US20120017622A1 - Solar Light (Heat) Absorption Material and Heat Absorption/Accumulation Material and Solar Light (Heat) Absorption/Control Building Component Using the Same - Google Patents

Solar Light (Heat) Absorption Material and Heat Absorption/Accumulation Material and Solar Light (Heat) Absorption/Control Building Component Using the Same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120017622A1
US20120017622A1 US13/254,345 US201013254345A US2012017622A1 US 20120017622 A1 US20120017622 A1 US 20120017622A1 US 201013254345 A US201013254345 A US 201013254345A US 2012017622 A1 US2012017622 A1 US 2012017622A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat
absorption
solar light
light
accumulation
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Abandoned
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US13/254,345
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English (en)
Inventor
Yoshikazu Kondo
Masami Ueno
Yoshinobu Kawamitsu
Junichiro Tsutsumi
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Osaka Gas Co Ltd
University of the Ryukyus NUC
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Osaka Gas Co Ltd
University of the Ryukyus NUC
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Assigned to OSAKA GAS CO., LTD., UNIVERSITY OF THE RYUKYUS reassignment OSAKA GAS CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TSUTSUMI, JUNICHIRO, KAWAMITSU, YOSHINOBU, UENO, MASAMI, KONDO, YOSHIKAZU
Publication of US20120017622A1 publication Critical patent/US20120017622A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/10—Liquid materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/69—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of shingles or tiles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/80—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for controlling collection or absorption of solar radiation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S60/00—Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
    • F24S70/10—Details of absorbing elements characterised by the absorbing material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/20—Working fluids specially adapted for solar heat collectors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
    • Y02A30/272—Solar heating or cooling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines

Definitions

  • the invention also relates to a solar light (heat) absorption/control building component using the above-described solar light (heat) absorption material and having excellent ability to absorb/control solar light (heat), the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component allowing easy change in this absorption/control ability.
  • the invention further relates to an agricultural/horticultural facility and a house/building using the inventive material.
  • the most focusing material of all is the solar heat absorption material.
  • a black material which absorbs the light of 2.5 ⁇ m or less which is present more abundantly in the spectra (ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation) of solar light reaching the earth surface, such as black-colored inorganic materials such as metal oxide such as chromium oxide (black chrome), nickel oxide (black nickel), copper oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, etc or organic substances (Patent Documents 1 through 4).
  • black-colored inorganic materials such as metal oxide such as chromium oxide (black chrome), nickel oxide (black nickel), copper oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, etc or organic substances.
  • Patent Documents 17 through 19 identified below describe placing a light-shielding film sheet over a crop plant or an agricultural house for restricting the large amount of solar light (heat).
  • These solar light (heat) absorption/control building components are formed by incorporating in the agricultural film sheet a substance which restricts solar light, so that the materials constantly cut the solar beam by a predetermined ratio. Notwithstanding, these materials do not allow change of their ability to absorb/control the solar light (heat). Therefore, as these materials shield a fixed amount of solar light even at hours or on a day when the amount of solar radiation is small, such as at the morning or evening hours or on a cloudy day. Hence, they provide adverse effect to the culture of crop plants due to the amount of light falling far below the amount suitable for their culture.
  • Patent Documents 20 through 22 identified below describe heat-insulating films for restricting entrance of solar radiation through windows for preventing the above problem.
  • these conventional solar light (heat) absorption/control building components are also unable to allow change of their ability to absorb/control the solar light (heat).
  • these materials can be disadvantageous in the autumn/winter seasons or on cloudy days when the amount of solar radiation is small.
  • the convention has provided some improvements in the heat insulating material for building wall or roof or method of heat insulation, as these heat insulating methods are passive heat insulation methods, these suffer the problem that the temperature of the heat insulating material per se rises, in accordance of which its heat insulating effect deteriorates over time.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above-described state of the art.
  • the invention purports to develop a solar light (heat) absorption material having excellent solar light (heat) absorbing ability and to utilize this material to provide a low-cost, high-performance heat absorption/accumulation material having a simple structure and also to provide a solar water heater, a cooling system, an electricity generating system utilizing hot heat generated from this heat absorption/accumulation material.
  • the invention further purports to utilize the above-described solar light (heat) absorption material to provide a solar light (heat) absorption/control building component which allows easy change in its solar light (heat) absorption/control ability and to provide also an agricultural/horticultural facility or a house/building that allows saving of unnecessary cooling/heating energy, thus contributing to saving of fossil fuel and preservation of global environment.
