US20130137884A1 - Methods for the purification of deoxycholic acid - Google Patents

Methods for the purification of deoxycholic acid Download PDF

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US20130137884A1
US20130137884A1 US13/140,421 US201013140421A US2013137884A1 US 20130137884 A1 US20130137884 A1 US 20130137884A1 US 201013140421 A US201013140421 A US 201013140421A US 2013137884 A1 US2013137884 A1 US 2013137884A1
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reaction
acid
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Robert M. Moriarty
Achampeta Rathan Prasad
John Gregory Reid
Roy A. Swaringen, Jr.
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Kythera Biopharmaceuticals LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J13/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17
    • C07J13/007—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17 with double bond in position 17 (20)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C07J21/005—Ketals
    • C07J21/008—Ketals at position 17
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J5/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane and substituted in position 21 by only one singly bound oxygen atom, i.e. only one oxygen bound to position 21 by a single bond
    • C07J5/0046—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane and substituted in position 21 by only one singly bound oxygen atom, i.e. only one oxygen bound to position 21 by a single bond substituted in position 17 alfa
    • C07J5/0053—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane and substituted in position 21 by only one singly bound oxygen atom, i.e. only one oxygen bound to position 21 by a single bond substituted in position 17 alfa not substituted in position 16
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
    • C07J9/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane containing a carboxylic function directly attached or attached by a chain containing only carbon atoms to the cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C07J1/0003—Androstane derivatives
    • C07J1/0011—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 by a keto group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
    • C07J41/0033—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005
    • C07J41/0055—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives
    • C07J41/0061—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives one of the carbon atoms being part of an amide group
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • This invention is directed to the synthesis of deoxycholic acid and salts thereof as well as to intermediates useful in the synthesis of deoxycholic acid.
  • this invention provides synthetic methods for preparing deoxycholic acid or a salt thereof starting from hydrocortisone.
  • This invention is also directed to intermediates such as 12-keto or 12- ⁇ -hydroxysteroids as well as novel processes for their preparation.
  • This invention still further provides purified deoxycholic acid compositions and methods for purification wherein the deoxycholic acid has a purity of at least 96%.
  • This localized fat removal without the need for surgery is beneficial not only for therapeutic treatment relating to pathological localized fat deposits (e.g., dystipidemias incident to medical intervention in the treatment of HIV), but also for cosmetic fat removal without the attendant risk inherent in surgery (e.g., liposuction).
  • pathological localized fat deposits e.g., dystipidemias incident to medical intervention in the treatment of HIV
  • cosmetic fat removal without the attendant risk inherent in surgery (e.g., liposuction).
  • Rotunda et al., Dermatol. Surgery 30: 1001-1008 (2004) (“Detergent effects of sodium deoxycholate are a major feature of an injectable phosphntidylcholine formulation used for localized fat dissolution”) and Rotunda et al., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (2005: 973-978) (“Lipomas treated with subcutaneous deoxycholate injections”), both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • bile acids such as deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, lithocholic acid, and the like.
  • bile acids such as deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, lithocholic acid, and the like.
  • such compounds were typically recovered from bovine and ovine sources which provided a ready source of bile acids on a cost effective basis.
  • pathogens such as prions can contaminate such sources
  • alternative methods for the synthesis of bile acids from plant sources or synthetic starting materials have become increasingly important.
  • deoxycholic acid from animals in New Zealand are a source of bile acids for human use under US regulatory regimes, as long as the animals continue to remain isolated and otherwise free of observable pathogens.
  • stringent conditions impose a limitation on the amount of suitable mammalian sourced bile acids and does not preclude the possibility that the bile acid will be free of such pathogens.
  • bile acids such as deoxycholic acid that are known from the outset to be free from moieties of animal origin (or pathogenic moieties capable of acting in an animal, particularly a mammal, and for human use, having a deleterious effect on a human), and other harmful agents such as animal or microbial metabolites, toxins, including bacterial toxins, such as pyrogens, for use as medicaments in humans.
  • GB2452358 discloses the synthesis of deoxycholic acid starting with 9 ⁇ -hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione.
  • the intermediate 3 ⁇ -hydroxy-5 ⁇ -androst-9(11)en-17-one is disclosed as being derived from 9 ⁇ -hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione.
  • 9 ⁇ -hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione is effectively converted to deoxycholic acid as disclosed in that patent, synthesis of deoxycholic acid from hydrocortisone would be of particular value as hydrocortisone is widely available.
  • Cortisone and hydrocortisone have an 11-keto or 11- ⁇ -hydroxy group respectively rather than the 12- ⁇ -hydroxy group of deoxycholic acid. Conversion of the 11-keto or 11- ⁇ -hydroxy group on the steroidal backbone to the corresponding 12- ⁇ -hydroxy or 12-keto group is non-trivial as not only must the conversion be made it must be made stereoselectively.
  • WO2008/157635 reports multiple reaction schemes where, in one instance, a 3- ⁇ -acetoxy-11-keto steroid is converted to a 3- ⁇ -acetoxy-12- ⁇ -hydroxysteroid via formation of a ⁇ -9,11-ene functionality in said steroid following by allylic oxidation at the 12-position with chromium trioxide.
  • the use of chromium trioxide provides modest yields of the ⁇ -9,11-ene-12-oxo functionalities and side products generated by this reaction encumber purification of the desired product.
  • chromium trioxide is highly toxic, corrosive, and carcinogenic. It is the main example of hexavalent chromium, an environmental hazard. Use of chromium trioxide in the oxidation process should be limited.
  • purification processes should provide at least 95% purity or at least 99% purity. However, purification to at least 99% is technically challenging. For example, solvents used in the purification process can become entrapped with the product thereby reducing its purity and other contaminants can be carried over by any purification process.
  • This invention provides methods and compositions useful in the preparation of bile acids or salts thereof as well as methods for purification of the so prepared bite acids.
  • an oxidation process which either eliminates or limits the amount of chromium (VI) oxidizing agent employed during allylic oxidation at the 12-position of ⁇ -9,11-ene steroids.
  • the oxidation employs an environmentally compatible co-oxidant mixture which provides compounds 1, 2, and 3:
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —OPg
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group
  • R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto group or a keto protecting group
  • each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 is independently C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • the above mixture is treated with a chromium (VI) oxidizing agent to convert the partially oxidized products at the 12-position to the corresponding ketone.
