US20100231353A1 - System and portable device for transmitting identification signals - Google Patents

System and portable device for transmitting identification signals Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100231353A1
US20100231353A1 US12/526,873 US52687308A US2010231353A1 US 20100231353 A1 US20100231353 A1 US 20100231353A1 US 52687308 A US52687308 A US 52687308A US 2010231353 A1 US2010231353 A1 US 2010231353A1
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Prior art keywords
electrodes
portable device
transmitter electronics
electrode
air gap
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Abandoned
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US12/526,873
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English (en)
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Andreas Haberli
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Kaba AG
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Kaba AG
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Assigned to KABA AG reassignment KABA AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HABERLI, ANDREAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B13/00—Transmission systems characterised by the medium used for transmission, not provided for in groups H04B3/00 - H04B11/00
    • H04B13/005—Transmission systems in which the medium consists of the human body
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/20—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
    • G07C2009/00753—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys
    • G07C2009/00809—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys operated by active electrical keys with data transmission through the human body

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the communication between a sender (transmitter) and a receiver over a capacitive coupling (sometimes also referred to as capacitive resistive coupling, “intrabody” coupling, RCID-coupling or PAN-coupling) in which small electrical currents which are used for the transmission of information between the transmitter and the receiver are generated in the human body, and/or in which the transmitter and the receiver interact with one another over very short distances via electric fields.
  • a capacitive coupling sometimes also referred to as capacitive resistive coupling, “intrabody” coupling, RCID-coupling or PAN-coupling
  • a particular advantage of the capacitive coupling through the human body or, as the case may be, over short distances is the selectivity of the data transmission.
  • the selectivity of the data transmission is the selectivity of the data transmission.
  • a disadvantage is, among other things, that as a result of the poor signal to noise ratio (literally: signal-interference ratio), only a small amount of data can be transmitted.
  • a good signal to noise ratio is only possible with a large amplitude of the transmission signal.
  • a large amplitude i.e. high voltage
  • approaches are described, with which these problems can be addressed. Despite these the bandwidth of the signal transmission remains limited.
  • the layout of the electrodes in the transmitter is important for as effective a signal transmission as possible.
  • these are designed as electrode pairs, which lie parallel and opposite one another in the manner of a plate capacitor.
  • the electrodes should be as large as possible so as to maximize the coupling to the body and also to optimize the signal to noise ratio, in the situation in which no electrically conductive contact exists between the one electrode and the human body.
  • these large electrodes have a problematic effect on the design and the dimensions of the transmitter. Furthermore, they cause the power consumption of the transmitter to be quite high, so that more frequent battery changing is necessary.
  • the signal can practically cancel itself, because the electricity that is coupled into the body by the first capacitor plate corresponds to, but has the opposite sign of, the electricity that is coupled into the body by the second capacitor plate.
  • a portable device is, for example, wearable on the body of a user; it can be designed as a card-like identification medium, as “smart card cover”, mobile telephone, watch, portable computer (for example of the “handheld computer” type) etc. It comprises at least two electrodes and means for the creation of an electrical signal between the electrodes, such that the signal is able to be coupled through the electrodes to the body of the user and is detectable from the body by at least one electrode of a second device.
  • a device like this also makes possible a direct, short-range communication (not through the body), for example through holding of the portable device in direct proximity of a receiver electrode, i.e.
  • applications of the invention are not limited to coupling through the human body, but rather also extend to cases in which the user carries the portable device on his or her person, holds it in the vicinity of a receiver electrode or otherwise makes it possible that the communication between transmitter and receiver takes place directly and not exclusively over the body.
  • two electrodes of a portable device are arranged such that between the electrodes there are arranged either component parts of the transmitter electronics and/or of another application distinct from the transmitter electronics, or an air gap is present, in which such a component part—for example with a “smart card” as the carrier of the part—can be inserted.
  • a component part for example with a “smart card” as the carrier of the part.
  • Combinations of “air gap” with “transmitter electronics”, “other applications” and/or “battery” are possible.
