles are the oxide films.
  • FIGS. 13 and 14 show that the particle at the center of the drawing, a thin-film part (for example, the parts marked by broken-line circles in FIG. 9(A) ) which had been formed across the adjacent particles melted and flowed due to laser irradiation and formed a gathered portion constituted by an oxide film thicker at the center than in the side portions.
  • the thickness of the oxide film formed at the surface of the particle on the left-hand side of the drawing is as thick as about 0.75 nm.
  • the area of the thin-film part is smaller than in Sample 3-5 and the number of the disrupted portions is larger.
  • a thin-film part (for example, the parts marked by broken-line circles in FIG. 9(A) ) which had been formed across the adjacent particles melted and flowed due to laser irradiation and crevasse-shaped disrupted portions are formed between the surface-side-parts of the adjacent particles on the sample surface as shown in FIG. 13(A) .
  • a gathered portion constituted by an oxide film thicker at the center than in the two sides is formed at the center of the particle.
  • the thickness of the oxide film formed at the surface of the particle on the right-hand side of the drawing is as thick as about 3.0 ⁇ m.
  • the area of the thin-film part is smaller than in Sample 3-6 and the number of the disrupted portions is larger.
  • a method for producing a compact according to the present invention is suitable for use in fabricating various types of magnetic cores.
  • a compact according to the present invention is suitable for use in reactors used in boosting circuits of hybrid cars and in power generating stations and substations and as a material for cores of transformers and choke coils.
  • a reactor according to the present invention can be used in a constitutional member of power conversion devices such as DC-DC converters mounted in vehicles such as hybrid cars, plug-in hybrid cars, electric cars, and fuel cell cars, and converters for air conditioners.
  • Reference Signs List 100 reactor 1 compact 10 raw compact 2 coil 2a, 2b coil element 2r connecting part 3 magnetic core (reactor core) 31 inner core unit 31m core pieces 31g gap members 32 exposed core unit 31p pressed surface 31s, 31so, 31sp slide-contact surface 1100 power conversion device 1110 converter 1111 switching element 1112 drive circuit L reactor 1120 inverter 1150 converter for a power supply device 1160 converter for supplying power to auxiliaries 1200 vehicle 1210 main battery 1220 motor 1230 sub battery 1240 auxiliaries 1250 wheels
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