  • a chromium (VI) oxidizing agent employed is significantly less than that reported in Example 10 of U.S. Ser. No. 12/153,446 which employed chromium trioxide as the sole oxidizing agent.
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —OPg
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group
  • R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto group or a keto protecting group.
  • oxidation of compound 4 with said co-oxidant mixture provides compounds:
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —OPg
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group
  • R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto group or a keto protecting group
  • each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 is independently C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • the mixture provided optionally can be treated with a slight excess of a chromium oxidizing agent to provide conversion of compound 2 and optionally compound 1 to compound 3 thereby improving the overall yield of compound 3. Accordingly, in this embodiment, there is provided a method for effecting allylic oxidation at the 12-position of ⁇ -9,11-ene steroidal compound 4:
  • process comprises contacting compound 4 with a co-oxidant mixture comprising alkali hypochlorite and t-alkyl hydrogen peroxide (THEW) under oxidizing conditions to provide a mixture of compound 1, 2, and 3; and
  • a co-oxidant mixture comprising alkali hypochlorite and t-alkyl hydrogen peroxide (THEW) under oxidizing conditions to provide a mixture of compound 1, 2, and 3; and
  • a chromium (VI) oxidizing agent to provide compound 3, wherein Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group, R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —-OPg, R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, and R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto group or a keto protecting group.
  • a chromium (VI) oxidizing agent to provide compound 3, wherein Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group, R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —-OPg, R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glyco
  • the mixture of compounds 1, 2 and 3 are reacted under hydrogenation conditions to hydrogenate the ⁇ -9,11-ene prior to oxidation with the chromium (VI) oxidizing agent.
  • hydrogenation occurs after oxidation step(s) is (are) completed.
  • this invention provides a process for preparing ⁇ -9,11-ene-12-keto compound 7:
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, and R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto group or a keto protecting group;
  • compound 11b is then further oxidized with a chromium (VI) oxidizing agent to provide the ⁇ -9,11-ene-12-one compound 7.
  • VI chromium
  • the mixture of compounds 9, 10, and 7 are reacted under hydrogenation conditions to hydrogenate the ⁇ -9,11-ene prior to oxidation with the chromium (VI) oxidizing agent.
  • this invention provides a process for converting an 11- ⁇ -hydroxysteroid to the corresponding 12-ketosteroid wherein said process comprises:
  • this invention provides a method for preparing compound 12
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 14
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • this invention provides a method of preparing a compound of formula 18:
  • said method comprising:
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • this invention provides a method of preparing deoxycholic acid or a salt thereof, said method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of preparing compound 24
  • said method comprising:
  • a method for preparing deoxycholic acid or a salt thereof which method comprises:
  • this invention provides a method of preparing compound 26
  • a solvent selected from the group consisting of N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, isopropanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous acetone comprising up to 5% water.
  • this invention provides a method for preparing deoxycholic acid (DCA) having a purity of greater than 96%, or a salt thereof, which method comprises:
  • step (b) crystallizing the DCA from the DCA solution obtained from step (a) to provide a solution containing crystalline DCA;
  • this invention provides a method for preparing deoxycholic acid (DCA) having a purity of greater than 96%, which method comprises:
  • step (1) (b) crystallizing the DCA from the DCA solution obtained from step (1) to provide a solution containing crystalline DCA;
  • this invention provides a synthetic deoxycholic acid (DCA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the synthetic DCA or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a purity of at least 99%.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • this invention provides a composition comprising a DCA having a purity of at least 99% or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • this invention provides a composition for non-surgical removal of localized fat, said composition consisting essentially of a DCA having a purity of at least 99% or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein the DCA is essentially the sole fat removal component of said composition.
  • this invention provides a composition
  • a composition comprising DCA and a solvent, which solvent comprises dichloromethane with or without methanol, wherein the concentration of DCA to solvent is from 40:1 to about 10:1.
  • FIG. 1 provides a proton NMR spectrum of compound 9 using a 500 MHz instrument.
  • FIG. 2 provides a 13 C NMR spectrum of compound 9 using a 125 MHz instrument.
  • FIG. 3 provides a mass spectrum of compound 9.
  • compositions and methods comprising the compounds and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others.
  • Consisting essentially of when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the compounds or method.
  • Consisting of shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients for claimed compounds and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the methods and compounds can include additional steps and components (comprising) or alternatively include additional steps and compounds of no significance (consisting essentially of) or alternatively, intending only the stated methods steps or compounds (consisting of).
  • alkyl refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • lower alkyl refers to an alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms or 1-4 carbon atoms.
  • This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH 3 —), ethyl (CH 3 CH 2 —), n-propyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —), isopropyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CH—), n-butyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), isobutyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —), sec-butyl ((CH 3 )(CH 3 C 2 )CH—), t-butyl ((CH 3 ) 3 C—), n-pentyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and neopentyl ((CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 —).
  • linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH 3 —), ethyl (CH 3 CH 2 —), n-propyl (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —), isopropyl ((CH 3 ) 2 CH—),
  • t-alkyl refers to tertiary alkyl groups of the formula R 1 R 2 R 3 C— where each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently alkyl of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and a total of 10 carbon atoms. Such groups preferably have no more than 4-6 carbon atoms.
  • oxidizing agent refers to a reagent which can accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In this way, oxygen can be added to a molecule or hydrogen can be removed from a molecule.
  • Oxidizing agents include by way of example only Jones reagent, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium hypochlorite, pyridinium chlorochromate and CrO 3 .
  • the oxidizing agent is specific to vicinal (1,2) alcohols and include periodate compounds. Such oxidizing agents are sometimes referred to as “vicinal alcohol oxidizing agents”.
  • chromium oxidizing agents refers to chromium VI compounds capable of effecting oxidation.
  • the chromium oxidizing agent is capable of oxidizing primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones. Such selective chromium oxidizing agents are typically complexed with a base such as pyridine.
  • a base such as pyridine.
  • One particularly preferred chromium oxidizing agent is pyridiniumchlorochromate.
  • the chromium oxidizing agent is capable of oxidizing a methylene group alpha to vinyl unsaturation to effect formation of an allylic ketone.
  • preferred chromium oxidizing agents include chromium trioxide and a co-oxidant mixture of NaOCl and t-alkyl hydrogen peroxide such as t-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP).
  • hydroxy protecting group refers to a group capable of protecting the hydroxy (—OH) group of a compound and releasing the hydroxy group under suitable deprotection conditions.