  • a component part of the transmitter electronics and/or of another application distinct from the transmitter electronics can also indicate a hard-wired or replaceable battery.
  • active or passive preferably electronic component parts, which are more than a mere separating layer between the electrodes, for example in particular active electronic component parts such as ASICs, processors, integrated circuits, memory modules, sender and/or receiver for contact-free information transmission, including active or passive RFID transponders, passive component parts such as antennas, resistors, capacitors, coils, etc. or also batteries, optical elements etc.
  • active electronic component parts such as ASICs, processors, integrated circuits, memory modules, sender and/or receiver for contact-free information transmission
  • active or passive RFID transponders passive component parts such as antennas, resistors, capacitors, coils, etc. or also batteries, optical elements etc.
  • the embodiments with a component part of another application arranged between the electrodes and the embodiments with a battery arranged between the electrodes make possible new dimensions of integration. This is also true for the embodiments with air gaps, inasmuch as a corresponding component part is inserted into the air gap.
  • the transmitter electronics and electronic component parts for the application which is distinct from the transmitter electronics may be integrated together with one another in at least one unified component—for example in an integrated circuit.
  • the feature according to the invention of the “component part of an application which is distinct from the transmitter electronics” is simply that between the electrodes are arranged electronic elements which can administrate functions that are entirely distinct from the capacitive resistive information transmission and preferably from other contact-free information transmission methods, for example as they control or constitute the display of a mobile telephone, or as they store information and/or have stored information which is not communicated with the intrabody information transmission, etc.
  • the capacitance is proportional to the area of the electrodes and to the dielectric constant of the material between the electrodes but inversely proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
  • the two electrodes are in general farther apart from one another than according to the state of the art, without this precluding a compact design of the portable device.
  • the capacitance is limited.
  • Particularly preferential is also the combination with the first aspect of the invention, because transparent electrodes, with their comparatively limited electrical conductivity, are extremely good to use together with the approach according to the invention because of the small flowing currents that result.
  • the portable device with the air gap can comprise a communications interface, over which data can be exchanged with the application that is inserted into the air gap.
  • a communications interface can, for example, be formed like a conventional smart card reader.
  • a communication link can exist between the transmitter electronics and an input unit, wherein then the signals transmitted by the transmitter electronics can be dependent on data that are input.
  • the transmitted signal can include a PIN, which the user previously has input in the input unit.
  • the portable device can, for example, be designed as a mobile telephone, wherein the input unit can correspond to the input unit of the mobile telephone (keypad, touchscreen, voice recognition device etc.).
  • a portable device or also a receiver is distinguished in that at least one of the electrodes is at least partially transparent.
  • Transparent electrical conductors for example of very thin layers of metal that are vacuum-metalized or applied via a sputter deposition technique on a transparent substrate, or certain doped semiconductors on an oxide base (TCOs as for example ITO-layers), are currently available. For a considerable time already, these have been well-known for certain applications, for example as components for flat-screen displays or thin-film solar cells. They have not yet been considered for information transmission, as they are known to have poor electrical conductivity and would result in unacceptably large losses when used with the high frequencies usually used in information transmission.
  • the capacitive resistive information transmission is configurable such that the conductive capacity of transparent electrodes is adequate.
  • the combination of comparatively low voltages (for example less than 5V or even less than 3V) and currents and low frequencies (for example less than 2 MHz center frequency) allows the use of the electrodes with limited conductive capacity.
  • the electrodes as layers on a card, comprising a label or labels—in the manner of an identification card or a “badge”, possibly with a photo—as well as possibly comprising further functionalities.
  • the electrodes can form the outermost layers—with the exception of, if necessary, thin protective layers—of the card. If the badge comprises an antenna for wireless communication with another communication channel, the antenna is not covered locally by at least one of the electrodes.
  • a first of the two sender electrodes can be arranged in or over the display, i.e. the display is furnished with or covered by the transparent electrode.
  • This also has the advantage of a reduced capacitance, if the second—transparent or not transparent—electrode is, for example, arranged in the area of a back side of the device.