  • the present inventors have conducted extensive research to resolve the above-noted object and discovered that a dispersion material comprising particles of biomass char etc. dispersed in a medium such as water has excellent solar light (heat) absorption/control ability and that using this as a heat absorption/accumulation material will reverse the conventional concept of solar water heater, providing a structure in which a heat absorption material is dispersed and integrated into a heat accumulation material, thereby to make it possible to satisfy all of the conventionally incompatible requirements of simplification of the structure, cost reduction and performance improvement.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control ability of the material can be easily changed. In this way, the present invention has been completed.
  • said particles comprise carbonized materials of biomass having micropores such as bagasse.
  • micropores such as bagasse.
  • the presence of such micropores can achieve improvement in the dispersion of the particles, the absorbance of the solar light (heat).
  • the utilization of biomass achieves increased safety, restriction of the load to the environment.
  • the present invention comprises a heat absorption/accumulation material formed of said solar light (heat) absorption material.
  • thermoelectric structure having said heat absorption/accumulation material filled in a container having an opening thereof covered with a light transmitting body.
  • the present invention provides a solar light (heat) absorption/control building component comprising a hollow portion and an amount of said solar light (heat) absorption material filled in the hollow portion of a plate-like body having an upper face and a lower face at least one of which has light transmission characteristics.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material is circulated to/from an external instrument. With the above, it becomes possible to disperse the particles uniformly into the solar light (heat) absorption material and to utilize an amount of the solar heat absorbed and accumulated in the solar light (heat) absorption material.
  • the component further comprises a detecting means for detecting a outside condition and an adjusting means for adjusting the light absorbance of the solar light (heat) absorption material according to the outside condition.
  • the solar radiation amount can be controlled to be constant irrespective of influences from the time of the day, weather, the season, etc.
  • said outside condition comprises lightness and/or temperature.
  • the component further comprises a converting means for converting the solar heat absorbed by the solar light (heat) absorption material into hot water/air or cold water/air.
  • the solar heat absorbed and accumulated by the solar light (heat) absorption material can be effectively utilized.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component is one of a windowpane, a roof tile, a roofing material.
  • an agricultural/horticultural facility using said solar light (heat) absorption/control building component in its wall and/or ceiling.
  • a house/building using said solar light (heat) absorption/control building component in at least a part of its wall, window, roof or roof top.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component functions as an excellent heat insulating material, it is possible to reduce the amount of energy required for temperature condition of the indoor space significantly. As a result, unneeded energy for cooling/warming can be eliminated in a house/building. Hence, it becomes also possible to make significant contribution to the saving of fossil fuels and preservation of the global environment.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material of the invention has an excellent solar light (heat) absorbing ability. Further, as this material uses char particles originated from harmless biomass, waste material can be effectively utilized and also the load to the environment can be alleviated. Further, in case this is used as a heat absorption/accumulation material, as the particles of the heat absorption material are dispersed into the liquid of the heat accumulation material and in association with rise in the temperature of the heat absorption material, the heat is transferred directly to the heat accumulation material around it, heat loss in the course of heat conduction process can be restricted. In the case of the convention, in association with temperature rise due to heat absorption, dissipation of heat by black body radiation from the heat absorption material per se occurs inevitably.
  • the heat absorption material is dispersed into the heat accumulation material, all of the heat dissipation from the heat absorption material is absorbed by the heat accumulation material. In this way, the heat loss in the heat conduction process is reduced and no dissipation of heat to the outside occurs, so the efficiency of the solar heat absorption is high.
  • the conventional techniques combine a light collecting plate having a large area and a heat accumulation tank having a small area.
  • the area of the heat collecting plate is increased, the amount of dissipation heat increases correspondingly.
  • the technique would suffer from this vicious cycle and the conventional technique was not found satisfactory in terms of efficiency and cost.
  • the temperature of the accumulated heat can be controlled by adjustment of the thickness of the heat absorption/accumulation material layer. Therefore, high-temperature heat can be obtained extremely easily and at low cost.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component of the present invention its solar light (heat) absorption/control ability can be easily changed by changing the kind, size and/or dispersion content of the particles. Further, by using this component in an agricultural/horticultural facility or a house/building, excess energy for cooling/warming can be eliminated and it becomes also possible to make significant contribution to the saving of fossil fuels and preservation of the global environment.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustrating section view showing one embodiment of a heat absorption/accumulation structure relating to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view showing a cooling system according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 are schematic views showing one embodiment of a solar light (heat) absorption/control building component according to the present invention, (a) being a perspective view, (b) being a plan view, (c) being a front view, (d) being a side view,
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a model method of a pseudo solar radiation absorption experiment in EXAMPLE 2
  • FIG. 5 is results of an absorption characteristics experiment in EXAMPLE 3.