  • acyl which forms an ester with the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group
  • acetyl such as acetyl, benzoyl
  • groups that form an ether with the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group such as benzyl and methoxymethyl, etc.
  • Hydroxy protecting groups are well known in the field of organic synthesis.
  • an elimination condition refers to reaction conditions in which a small molecule, such as H 2 O, HCl, or HBr, etc., is lost from a compound comprising a hydroxyl, chloro, or bromo group, etc. to form a corresponding compound comprising an alkenyl group.
  • an elimination condition includes dehydration conditions wherein the hydroxyl group and the vicinal hydrogen atom are eliminated to form a vinyl group (an “ene”) group.
  • Dehydration conditions may include converting the hydroxyl group to a leaving group such as chloro, bromo, tosyl, mesyl, —OS(O)Cl.
  • Ac refers to an acetyl group which has the formula CH 3 C(O)—.
  • keto refers to the group (>C ⁇ O).
  • keto protecting group refers to a group capable of protecting a keto group of a compound and releasing the keto group under suitable deprotection conditions. Common such groups include ketals and acylals. Keto protecting groups are well known in the field of organic synthesis.
  • Suitable hydroxy or keto protecting groups and other protecting groups which may be employed, and the conditions for their removal, are described in books such as Protective groups in organic synthesis. 3 ed. T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., U.S.A., 1999, and will be well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • ketal refers to a group having two —OR 22 groups attached to the same carbon atom in a molecule, where R 22 represents an alkyl group or the two R 22 groups together with the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms attached thereto form a ring structure.
  • the two —OR 22 groups may be the same or different.
  • acylal refers to a group having two —O(C ⁇ O)R 23 groups attached to the same carbon atom in a molecule, where R 23 represents an alkyl group or the two R 23 groups together with the carbon atom and the two —O(C ⁇ O)— groups attached thereto form a ring structure.
  • the two —O(C ⁇ O)R 23 groups may be the same or different.
  • reducing agent refers to a reagent which can donate electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction, allowing hydrogen to be added to a molecule.
  • Suitable reducing agents include lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and the like.
  • acetylating reagent refers to a reagent in which can add an acetyl (Ac) group CH 3 C(O)— to an alcohol moiety of a molecule.
  • the term “acid” refers to regents capable of donating H + .
  • Lewis acids refers to an electron pair acceptor.
  • Lewis acids include oraganometallic reagents such as alkyl aluminum halides (e.g. Et 2 AlCl and MeAlCl 2 ).
  • Hydrogenation conditions refers to suitable conditions and catalysts for introducing H 2 across one or more double bonds.
  • Hydrogenation catalysts include those based on platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium) such as Pd/C and PtO 2 .
  • olefination reagent refers to regents that react with ketones to form the corresponding olefins.
  • olefin forming conditions refers to suitable conditions for carryout such transformations. Examples of such reagents include Wittig reagents and Wittig olefination conditions.
  • lux conditions refers to conditions wherein a liquid boils, and the vapor of the boiling liquid condenses and runs back down into the liquid below.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of deoxycholic acid, which salts are derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and tetraalkylammonium.
  • the scaffolds only represents the position of carbon atoms.
  • One or more bonds between two adjacent carbon atoms may be a double bond and one or more of carbon atoms be may optionally substituted.
  • ⁇ -9,11-ene steroidal or “ ⁇ -9,11-ene compound” as used herein refers to a steroidal compound having a double bond between the 9 and 11 carbon atoms which can be represented by the scaffold of:
  • 11- ⁇ -hydroxy steroidal or “11- ⁇ -hydroxy compound” as used herein refers to a steroidal compound having a hydroxy substituent on the 11-position carbon atom which can be represented by the scaffold of:
  • 11-keto steroidal or “11-keto compound” as used herein refers to a steroidal compound having a keto substituent on the 11-position carbon atom which can be represented by the scaffold of:
  • 12-keto steroidal or “12-keto compound” as used herein refers to a steroidal compound having a keto substituent on the 12-position carbon atom which can be represented by the scaffold of:
  • 12-alpha-hydroxy steroidal or “12-alpha-hydroxy compound” as used herein refers to a steroidal compound having a hydroxy substituent on the 12-position carbon atom which can be represented by the scaffold of:
  • 17-side chain of a bile acid refers the substituent on the 17-position carbon atom.
  • this invention provides a synthesis of compound 14 which is an intermediate for synthesizing deoxycholic acid (DCA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • This method comprises exposing compound 13 (the synthesis of which is described below):
  • Pg is —C(O)R 1 , wherein R 1 is lower alkyl. In some embodiments, Pg is —C(O)CH 3 .
  • the dehydration conditions comprise converting the hydroxyl group of the compound of formula 13 to -L, where -L is a leaving group, such as —OS(O)Cl, —OSO 2 R 2 (wherein R 2 is lower alkyl or phenyl or phenyl substituted with alkyl, for example, —CH 3 or —C 6 H 5 CH 3 ), or —OPX 2 (wherein X is bromo or OR 3 , wherein R 3 is lower alkyl).
  • the dehydration conditions comprise thionyl chloride and pyridine.
  • compound 13 is prepared by a method comprising selectively protecting the 3-hydroxyl group of compound 17:
  • the protecting group Pg is —C(O)-lower alkyl, for example, —C(O)CH 3 .
  • compound 17 is exposed to acylation conditions to form 35, such as by treatment of 17 with acetic anhydride and an organic base such as triethylamine Et 3 N), pyridine, and/or dimethylaminopyridine.
  • compound 17 is prepared by a method comprising contacting compound 16
  • the vicinal alcohol oxidizing agent is lead tetraacetate (Pb(OAc) 4 ) or sodium periodate (NaIO 4 ).
  • compound 16 is prepared by a method comprising contacting compound 15
  • the reducing agent comprises sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, aluminum hydride and the like.
  • compound 15 is prepared by a method comprising reacting hydrocortisone:
  • the hydrogenation conditions comprise Pd/C as a catalyst. In some embodiments, the hydrogenation conditions comprise DMF as a solvent.
  • the method of preparing compound 12 comprises:
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • this invention provides a method of preparing compound 28 comprising exposing compound 12 to deprotection conditions.
  • Pg is —C(O) tower alkyl and the deprotection conditions comprise hydrolysis conditions.
  • the hydrolysis conditions comprise alkaline metal hydroxide or alkaline metal alkoxide and water.