  • the approach according to the preferred embodiment has appealing advantages in particular for use in “access control”, in that one does not notice that the electrodes are electrodes and thus a part of an electronic device. Rather, depending on the design, it seems to be simply a shell, a design element or another functional element.
  • the electrical supply for the transmitter electronics can be obtained by simple means: namely as the transmitter electronics are energized by the very powerful battery of the mobile telephone, for example over a 3V DC supply.
  • the communication between the transmitter electronics and the remaining electronic component parts of the mobile telephone can be accomplished—in case these are not integrated with one another—over any known or yet to be developed interface, for example over a I 2 C data bus.
  • the transmitter includes an arrangement of electrodes, which contain electrode faces that are not parallel to one another.
  • At least three electrodes can be present, wherein at least one of the electrodes is not parallel to another of the electrodes, and wherein each of two different pairs of electrodes is acted upon by an electrical signal.
  • the information transmission is improved.
  • it can be practically eliminated that with two different electrode pairs the signal cancels itself.
  • At least two electrode pairs can be present, wherein the electrodes of each electrode pair are parallel with one another, and wherein the electrode pairs are not parallel with one another, but rather stand at right angles or at another angle relative to one another.
  • three electrode faces can be present, of which at least two are not parallel.
  • the signal is generated between two of the three electrode faces, for example between the first and the third electrode faces as well as between the second and third electrode faces.
  • the first and the second electrode faces can then optionally be wired in parallel electrically and for example even be formed in the same manner as a unified, non-planar electrode.
  • the electrode pairs can also be alternately acted upon by the signal. Although the data transmission speed is somewhat reduced thereby, the power consumption per electrode face is limited in comparison to the solution that is wired in parallel.
  • a portable device for the transmission of signals to a second device, wherein the portable device is wearable on the body of a user, comprising at least two electrodes and transmitter electronics for the generation of an electrical signal between the electrodes, so that the signal is able to be coupled through the electrodes into the body of the user and is detectable from the body by at least one electrode of the second device,
  • the transmitter electronics are powered by a battery (rechargeable or not rechargeable).
  • an activity detector moving sensor
  • Such activity detectors are well-known and available—at low price—in the market.
  • a feature for the activation of the transmitter electronics by an external signal e.g. a RFID- or UFH wake-up pulse.
  • This wake-up pulse can also be coded, in order to only activate an authorized transmitter.
  • devices for the communication of the battery state to the user are envisioned, also in any combinations with the above aspects, devices for the communication of the battery state to the user:
  • an appropriate display feature of the portable device for example at least an LED.
  • Such an LED can blink, if the battery is nearly dead.
  • the receiver comprises at least one receiver electrode and evaluation electronics, through which a signal that is generated by the capacitive-resistive signal transmission between the receiver electrode and a further electrode or between the receiver electrode and an electric ground can be detected and evaluated.
  • Ultra-broadband is defined as the use of a frequency range of a bandwidth of at least 20% of the center frequency or, as the case may be, carrier frequency.
  • a direct sequence spread spectrum is used.
  • the data are preferably first modulated with a method of digital data modulation and subsequently spectrum-spread.
  • WO 2007/112609 methods are also described for the analysis of a capacitive resistive signal.
  • FIG. 1 is a depiction of a portable device according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a depiction of a further embodiment of a portable device according to the invention with an inserted smart card of a further application;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a portable device with smart card
  • FIG. 4 is a depiction of a portable device with an RFID module
  • FIG. 5 is a mobile telephone in a form according to the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic of the mobile telephone from FIG. 5 ;
  • FIG. 7-9 are very schematic depictions of electrode arrangements according to the further aspect of the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic of a transmitter with possible in- and output units.
  • the portable device according to FIG. 1 is substantially flat with a rigid support structure 2 of, for example, plastic.
  • the device further comprises a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 .