  • FIG. 6 is result of a temperature rise experiment in EXAMPLE 4,
  • FIG. 7 are SEM photographs of bagasse char at each carbonization temperature in EXAMPLE 5, (a) 300° C., (b) 400° C., (c) 500° C., (d) 600° C., (e) 700° C., (f) 800° C.,
  • FIG. 8 is a relationship between the carbonization temperature of bagasse char and the transmittance in UV-VIS region in EXAMPLE 5,
  • FIG. 9 is a relationship between the dispersion content of bagasse char and the transmittance in UV-VIS region in EXAMPLE 6,
  • FIG. 10 is a relationship between irradiation time of pseudo solar light and the rate of temperature rise of absorption material in EXAMPLE 7,
  • FIG. 11 is a relationship between bagasse char dispersion content and the rate of temperature rise of solar light (heat) absorption material in EXAMPLE 7,
  • FIG. 12 is a relationship between intensity of pseudo solar light and the transmittance of solar light (heat) absorption material in EXAMPLE 8,
  • FIG. 13 is a bagasse char dispersion content required for maintaining lightness inside a house at 300 g mol/sec/m 2 when lightness of the outside has changed in EXAMPLE 8,
  • FIG. 14 is a model diagram showing an example of using the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component as a heat insulating material in a house in EXAMPLE 9, and
  • FIG. 15 is a figure of reduction in cooling load in case the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component is employed as a heat insulating material in a house in EXAMPLE 10.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material according to the present invention comprises particles, which have L*value of 30 or less as determined by the CIE-Lab color system (light source D65), dispersed into a liquid medium having a specific heat ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 cal/g/° C. and a melting point of 5° C. or lower.
  • the medium (dispersion) employed in the present invention is a medium which is liquid at the normal temperature and has a specific heat ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 cal/g/° C. and a melting point of 5° C. or lower.
  • the specific heat and melting point in the above-described respective ranges, the amount of the medium used can be made appropriate and there is obtained cost advantage as well. Further, by choosing the melting point of 5° C. or lower, the medium becomes usable in many various places and hours of the day.
  • water can be used with an inorganic material or an organic material dispersed or dissolved therein.
  • the inorganic material includes a metal chloride such as calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, lithium chloride, ammonium chloride, barium chloride, iron chloride, aluminum chloride, or a bromide of a similar group.
  • the organic material includes ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sucrose, glucose, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, dispersed or dissolved therein.
  • aliphatic mono alcohol there can be cited ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, hexane alcohol, etc.
  • aliphatic di-alcohol there can be cited ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, etc.
  • hydrocarbon there can be cited aromatic hydrocarbons, or chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as paraffin, benzene, xylene, chlorobenzene, etc.
  • water is most preferred of the above-cited media. When high-temperature heat is needed, ethylene glycol, glycerin, having a high boiling point or mixture solution of these with water will be used.
  • the color of the particles should be black for increased absorption of solar light (heat).
  • the particles When represented in the CIE-Lab color system which is the international standard of representing color tones of objects, the particles have an L*value (L-value) of 30 or less which is the reference of whiteness and blackness of an object, preferably 28 or less, more preferably from 3 to 25.
  • L*value the value of 0 represents a black body, i.e. the reference of absorbing all light, thus being most preferred.
  • this value 0 requires significant cost and yield will be poor also.
  • the particles per se are capable of absorbing solar light, this is not suitable for adjustment of degree of absorption or utilization of absorbed heat.
  • biomass char commercially available carbon black, carbon nanotube, iron black, copper-iron black, other organic pigments, inorganic pigments, etc.
  • iron black, copper-iron black, other organic pigments, inorganic pigments, etc. it is important that sufficient care be taken for the safety, dispersion performance relative to the medium.
  • biomass char is suitably used, since it is superior not only in the safety, but also in the dispersion performance relative to the medium, and provides less load to the environment.
  • biomass char there can be cited bagasse waste of squeezed sugarcane, coffee residue, soybean milk residue, chaff, rice bran, sake lees after fermentation of sake or liquor (“Moromi”), various kinds of natural fibers, chars of woods. Different from artificial substance, these biomasses have fine pore structure due to biological phenomenon. And, such pore structure remains after carbonization and reduces the bulk specific gravity and improves dispersion into the medium and solar light (heat) absorption/accumulation performance. The size of the pores (micropores) can be adjusted through the choice of the kind of biomass or carbonization condition.
  • the major diameter of the aperture of the pore should range 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably from 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the ratio (ratio of area) of pores (micropores) is at least 10%, preferably from 20 to 70%.