  • this invention provides a method of preparing DCA or a salt thereof, said method comprising:
  • the hydrogenation conditions of part a) comprise a Pd/C catalyst. In some embodiments, the hydrogenation conditions comprise a solvent DMF as a solvent.
  • the reducing agent of part b) is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the vicinal alcohol oxidizing agent of part c) is NaIO 4 .
  • the protecting group Pg of the compound of formulas 13-23 is —C(O)-lower alkyl, for example, —C(O)CH 3 .
  • compound 17 is exposed to acylation conditions to form 35, such as by treatment of 17 with acetic anhydride and an organic base such as Et 3 N, pyridine, and/or dimethylaminopyridine.
  • the dehydrating conditions of step e) comprise converting the hydroxyl group of the compound of formula 13 to -L, where -L is a leaving group, such as —OS(O)Cl, —OSO 2 R 2 (wherein R 2 is lower alkyl or phenyl or phenyl substituted with alkyl, for example, —CH 3 , —C 6 H 5 CH 3 ), —OPX, (wherein X is bromo or OR 3 , wherein R 3 is lower alkyl).
  • the dehydrating conditions comprise thionyl chloride and pyridine.
  • the olefin forming conditions apart f) comprise a agent such as Ph 3 PCH 2 CH 3 + Br ⁇ .
  • the Lewis acid of part g) is EtAlCl 2 .
  • the alkylpropiolate of part g) is methylpropriolate.
  • the alkyl acrylate of part g) is methylacrylate.
  • the hydrogenation conditions of part h) comprise a PtO 2 or Pd/C catalyst.
  • the oxidizing agent of part i) is CrO 3 .
  • the oxidizing agent of part i) comprises tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
  • the oxidizing agent of part i) comprises an excess of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (e.g. about 35 equivalents) and an excess of sodium hypochlorite (e.g. about 7 equivalents) at a low temperature (e.g. about 0-5° C.).
  • the oxidizing agent of part i) comprises a palladium reagent (e.g. Pd/C), an excess of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (e.g. about 5 equivalents) and potassium carbonate in dichloromethane (DCM).
  • the hydrogenation conditions of comprise a Pd/C catalyst.
  • the reducing agent of part k) is LiAl(OtBu) 3 H,
  • the deprotection and hydrolysis conditions of part l) when Pg is —C(O)CH 3 comprise reacting compound 38 with an alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal alkoxide, or a mixture of both.
  • the alkali metal hydroxide is LiOH or NaOH.
  • salts of deoxycholic acid can be prepared by reaction with an alkali metal alkoxide or hydroxide.
  • Salts of deoxycholic acid include the sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), and lithium (Li + ) salts.
  • this invention provides side products as shown in Example 3 which can be recycled by chemical modification to be used as intermediates in the methods described herein.
  • this invention provides synthetic processes for the efficient conversion of 11- ⁇ -hydroxy/11-keto steroids to the corresponding 12- ⁇ -hydroxy/12-ketosteroids which compounds are useful in the synthesis of bile acids.
  • the processes preferably employ steroids such as 9-HAD, cortisone or hydrocortisone, which may also be prepared synthetically and converted to compound 4 by methods described, for example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/303,816, filed on Feb. 12, 2010, titled “Preparation of Deoxycholic Acid and Intermediates Thereof,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • this invention is directed to a process for converting a ⁇ -9,11-ene compound 4:
  • R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —OPg
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid, which bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group
  • R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto group or a keto protecting group, such as a ketal;
  • compound 1 and/or 2 is optionally further converted to provide the ⁇ -9,11-ene-12-one compound 3.
  • the t-alkylhydroperoxide is tert-butylhydroperoxide.
  • the co-oxidant is typically any oxidizing agent which works in concert with the alkylhydroperoxide to effect oxidation at the 12-position albeit whether the oxidation provides an allylic keto, an allylic alcohol or an allylic peroxide as shown above in formulas 1, 2, and 3.
  • the co-oxidant is aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
  • the allylic oxidation at the)-2-position of compound 4 is effected by an excess of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (e.g. at or above 1.5 equivalents, at or above 6 equivalents, at or above 10 equivalents or about 35 equivalents) and an excess of sodium hypochlorite (e.g.
  • the tert-butyl hydroperoxide may be added as an aqueous solution in a concentration of, for example, about 70%.
  • the sodium hypochlorite may be added as an aqueous solution in a concentration of, for example, about 2.5% to 13%, about 5%, or 10%.
  • the allylic oxidation is effected in a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, ethyl acetate, hexane, heptanes, toluene, t-butyl alcohol, dimethoxypropane, petroleum ether, and dicholoroethane, or combinations thereof.
  • a phase transfer catalyst can be employed. The use of these co-oxidants provides for oxidation without the use of the toxic chromium VI oxidants.
  • the co-oxidant is a metal compound such as CuI.
  • the allylic oxidation is effected in the presence of palladium on charcoal and a base.
  • the allylic oxidation at the 12-position of compound 4 is effected by a palladium reagent (e.g. Pd/C, Pd(OAc) 2 .BINAP, Pd(OCOCF 3 ) 2 or Pd(OAc) 2 on charcoal), an excess of tert-butyl hydroperoxide about 5 equivalents and potassium carbonate or sodium biphosphate in a solvent, such as DCM.
  • the conversion of compound 1 to compound 3 comprises addition a palladium reagent (e.g. Pd/C, Pd(OAc) 2 .BINAP, Pd(OCOCF 3 ) 2 or Pd(OAc) 2 on charcoal), an excess of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (e.g. about 5 equivalents) and potassium carbonate or sodium biphosphate in a solvent, such as DCM.
  • a palladium reagent e.g. Pd/C, Pd(OAc) 2 .BINAP, Pd(OCOCF 3 ) 2 or Pd(OAc) 2 on charcoal
  • tert-butyl hydroperoxide e.g. about 5 equivalents
  • potassium carbonate or sodium biphosphate e.g. about 5 equivalents
  • the oxidation of compound 2 comprises addition of an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing an alcohol functionality (—OH) to a keto functionality ( ⁇ O), which are known in the art, for example, pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC).
  • PCC pyridinium chlorochromate
  • the amount of pyridinium chlorochromate employed is significantly less than use of chromium [VI] trioxide.
  • the pyridinium chlorochromate is employed at a molar ratio of about 1 to 1.5 to compound 2 and preferably at about a molar ratio of 1.1. This compares favorably with the amount of chromium trioxide used previously to effect oxidation about 4 times more.
  • compound 1 is first isolated from the mixture and then converted to compound 2 by reduction with, for example, a reducing agent such as aluminum amalgam or catalytic hydrogenation.
  • a reducing agent such as aluminum amalgam or catalytic hydrogenation.
  • this invention is directed to a two-step process of converting a mixture of compounds 1, 2 and 3:
  • said process comprises first reacting said mixture under hydrogenation conditions;
  • the hydrogenation of the mixture of compounds 1, 2 and 3 forms a mixture of compounds comprising compounds 5, 6 and 39:
  • the hydrogenation conditions comprise hydrogen gas, a catalyst and a solvent.
  • the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and ruthenium (Ru) based catalysts, such as Pd/C, RhCl(PPh 3 ) 3 and PtO 2 .
  • the solvent is ethyl acetate (AcOEt).
  • the oxidation conditions comprises an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing an alcohol functionality (—OH) to a keto functionality ( ⁇ O) which are known in the art.
  • Oxidation conditions known in the art include, but are not limited to, Corey-Kim oxidation (using N-chlorosuccinimide and dimethyl sulfide), Dess-Martin oxidation (using 2-iodoxybenzoic acid or Dess-Martin periodinane), Jones oxidation (using CrO 3 ), and Swern Oxidation (using dimethyl sulfoxide and oxalyl chloride).
  • the oxidizing agent is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC).
  • PCC pyridinium chlorochromate
  • Other oxidizing agent may include, but are not limited to, pyridinium dichromate, sodium percarbonate, iodoxybenzoic acid, V 2 O 5 , Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 , CrO 3 , sodium percarbonate, urea hydrogen peroxide, and oxone, etc.
  • keto group can be converted to the 17-position side chain of a bile acid by methods known in the art, such as those described in WO2008/157635, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the process further comprises reducing compound 39 to provide compound 40:
  • the reduction of compound 39 to provide compound 40 comprises addition of reduction agent capable of stereoselectively, preferably stereospecifically, reducing a keto functionality ( ⁇ O) to an alcohol functionality (—OH), for example lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride.
  • reduction agent capable of stereoselectively, preferably stereospecifically, reducing a keto functionality ( ⁇ O) to an alcohol functionality (—OH), for example lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto protecting group such as:
  • n 1, 2, or 3 and the wavy line represents the point of connection to the rest of the molecule.
  • bile acid is selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid.
  • carboxyl functionality of said side chains is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, for example a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, such as a methyl group.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 6 is lower alkyl and the wavy line represents the point of connection to the 17-position of steroidal scaffold.
  • Pg is —C(O)R 12 , wherein R 12 is lower alkyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —OR 13 ; and phenyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and —OR 13 ; wherein R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl.
  • R 12 is lower alkyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —OR 13 ; and phenyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and —OR 13 ; wherein R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl.
  • Pg is —C(O)CH 3 or —C(O)CH 2 CH 3 .
  • Pg is
  • Pg is —R 14 , wherein R 14 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, —OR 13 or vinyl (—CH ⁇ CH 2 ); —Si(R 15 ) 3 ; heterocycloalkyl; and phenyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, lower alkyl, and —OR 13 ; wherein R 13 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and each R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and phenyl.
  • Pg is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the process of this invention employs conversion of an 11- ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (which may be prepared from a corresponding 11-ketosteroid by conventional reduction reaction of the keto group) followed by dehydration to provide a ⁇ -9,11-ene steroid, which is oxidized to the corresponding 12-keto steroid by an alkylhydroperoxide.
  • This process provides unexpectedly high yields as compared with previously known processes using oxidizing agent such as CrO 3 to convert the ⁇ -9,11-ene steroid to the 12-keto steroid.
  • the yield of using CrO 3 during the preparation of deoxycholic acid was typically less than 50% or less than 40%.
  • unexpectedly high yields of over 60% were obtained consistently.
  • the use of NaOCl (bleach) and TBHP is significantly more environmentally compatible than chromium (VI) oxidizing agents.
  • this invention is directed to a process for converting an 11- ⁇ -hydroxysteroid to the corresponding 12-ketosteroid wherein said process comprises:
  • the alkylhydroperoxide is tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
  • the co-oxidant may be one of those described herein.
  • the 11- ⁇ -hydroxysteroid is prepared by reducing a corresponding 11-ketosteroid with at least a stoichiometric amount of a reducing agent to provide the 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid.
  • the 11- ⁇ -hydroxysteroid is hydrocortisone or a hydrocortisone derivative, such as a protected hydrocortisone.
  • this invention provides a method of preparing compound 24
  • said method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of preparing compound 31
  • the Lewis acid is EtAlCl 2 .
  • this invention provides a method of preparing compound 26
  • hydrogenation occurs in presence of acetone.
  • this invention provides a method for preparing compound 24 which method comprises:
  • washing compound 24 with methanol optionally, washing compound 24 with methanol.
  • step a) comprises acetone as a solvent;
  • step b) comprises dichloromethane as a solvent;
  • step c) comprises anhydrous tetrahydrofuran as a solvent in an inert atmosphere;
  • Wittig reaction conditions of step d) comprise potassium tert-butoxide in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran as a solvent in an inert atmosphere;
  • step e) comprises triethylamine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine;
  • C 1 -C 2 alkyl aluminum dichloride of step f) comprises ethylaluminum dichloride in anhydrous dichloromethane as a solvent in an inert atmosphere at 0-5° C.;
  • the hydrogenation catalyst of step g) comprises dry palladium on carbon in ethyl acetate as a solvent;
  • the C 1 -C 6 t-alkyl hydroperoxide of step comprises t-butyl hydroperoxide in water as
  • this invention is directed to a compound of formula 1 or 5:
  • Pg is a hydroxyl protecting group
  • R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, or —OPg
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, wherein the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl or benzyl group, and glycocholic acid and R 2 is hydrogen, or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto or a keto protecting group; and
  • each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 is independently C 1 -C 3 alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 6 is lower alkyl and the wavy line represents the point of connection to the 17-position of steroidal scaffold.
  • R 1 is the 17-side chain of a bile acid selected from the group consisting of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid.
  • the carboxyl functionality of said side chain is optionally esterified with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, such as a methyl, ethyl, or tert-butyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom attached thereto form a keto protecting group such as:
  • n 1, 2, or 3 and the wavy line represents the point of connection to the rest of the molecule.