  • biomass char can be manufactured by any conventional method. For instance, particles of bagasse char, which is the squeezed waste of sugarcane, can be manufactured by the following method.
  • Sugarcanes harvested from a sugarcane field have their roots, leaves, and heads chopped off and then shipped to a sugar milling factory. Thereafter, while hot water or steam is being sprayed over them, the sugarcanes are crushed through several passes of metal rollers to squeeze an amount of sugar juice therefrom. With this, there is produced an amount strained lees (bagasse) substantially free of sugar.
  • bagasse contains some water, the bagasse is dried at a temperature of 100° C. or higher prior to carbonization thereof.
  • this drying process is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere of e.g. nitrogen atmosphere, in order to restrict quality change.
  • heating carbonization is performed also in a nitrogen atmosphere in e.g. a standard electric furnace.
  • the heat source for carbonization a heat source of external heating, a self-combustive heat source configured to cause combustion of a part of the bagasse, etc. are employed.
  • a predetermined temperature normally 200° C. or higher, preferably from 300 to 1000° C., more preferably from 400 to 900° C., at the rate of temperature raising of 5 to 50° C. If the temperature increase rate is faster than 50° C., this tends to invite non-uniform temperature distribution. Conversely, if the temperature raising rate is slower than 5° C., this is disadvantageous economically.
  • the heating is continued at that reached temperature for at least e.g. 1 hour, preferably 2 to 5 hours. If the heating time is shorter than 1 hour, this will tend to invite formation of partial mottles due to uneven heating. Whereas, if the heating time is too long, it is not only economically disadvantageous, but also can invite quality deterioration.
  • the flow of nitrogen is continued and cooling to the room temperature is effected by natural cooling. In this way, black carbon made from raw material of bagasse (bagasse char) is obtained.
  • This bagasse char is then pulverized by e.g. a blender, and also classified if necessary, whereby particles of bagasse char are obtained.
  • the above-described particles have a bulk specific gravity of 0.3 g/ml or less, preferably from 0.05 to 0.2 g/ml approximately.
  • the bulk specific gravity is a value determined by JISK7365-1999 (method of obtaining an apparent density of a material that can be poured from a specified funnel: ISO60:1977).
  • the above-described particles preferably have a particle diameter of 3 mm or less, more preferably, from 0.01 to 1 mm. If the particle diameter is confined within this range, the dispersion into the medium is favorable. And, particles having such particle diameter can be obtained by classifying with a sieve. That is, particles of 3 mm or less can be obtained by collecting those passing through 6-mesh sieve. Also, particles of 0.01 to 1 mm can be obtained by collecting those passing through the 16-mesh and then collected on the 170-mesh sieve. The precise particle size of each individual particle can be observed with a microscope. However, errors can occur due to the variation of the shapes thereof. Therefore, for practical use, particles of appropriate size collected with using the above-described sieves should be used, preferably.
  • a rotary blade type stirring machine having various kinds of stirring blades a vibration type stirring machine having vibration plates, a rotary type stirring machine which effects stirring by rotation, a liquid-flow type stirring machine configured to effect stirring by generating or colliding liquid flow, a ball mill, an extruder having a rotary screw, etc.
  • a rotary blade type stirring machine or an extruder will be employed.
  • any stirring machine other than an extruder can be used.
  • the degree of dispersion can be readily recognized from the outer appearance of the dispersion.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material of the present invention can additionally contain a substance having a phase transition temperature in the temperature range from 50 to 120° C., with this substance being out of direct contact with the medium.
  • a substance having a phase transition temperature in the temperature range from 50 to 120° C. preferably from 70 to 120° C., with this substance being out of direct contact with the medium, it becomes possible to utilize the amount of heat accumulated in this substance at night time.
  • a so-called heat accumulation material can be employed.
  • paraffin polyethylene wax, polyethylene, alpha olefin copolymer, ethylene methacrylate copolymer, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, modified polyester, polycaprolactone, polybutyl succinate, or an alloy of two or more kinds of these polymers, or a low molecular weight compound having a melting in the above-specified temperature range.
  • a substance having a molecular weight in the polymer or oligomer region e.g.
  • a method of causing the substance to be contained within a substance having a higher melting point can be employed.
  • a variety of methods such as an encapsulating method, a method of filling the substance in a tube, a method of filling the substance in a container, etc. can be employed.
  • the kind and amount of the heat accumulation material can be determined appropriately, depending on the use, performance, etc. For instance, if a large amount of heat is to be used at night time, the amount will be increased. In case a high-temperature heat is needed, there will be employed a heat accumulation material having a high temperature melting point.