  • the compound of formula 1 is compound 41
  • the compound of formula 1 is selected from the group consisting of compound 42, 43, 44, 45 or 46:
  • the compound of formula 5 is compound 47:
  • the compound of formula 5 is selected from the group consisting of compound 48, 49, 50, 51 or 52:
  • the compound of formula 6 is selected from the group consisting of compound 48a, 49a, 50a, 51a or 52a:
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • Pg is —C(O)R 1 , wherein R 1 is lower alkyl. In some embodiments, Pg is —C(O)CH 3 .
  • the hydrolysis conditions comprise an alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal alkoxide or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is LiOH or NaOH.
  • the compound of formula 53 is a compound of formula 33, which is methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-5 ⁇ -cholan-12-one-24-oate:
  • the compound of formula 54 is a compound of formula 34, which is methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-2 ⁇ -hydroxy-5 ⁇ -cholan-24-oate:
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 26, which is 9 ⁇ -hydroxy-5 ⁇ -androstan-3,17-dione:
  • the hydrogenation conditions comprise a solvent which solvent is DMF, acetone, ethyl acetate, and the like.
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 27, which is 5 ⁇ -androst-9(11)-en-3,17-dione:
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 29, which is (Z)-3 ⁇ -hydroxy-5 ⁇ -pregna-9(11),17(20)-diene:
  • the compound of formula 28 is prepared by reacting a compound of formula 27
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 18:
  • Pg is —C(O)R 1 , wherein R 1 is lower alkyl. In some embodiments, Pg is —C(O)CH 3 .
  • the compound of formula 18 is a compound of formula 30, which is (Z)-3 ⁇ -acetoxy-5 ⁇ -pregna-9(11),17(20)-diene:
  • the method comprises exposing the compound of formula 55 to acylation conditions to form (2)-3 ⁇ -acetoxy-5,3-pregna-9(11),17(20)-diene.
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 19:
  • R is alkyl
  • Pg is a protecting group
  • the dashed line is a single or double bond
  • Pg is —C(O)R 1 , wherein R 1 is lower alkyl. In some embodiments. Pg is —C(O)CH 3 . In some embodiments, Pg is CH 3 C(O) and R is CH 3 .
  • the compound of formula 19 is a compound of formula 31 which is methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-5 ⁇ -chol-9(11),16-dien-24-oate:
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 21:
  • Pg is a protecting group and is alkyl, which method comprises reacting the compound of formula 20
  • the compound of formula 20 is prepared by reacting a compound of formula 19
  • the compound of formula 21 is a compound of formula 24, which is methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-5 ⁇ -chol-9(11)-en-12-one-24-oate:
  • this invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula 53:
  • Pg is —C(O)R 1 , wherein R 1 is lower alkyl. In some embodiments, Pg is —C(O)CH 3 .
  • the compound of formula 53 is a compound of formula 33, which is methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-5 ⁇ -cholan-12-one-24-oate:
  • the method comprises
  • the oxidizing agent is pyridinium chlorochromate.
  • the compounds of preferred embodiments can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
  • protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions.
  • Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis , Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, and references cited therein.
  • the starting materials and reagents for the reactions described herein are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof.
  • many of the starting materials and reagents are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA), Bachem (Torrance, Calif., USA), Enika-Chem or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA).
  • hydrocortisone can be prepared from cortisone using conventional reduction techniques.
  • the various starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of the preferred embodiments may be isolated and purified where appropriate using conventional techniques such as precipitation, filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography. Characterization of these compounds may be performed using conventional methods such as by melting point, mass spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance, and various other spectroscopic analyses.
  • the purification methods of this invention employ deoxycholic acid (DCA) having a purity of about 95% or less and, in some cases, a purity of about 80% or less. These methods enhance the purity of these DCA compositions to at least about 96% or at least 99%.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • this invention provides for a method for purifying deoxycholic acid (DCA) to provide DCA having a purity of greater than 96% or at least 99%.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • the method comprises:
  • step (b) crystallizing the DCA from the DCA solution obtained from step (a) to provide a solution containing crystalline DCA;
  • this invention provides for a method for purifying deoxycholic acid (DCA) to provide DCA having a purity of greater than 96% or at least 99%.
  • the method comprises:
  • step (b) crystallizing the DCA from the DCA solution obtained from step (a) to provide a solution containing crystalline DCA;
  • either of the above process is repeated.
  • DCA having a purity of about 95% or less is dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol. If necessary, dissolution can be facilitated by heating the solvent to reflux. Furthermore, as necessary, any insoluble impurities can be removed by filtration typically filtering the solution at an elevated temperature, for example, using a filter having a pore size of about 5 ⁇ m or less.
  • the amount of dichloromethane and methanol initially employed in the solvent systems of the methods of this invention is best defined by a weight ratio of dichloromethane to methanol of from about 100:1 to about 3:1, or from about 50:1 to about 4:1, or from about 20:1 to 10:1.
  • the amount of DCA employed relative to the total amount of solvent initially employed is best defined by a ratio of solvent to DCA of from about 40:1 to about 10:1, or about 30:1 to about 15:1 or about 19:1.
  • additional dichloromethane is added at the reflux temperature.
  • the amount of additional dichloromethane ranges from about 20 to 1100 volume percent of the initial amount of dichloromethane incorporated into the solvent system. In some embodiments, the amount of additional dichloromethane is from about 30-70 volume percent or about 50 volume percent of the initial amount of dichloromethane used.
  • the DCA is derived from mammalian sources, which is generally commercially available.
  • the DCA is derived synthetically. Methods for preparing synthetic DCA are described herein and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/035,339, published as US 2008-0318870 A1, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/153,446, published as US 2009-0270642 A1, which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • this invention provides a compound that is synthetic deoxycholic acid (DCA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the synthetic DCA or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a purity of at least 99%.
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • this invention provides for a solution comprising DCA and a solvent which comprises dichloromethane and methanol wherein the concentration of solvent to DCA is from 40:1 to about 10:1 and further wherein the ratio of dichloromethane to methanol is from about 100:1 to about 3:1.
  • the invention also provides a composition comprising a DCA having a purity of at least 99% or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an acceptable excipient.
  • the invention also provides a composition consisting essentially of a DCA having a purity of at least 99% or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein DCA is essentially the sole fat removal component of said composition.
  • compositions can be comprised of the DCA of this invention in combination with at least one acceptable excipient or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • excipient may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art.
  • Solid excipients include starch, cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like.
  • Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc.
  • liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions include water, saline, aqueous dextrose, and glycols.