  • the heat absorption/accumulation material of the present invention comprises the above-described solar light (heat) absorption material comprising particles, which have L*value of 30 or less as determined by the CIE-Lab color system (light source D65), dispersed into a liquid medium having a specific heat ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 cal/g/t and a melting point of 5° C. or lower.
  • the particles of heat absorption material are dispersed into the liquid medium of heat accumulation material, in association with rise of temperature of the heat absorption material, the heat will be conducted directly to the heat accumulation material present about the heat absorption material. Therefore, the heat loss in the heat conduction process is small.
  • FIG. 1 is a diametrical section view showing one embodiment of the inventive heat absorption/accumulation structure.
  • Numeral 1 denotes the heat absorption/accumulation structure as a whole.
  • Numeral 2 denotes the container.
  • Numeral 3 denotes the light transmitting body.
  • Numeral 4 denotes a heat insulating material.
  • Numeral 5 denotes the heat absorption/accumulation material.
  • the material forming the container 2 is metal, glass, resin, etc.
  • this container is coated with a heat insulating material of organic foam material such as styrene foam, urethane foam or glass fiber, inorganic fiber, etc.
  • a heat insulating material of organic foam material such as styrene foam, urethane foam or glass fiber, inorganic fiber, etc.
  • the light transmitting body 3 glass or the like is employed.
  • this member 3 is attached to the container 2 in airtight and inside thereof is filled with the heat absorption/accumulation material 5 .
  • the thickness of the heat absorbing/accumulating layer (liquid depth) should be controlled so as to render a transmittance for light of 550 nm to be 10% or less, preferably 5% or less, more preferably 1% or less.
  • the thickness of 10 mm will be sufficient for absorbing substantially 99% or more of solar light (heat). If the light transmittance exceeds 10%, this will cause substantially no problem in the absorption of solar light (heat), but, there can sometimes occur such problem as heating of the mounting table or roof installed.
  • the heat absorption/accumulation structure according to the present invention the accumulated heat temperature rises with decrease in the thickness of the heat absorption/accumulation material layer. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the accumulated heat temperature easily and at low cost.
  • Heat accumulated in the above-described heat absorption/accumulation structure can be utilized for various kinds of solar heat utilizing apparatuses.
  • the structure can be used directly as a solar water heater for shower or bathing.
  • FIG. 2 is a view showing one mode of an absorption refrigerator utilizing hot medium such as hot water which has accumulated heat by the inventive solar heat absorption/accumulation material as a higher-temperature side heat source.
  • Numeral 11 denotes the inventive absorption/accumulation structure.
  • Numeral 12 denotes a heat medium pipe.
  • Numeral 13 denotes a regenerator.
  • Numeral 14 denotes a condenser.
  • Numeral 15 denotes a heat exchanger.
  • Numeral 16 denotes an absorber.
  • Numeral 17 denotes an evaporator.
  • Numeral 18 denotes an absorbent pump.
  • Numeral 19 denotes a coolant pump.
  • Numeral 20 denotes a cooling water pipe.
  • Numeral 21 denotes a medium.
  • Numeral 22 denotes an absorbent.
  • Numeral 23 denotes a cooling medium.
  • the heat source temperature required on the higher temperature side will vary, depending also on the type of absorption refrigerator, but should be at least 65° C., preferably about 70° C. The upper limit thereof is not particularly limited. For instance, in the case of the multi-stage effect type as shown in FIG. 2 , if the heat source temperature is higher, the refrigerator can be made more efficient, such as double-effect or triple-effect type.
  • the temperature-difference power generation is a method in which like a marine temperature-difference power generation, a medium having a low boiling point is evaporated/expanded with a higher-temperature heat source and the resultant mechanical energy is used for rotating a turbine for power generation.
  • a solar light (heat) absorption/control building component according to the present invention comprises an amount of the above-describe solar light (heat) absorption material filled within a hollow portion of a plate-like body having the hollow portion.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of one embodiment of the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component 30 according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 ( a ) is a perspective diagram of the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component 30 according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 ( b ) is a plan view of the same.
  • FIG. 3 ( c ) is a front view of the same.
  • FIG. 3 ( d ) is a side view of the same.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component 30 is configured such that an amount of solar light (heat) absorption material 32 is filled within a hollow portion of a plate-like body 31 and at least one of its upper face 31 a and lower face 31 b has light transmissive characteristics.
  • the thickness (d) (i.e. the distance between the upper face and the lower face) of the hollow portion filled with the solar light (heat) absorption material 32 can be set as desired in accordance with the purpose or a required performance.
  • the thickness is normally not more than 20 mm, preferably from 3 to 10 mm. The greater the thickness, the greater the weight, thus making e.g. installment more difficult. Conversely, if the thickness is too small, the dispersion condition of the particles can sometimes be uneven.
  • the plate-like body 31 can be obtained by bonding glass plates or resin plates together or integral molding of a resin material by any conventional method.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material 32 When the solar light (heat) absorption material 32 is to be filled in the plate-like body 31 , the body will be molded with leaving one face of a glass plate constituting this plate-like body 31 open or exposed to the outside. Then, an amount of the solar light (heat) absorption material 32 will be charged through the opening and then sealed by bonding the remaining glass plate or the like.
  • an opening may be formed in an integrally molded plate-like body 31 and then an amount of the solar light (heat) absorption material 32 may be filled therethrough and then the opening will be closed.
  • the inventive solar light (heat) absorption/control building component 30 having the above-described structure, with the dispersion of particles into the medium, efficient absorption of solar light (heat) is possible. Further, as the emitted heat from the heat-absorbed particles due to black body radiation is absorbed by the medium, emission of heat to the outside can be minimized, so that the absorption efficiency of solar light (heat) can be extremely high.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component allows also adjustment of the light absorbing degree of the solar light (heat) absorption material based on the outside condition present in contact therewith.
  • What is referred to here as “outside condition” can be air temperature, solar radiation amount, but is not limited thereto.
  • the air temperature and solar radiation can be detected by a thermometer, a solar radiation meter, having a recording stylus capable of automatic input to a personal computer.
  • this can be done by varying the dispersion content of the particles and the thickness. However, changing the dispersion content is more practical.
  • the particle dispersion content can be changed-as desired. That is, when the lightness of the outside is high (bright), the liquid feeding amount of the solar light (heat) absorption material having a high dispersion content is increased so as to reduce the amount of transmittance light through the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component.
  • determination of the dispersion content of particles can be effected by forming a transparent portion having a predetermined path width (e.g. 10 mm) and passing light having a predetermined wavelength (e.g. 550 nm) and determining its absorbance. In this way, through adjustment of the absorbance of the solar light (heat) absorption material according to the outside condition, it is possible to maintain constant the amount of solar radiation transmitting through the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component according to the present invention can be provided in the form of a windowpane, a roof tile or roofing material.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material can be held and contained within a double-layered light-transmitting windowpane, so that the resultant assembly can be used as a window.
  • This permits adjustment of transparency, adjustment of solar radiation amount and adjustment of the indoor temperature. This has many features such as being less expensive and requiring less driving power than the known photochromic material.
  • the inventive solar light (heat) absorption material it is also possible to cause the inventive solar light (heat) absorption material to be contained within an intermediate layer of a light-transmitting roof tile or flat roofing material.
  • the inventive solar light (heat) absorption/control building component can be installed as a wall, roof or the like of an agricultural/horticultural facility or can be provided in the form of a roofing material or wall material of an agricultural/horticultural facility.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material can control the amount of solar light (heat) permitted into the agricultural/horticultural facility in order to obtain the effect of absorbing or controlling/adjusting the solar light (heat), thereby to allow restriction of temperature rise inside the facility or the adjustment of the light amount.
  • the amount of solar light during daytime of summer season can be as much as 2500 ⁇ mol/m 2 /sec (micro mol/square meter/second).
  • the amount of solar light needed for summer vegetables is from 200 to 300 ⁇ mol/m 2 /sec, so that the culturing of summer vegetables is almost impossible due to too strong sunbeam.
  • the inventive solar light (heat) absorption/control building component is used as a ceiling material or wall material of an agricultural/horticultural facility or installed in an exterior wall, roof, etc., thereby to enable adjustment of the solar light, such culture will be made sufficiently possible.
  • the adjustment of transmittance of the solar light is made possible as described hereinbefore. Then, using this function, there is achieved a significant advantage as follows.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component according to the present invention can be installed in a window, wall, roof or rooftop of a standard house or building. With this, heating of the house or building due to the solar light (heat) can be significantly reduced. For instance, by installing this material in a window, it becomes possible to adjust the amount of sunbeam transmittance. Further, if it is installed in a wall, roof or rooftop, the material will work as an extremely high performance heat insulating material.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption material in the inventive solar light (heat) absorption/control building component can be confined within the hollow portion of the plate-like body.
  • this material can be circulated to/from an external instrument such as a tank.
  • a pump is used normally.
  • a natural circulation arrangement will also be possible which utilizes change in the specific gravity of a medium whose temperature has risen due to absorption of solar light (heat).
  • the solar heat absorbed and accumulated in the solar light (heat) absorption material can be utilized separately.