  • the DCA in the compositions can be at a concentration of about 0.001 to 10, 0.01 to 5, or 0.1 to 2% w/w, w/v, or v/v. In some embodiments, the DCA can be at a concentration of about 0.1-5% w/w or about 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the fin dissolving solution comprises up to 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.05, 0.02, or 0.01 grams of the one or more detergents, bile acids and/or bile salts, deoxycholic acid or salts thereof or sodium deoxycholate.
  • the compositions herein include no lipids, phospholipids, or phosphatidylcholine. In some embodiments, the compositions herein include up to 5% w/w, w/v, or v/v lipids, phospholipids, or phosphatidylcholine.
  • compositions can further comprise a second therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: anti-microbial agents, vasoconstrictors, anti-thrombotic agents, anti-coagulation agents, suds-depressants, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, dispersion agents, anti-dispersion agents, penetration enhancers, steroids, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, and anti-diarrhea agents.
  • a solution is in a container that contains up to 500 mL of solution. Such container can be a syringe or syringe-loadable container.
  • the DCA of this invention preferably with at least 99% purity or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or compositions thereof are useful in various pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications, form example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,622,130, and U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2005-0267080 A1 and 2006-0127468 A1, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • the present invention relates to methods for reducing a subcutaneous fat deposit in a subject.
  • Such methods comprise the step of administering locally to a subcutaneous fat deposit in the subject a composition comprising: (i) a fat-dissolving effective amount of deoxycholic acid preferably having a purity of at least 99% or a salt thereof, for example, sodium deoxycholate; (ii) a pharmaceutical, veterinary, or cosmetic excipient; and wherein the DCA or salt thereof is essentially the only fat removing component of the composition.
  • the fat deposit is cosmetically unappealing and the removal of it is to improve the appearance of the subject.
  • the fat deposit is associated with a condition selected from the group consisting of obesity, fat redistribution syndrome, eyelid fat herniation, lipomas, Dercum's disease, lipodystrophy, buffalo hump lipodystrophy, dorsocervical fat, visceral adiposity, breast enlargement, hyperadiposity, diffused body fat around trunk and arms, and fat deposits associated with cellulite.
  • the above method does not include performing surgery on said subject.
  • Infrared spectra were run on a JASCO-460 + model. Mass spectra were obtained with a Perkin Elmer API-2000 spectrometer using ES + mode. Melting points were determined using a LAB-INDIA melting point measuring apparatus and are uncorrected. HPLC chromatograms were recorded using a SHIMADZU-2010 model with a PDA detector. Specific optical rotations were determined employing a JASCO-1020 at 589 nm and are uncorrected.
  • Compound 30 can be prepared by procedures similar to that described Example 8, converting compound 28 to compound 30.
  • the compounds set forth above have utility as intermediates that can be recycled into a reaction scheme leading to compound 18.
  • compounds 61 and 62 and be dehydrogenated by conventional means to provide the 4,5-ene compound which can be rehydrogenated to provide the proper stereochemistry at 5-position.
  • the 17-keto group of compound 63 and 65 can be protected by conventional means such as ketal formation.
  • the 3-hydroxyl group of both compounds 63 and 65 can then be oxidized to form the 3-keto group.
  • dehydrogenation at the 4,5 position followed by hydrogenation will provide proper stereochemistry at the 5-position.
  • reduction of the 3-keto group followed by deprotection of the 17-keto group provides for compound 18.
  • compound 64 can be selectively protected at the 3-hydroxyl group and the 17-hydroxyl group can then be oxidized followed by deprotection at the 3-hydroxyl to provide compound 18.
  • the 3,17 di-allyl compound 66 can be oxidized to provide the 3,17 di-keto compound which can be reduced by conventional means to provide the 3,17-dihydroxyl compound such as compound 64.
  • compound 67 can be oxidized at the 3-position and then reduced and the 3-hydroxyl group protected to provide compound 18.
  • the remaining compounds can likewise be modified to generate one or more intermediates used in the methods of this invention.
  • compound 79 (120.0 g) was oxidized using 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide ((CH 3 ) 3 C—O—OH) in water (35 equiv.) and 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (7.0 equiv; added in 7 hours duration) in ethyl acetate at 0-5° C. After work up, the organic layer was treated with sodium sulfite followed by PCC (1.0 equiv.) treatment provided 185 g of residue. The residue on slurry purification in 20% aq., methanol (2 vol) provided 75.2 g (60.6% yield) pure compound 80.
  • tert-butyl hydroperoxide ((CH 3 ) 3 C—O—OH)
  • NaOCl sodium hypochlorite
  • PCC 1.0 equiv.
  • IR 3437, 3045, 2946, 2870, 1729, 1680, 1252, 1168, 1020, cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the fitter mother liquor (enriched with impurity ⁇ 30% at with a retention time of 3.14 minutes) was collected.
  • the 3.14 minute impurity was isolated by column chromatography, which provided 100 mg of a pure product as an oil NMR & Mass data revealed that the impurity is 12-tert-butylperoxy compound 81, which are provided in FIGS. 1-3 .
  • the 12-tert-butylperoxy compound 81 (50 mg) was treated with Pd/C (12 wt %), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (5 equiv) and potassium carbonate (0.025 equiv) in dichloromethane (10 pads) at room temperature for 24 hours, HPLC analysis revealed still presence of 89% of un-reacted compound 12-tert-butylperoxy 81 and observed only 11% of compound 80.
  • Compound 80 (10.0 g) was hydrogenated using commercial dry 10% Pd/C (25 wt %) in ethyl acetate (25 parts) at 45-50° C. under hydrogen pressure for 18 hours provided ⁇ 25% of allylicalcohol which was treated with PCC (1.2 equiv) at room temperature for 2 hours, then washed with water & brine solution. A half of the organic layer was distilled under vacuum and then re-subjected for hydrogenation using fresh Pd/C (25 wt %) at 45-50 under 50 psi hydrogen pressure for 18 hours, which provided 9.5 g of compound 82 (95% yield with 87% HPLC-RI purity).
  • IR (CHCl 3 ) 3440, 3035, 1730, 1451, 1367, 1258, 1028 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • IR (KBr) 3435, 3039, 2941, 1729, 1448, 1435, 1252, 1022 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • IR (KBr) 3443, 3030, 2930, 1719, 1650, 1247, 1359, 1032, 1170 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • ACN 0.1% TFA in water (90:10).
  • TLC mobile phase 10%—EtOAc in hexanes.