  • bagasse char was turned into black char (bagasse char). Then, this bagasse char was pulverized, for 10 minutes, at the rotation speed of 14000 by a laboratory blender made by stainless steel. After this pulverization, particles passing through a stainless sieve (mesh opening: 150 ⁇ m) were collected. It was found that all of these particles were uniform and had good fluidity as well.
  • the each value (L values and bulk specific gravity) were obtained as follows. 500° C. (27:2, 0.077), 700° C. (29.0, 0.0863). Incidentally, the bulk specific gravity values were evaluated according to JISK7365-1999, a method of obtaining an apparent density of a material that can be poured from a specified funnel: ISO60: 1977).
  • ethylene glycol (EG) liquid containing the bagasse char (500° C.) obtained in EXAMPLE 1 at the contents of 0% and 0.5% were charged to a depth of 1 cm and then subjected to irradiation by a commercially available halogen lamp (available from Toshiba Corporation) as a pseudo solar light whose output was adjusted to provide a light amount of 2800 ⁇ mol/m 2 /sec (corresponding to the solar radiation amount in summer time in the city of Naha) and the amount of light past through the petri dish was determined.
  • the light amount was determined by a commercially available photon quantum meter.
  • FIG. 5 shows that with the 0.1% dispersion content, transmittance was from 30 to 35% in entire wavelength region. Whereas, with the content of 0.3% or higher, the medium shows only transmittance of less than 1% only, thus demonstrating absorption of almost all light.
  • the discontinuity at 350 nm in the graph is due to a mechanical reason, namely, change of the light source. This result has substantially same meaning as the result of EXAMPLE 2.
  • the showing of intermediate degree of transmittance with 0.1% demonstrates that the present invention, when used in a window, has the function of adjusting the light or solar radiation amount.
  • the bagasse char (500° C.) obtained in EXAMPLE 1 was dispersed into EG liquid at the content of 0.5% and EG liquid with no addition of bagasse char was employed as the control. Like EXAMPLE 2, this dispersion was subject to irradiation by a pseudo solar light having intensity of 1997 ⁇ mol/m 2 /sec (corresponding to solar radiation amount in the city of Naha near summer) and rise of temperature of the liquid inside over time was recorded. The result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the 0.5% bagasse char dispersed EG liquid provides higher rise in inside liquid temperature than the control.
  • the intercept in the curve is also shown in the figure.
  • the slopes thereof are 9.5° C./min in the case of the bagasse char 0.5% dispersed EG liquid and 2.7° C./min in the case of the control. That is, it is shown that with the present invention, temperature rise of 50° C. in 5 minutes can be expected. This is an extremely high temperature rise not reported in the convention.
  • EG liquid was employed as the dispersion medium for bagasse char. It was found that with use of EG, temperature of 100° C. or higher can be readily obtained which is a temperature not easily obtained with water. Incidentally, the reason why the temperature rise occurred in EG liquid per se without any bagasse char content is that EG absorbs infrared light of 1200 nm or higher.
  • Bagasse obtained from a sugar milling factory was carbonized at 300 to 800° C. Specifically, the carbonization treatment of bagasse was performed with use of the following method and conditions.
  • the bagasse from the factory was dried as it was under N 2 at 100° C. for 24 hours, thus placed under absolute dry condition. Next, this was put into a muffle furnace and under N 2 gas flow, the temperature was progressively raised from the room temperature to a predetermined temperature (300 to 800° C.) at a predetermined temperature rise rate of 5° C./min. After reaching the predetermined temperature, this temperature was held for 3 hours for carbonization. Thereafter, the temperature was lowered back to the room temperature by natural cooling, whereby bagasse char was obtained.
  • Tables 1 and 2 below show the results of properties observed in the resultant bagasse char. While all of these are good chars, as may be apparent from the a, b-values, the char obtained at 300° C. or lower was found slightly different from the others in the respects of color tone, carbonization ratio (total carbon amount). However, its L* value is 30 or lower, hence, being sufficiently usable in the present invention. Further, SEM photos of the obtained chars are shown in FIG. 7 . (a) shows an SEM photo of the char obtained at the carbonization temperature of 300° C. (b) is an SEM photo of the char obtained at the carbonization temperature of 400° C. (c) is an SEM photo of the char obtained at the carbonization temperature of 500° C.
  • (d) is an SEM photo of the char obtained at the carbonization temperature of 600° C.
  • (e) is an SEM photo of the char obtained at the carbonization temperature of 700° C.
  • (f) is an SEM photo of the char obtained at the carbonization temperature of 800° C. It may be seen that all of these chars have good microporous condition. From the photos, it was seen that the pore sizes were approximately 10 ⁇ m. Also, the bulk specific gravities (densities) were all very low. In the examples shown in Table 2, they were not more than 96.3 (mg/cc). Hence, it was found that the chars exhibit favorable dispersion characteristics due to these microporous properties and low specific gravities.
  • bagasse chars were fine-pulverized in a blender (HB250S, from Hamilton) and then sieved through 100 mesh made of stainless steel, and the bagasse chars having particle diameters (150 ⁇ m or less) past the mesh were collected.
  • FIG. 8 shows transmittances in the UV-visible (UV-VIS) ranges of the bagasse dispersions containing the fine particles of the above bagasse char in EG (ethylene glycol) at the content of 0.1%.
  • EG ethylene glycol
  • FIG. 8 shows transmittances in the UV-visible (UV-VIS) ranges of the bagasse dispersions containing the fine particles of the above bagasse char in EG (ethylene glycol) at the content of 0.1%.
  • EG ethylene glycol
  • a bagasse dispersion liquid was prepared by using the bagasse char made at 600° C. in EXAMPLE 5 and EG as a medium. Then, with varying the dispersion content to EG to 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, the light transmittance in the UV-VIS range was evaluated like EXAMPLE 5.
  • the UV-VIS determinations were made by the standard method with using spectral photometer manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation (UV-1600PC).
  • the relationship between the bagasse char dispersion content and the transmittance in the UV-VIS region is illustrated in FIG. 9 . With 0.1%, the transmittance of about 30% was exhibited in all the wavelength range. But, with dispersion contents 0.5% or higher, substantially no light transmittance was found. That is, it was found that control material having appropriate solar light transmission can be obtained by adjustment of the dispersion content of bagasse char.
  • a bagasse dispersion liquid was prepared by using the bagasse char carbonized at 600° C. of those made in EXAMPLE 5 and EG as a medium. Then, evaluation of light transmittance with the pseudo solar radiation by the same method as in EXAMPLE 2 and an experiment of temperature rise in the bagasse dispersion liquid were conducted. The light intensity of the pseudo solar light (four 500 W metal halide lamps) was adjusted to 2800 ⁇ mol/sec/m 2 . This value corresponds to the intensity of solar light during daytime in summer of the city of Naha.
  • the bagasse char dispersion liquid liquid depth 5 mm was placed between the pseudo solar light source and a sensor (photon counter) and light transmitting therethrough was determined by the sensor.
  • FIG. 13 shows how the bagasse char dispersion content of bagasse char dispersion liquid should be changed in order to be able to control the intensity of transmitted pseudo solar light to 200 ⁇ mol/sec/m 2 when the pseudo solar light is varied from 0 to 3000 ⁇ mol/sec.m 2 .
  • the bagasse char dispersion content should be about 0.06%.
  • the bagasse char dispersion content should be about 0.15%.
  • the bagasse char dispersion content should be about 0.21%. In this manner, even in the case of an outdoor agricultural house, the intensity of the light inside the house can be controlled constant.
  • FIG. 14 are views showing conditions of the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component on a house in Cases 0 - 3 . For making the simulation simple, no window was provided. The results are shown in FIG. 15 .
  • Comparison example (Case j) is the case when such solar light (heat) absorption/control material is not installed. At the midday when the sun light is strongest, power of about 11.5 kWh is needed. On the other hand, when the inventive solar light (heat) absorption/control building component was installed on a part of the roof (20 m 2 ) (Case 1), the power needed for cooling dropped to 9.7 kWh. When the inventive material was installed on the entire roof surface (64 m 2 ) (Case 2), the power needed for cooling dropped to 6 kWh.
  • the inventive material when the inventive material was installed on the entire roof surface and the exterior walls (each 48 m 2 ) on the east and west sides (Case 3), the power needed for cooling dropped to about 4.6 kWh.
  • the inventive solar light (heat) absorption/control building component when installed on a roof and/or exterior wall of a stand-alone house, the cooling load can be reduced significantly.
  • the solar light (heat) absorption/accumulation material With the present invention, it is possible to obtain a solar light (heat) absorption/accumulation material with simple structure, low cost, and providing a high performance, which can be used in a solar heat utilizing apparatus such as a water heater or a cooling system or power generating system. Further, the solar light (heat) absorption/control building component according to the present invention is usable in a windowpane or roofing material in a house/building or in an agricultural/horticultural facility.

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JPWO2010101239A1 (ja) 2012-09-10
US10018377B2 (en) 2018-07-10
US20140352237A1 (en) 2014-12-04
EP2404973A4 (fr) 2014-07-16

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