  • IR (KBr) 3435, 3039, 2941, 1729, 1448, 1435, 1252, 1022 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • IR 3437, 3045, 2946, 2870, 1729, 1680, 1252, 1168, 1020, cm ⁇ 1 .
  • TLC mobile phase 20%—EtOAc in hexanes.
  • the following process can be conducted if compound 24 content is more than 5%. Eater the reaction mass through Celite® (10 g) and wash with ethyl acetate (360 mL). Wash the filtrate with water (3 ⁇ 460 mL) and then with saturated brine (360 mL). Dry the organic phase over sodium sulphate (180 g), filter and wash with ethyl acetate (180 mL). Concentrate the volume by 50% via vacuum distillation below 50° C. Transfer the solution to a clean and dry autoclave. Add slurry of 10% palladium on carbon (9 g in 180 mL of ethyl acetate). Pressurize to 50 psi with hydrogen and stir the reaction mixture at 45-50° C. for 16 h.
  • TLC mobile phase 30%—EtOAc in hexanes.
  • IR (KBr) 3621, 2938, 2866, 1742, 1730, 1262, 1162, 1041, cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2 ⁇ 225 mL) and the combined organic phase was washed sequentially with water (300 mL) and saturated brine solution (300 mL). The organic phase was then was concentrated to dryness by vacuum distillation below 50° C. Methanol (150 mL) was added to the residue and concentrated to dryness by vacuum distillation below 50° C. Water (450 mL) was then added to the residue and the mixture was stirred for 15-20 min., filtered and the cake was washed with water (240 mL). The white solid was dried in a hot air drier at 35-40° C. for 6 h to provide compound 34 (30 g, 99.6%).
  • TLC mobile phase 10%—Methanol in DCM.
  • IR 3363, 2933, 2863, 1694, 1453, 1372, 1042, cm ⁇ 1 .
  • DCA Deoxycholic Acid
  • IR 3363, 2933, 2863, 1694, 1453, 1372, 1042, cm ⁇ 1 .
  • DCA Deoxycholic Acid
  • DCA obtained from Method B (26 g) above was charged into a clean and dry flask.
  • the mixture was heated to reflux to obtain a clear solution, DCM (650 mL) was charged to the solution and the solvent was distilled atmospherically until 780 mL of solvent was collected.
  • the mixture was assayed by GC to determine the solvent composition. If the methanol content is more than 2%, add DCM (200 mL) and distill atmospherically until 200 mL of distillate have been collected. (Check for the methanol content by GC).
  • the reaction mixture was cooled over 1-2 h to 20-25° C. and stirred at this temperature for 3-4 h.
  • the product was filtered and washed with DCM (81 mL), dried in a hot air drier at 50-55° C. for 8 h. The purity was determined by HPLC. If single max impurity is more than 0.1%, the above process is repeated.
  • Step 1a Hydrogenation of methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-12-oxo 5 ⁇ -chol-9(11)-en-24-oate (24)
  • Step 1b/c Oxidation of Allylic Alcohol 86 and 87 and Rehydrogenation 24 to methyl 3 ⁇ -acetoxy-2-oxo-5 ⁇ -cholan-24-oate (33)
  • Step 1b PCC Oxidation of Allylic Alcohol 86 and 87
  • Powder activated carbon DARCO 60 g, 20 wt %) was added to the crude 33 solution from above containing 24. The resulting slurry was heated to 45°-50° C. for 4 hours, cooled to 30°-35° C. and filtered over Celite®. The filter cake was washed with EtOAc (7.5 L), concentrated to 7.5 L and added to dry Pd/C (60.0 g, 20 wt %). The reaction mixture was heated to 45°-50° C. and pressurized to 50 psi of H 2 for 6 hours. HPLC analysis indicated ⁇ 1.0% AUC of 24 remained; 1.1% AUC of 86 impurity and ⁇ 1.0% AUC of 87 formed.
  • the sample was slurried in DI water (840 mL) and diluted with a solution of NaOH (14.0 g) in DI water (140 mL). The resulting solution was filtered over Celite® and washed with DI water (1.4 L). The filtrate was adjusted to pH 1.6 with 2 M HCl ( ⁇ 300 mL) resulting in a white precipitate which was held for 1 hour at 20°-25° C. The product was isolated by filtration, washed with DI water (9.0° L) and dried under vacuum to afford 63 g (87%) of DCA (99.7% AUC by HPLC-CAD).
  • a manufacturing process for deoxycholic acid key starting material compound 24 has been modified and made suitable for large scale production.
  • the manufacturing process is safe, economical, environmentally-friendly and produces high quality final product that consistently meets specifications.
  • the manufacturing process involves:
  • the Key Starting Material is prepared in eight chemical steps from 9- ⁇ -hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (9-HAD). Since some of the intermediates are not isolated, this part of the process corresponds to Stage-I to Stage-V.
  • the structural assignments for all intermediates are consistent with NMR and Mass Spectral data.
  • the detailed procedures for the final process along with the spectral data of the product from each step are provided in the Process section.
  • a schedule of impurities along with their status (isolated, identified, not observed, etc.), a list of raw materials, and a description of critical process parameters are all provided in the final sections of the report. Based on the results of the process modification and the demonstration batch, the manufacturing process is suitable for its intended purpose.
  • acetone was chosen as the preferred solvent, providing more than 90% selectivity and more than 85% yield in this challenging step.
  • reaction time was set at 4-5 h (at 25-35° C.).
  • the catalyst used in every case was 50% Wet palladium-on-carbon.
  • At least 8% by weight of catalyst should be used to reliably obtain complete consumption of the starting material.
  • sulfuric acid was chosen as the preferred reagent for elimination, in acidic resin reaction was not completed.
  • IR(CHCl 3 ) 3440, 3035, 1730, 1451, 1367, 1258, 1028 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Ethyl aluminum dichloride was found to be effective for this step.
  • TBHP/NaOCl As to TBHP/NaOCl, it is noted that the alternative oxidants other than chromium trioxide did not work well. Accordingly, TBHP/NaOCl were selected as the oxidizing reagent.
  • the reaction worked at all temperatures between 0 and 5° C., so a range of 0-10° C. was chosen as the reaction is expected to be more selective at lower temperature and the yields were observed to be higher.
  • reaction appears to complete at 0-5° C. in 8 h, so this was chosen as the preferred reaction time.
  • IR 3437, 3045, 2946, 2870, 1729, 1680, 1252, 1168, 1020, cm ⁇ 1 .

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