  • the first and second electrodes 3 , 4 are, for example, situated on or integrated into the outer surface of the larger faces of the support structure. They are manufactured of electrically conductive material, for example of a copper foil, aluminum foil or possibly another electrically conductive material.
  • the support structure can be a single color and/or comprise inscriptions or similar (not depicted) on its outer surfaces, such that the electrodes are not recognizable as such by the user.
  • the electrodes can also be manufactured from a transparent conductive material, which subsequently is further processed.
  • a battery 6 and a set of control electronics 7 which comprise the means of generating a capacitive resistive signal through generation of an electrical voltage with a pre-determined time dependence between the two electrodes 3 , 4 .
  • the integrated and/or applied electronic component parts of the control electronics can—this is true for all embodiments of the invention—for example include an ASIC for the control of the electrodes, EEPROM or EPROM memory, conductive pathways and/or further elements.
  • the support structure can be of ceramic, of fabric or of a different material, the important factor is simply that the two electrodes are electrically isolated from one another.
  • the support structure 2 is now designed in such a way that between the electrodes an air gap 5 is present.
  • Air has a very small dielectric constant of approximately 1 (i.e. nearly the vacuum value), therefore the capacitance of the capacitor that is created by the two electrodes is correspondingly small.
  • the air gap can be used for other purposes, for example for the insertion of other elements.
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 1 comprises the portable device in addition to a schematically-depicted interface 8 , which makes possible an exchange of data with a device that is inserted into the air gap, for example a “smart card”.
  • the emitted capacitive resistive signal can thereby be made dependent on data that are input to this device.
  • a data transmission object (plug connector or similar) of a device which otherwise remains outside the air gap can be inserted into the air gap, for example for the programming of the control electronics 7 .
  • FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative example in which one of the electrodes is transparent.
  • the transmitter 1 is designed as a so-called “smart card cover”.
  • Smart card covers are known to those skilled in the art. They are designed as, for example, rigid, transparent shells, which for example can be attached to a piece of clothing and in which a smart card (i.e. a card-shaped medium with memory and communication functionalities) is able to be inserted.
  • the transmitter comprises a compartment for a battery 6 as well as control electronics for the at least partially transparent electrodes 3 , 4 , represented schematically by a chip 7 .
  • the smart card 11 is able to be inserted into an air gap.
  • a possible inscription area 12 of the smart card remains visible behind the transparent first electrode 3 .
  • FIG. 3 depicts a variant of the embodiment from FIG. 2 , in which the smart card (or as the case may be other component part of an application which is distinct from the transmitter electronics) simultaneously serves as RFID identification medium.
  • the RFID antenna 15 which here is not completely covered by one of the electrodes—in the depicted example by the transparent electrode 3 . It has however been found that in cases of transparent electrodes—for example electrodes of ITO—the RFID communication also functions if, differently than is shown in the figure, both transparent electrodes completely cover the RFID antenna 15 , i.e. if the transparent electrode 3 covers the entire upper surface shown in the figure.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a further embodiment that makes possible the combination with RFID technology.
  • an—for example passive—RFID transponder 21 and an RFID antenna 22 are present in the portable device and at least partially situated between the electrodes 3 , 4 .
  • a device according to FIG. 4 can, for example, serve as a key fob, which simultaneously serves as an identification medium for the access control (or another use) through utilization of the capacitive resistive coupling and as an RFID identification medium (“tag”). Since the need often exists—this is for example the case for a key fob—to keep the outer dimensions of the portable device relatively small, the electrodes 3 , 4 should, if possible, cover a large portion of the device surface.
  • the problems can arise that the RFID signals inside the portable device are only weak.
  • the fields may be aligned by use of a magnetically soft ferromagnetic material 23 (for example a ferrite), such that they are coupled to the front face of the portable device, as is depicted schematically by the dotted lines in FIG. 4 .
  • the RFID antenna 22 is arranged corresponding to this field alignment, for example directly wound on the ferrite 23 .
  • the RFID transponder 21 (or as the case may be the electronics that control the RFID functionality) can optionally have a communications link to the control electronics 7 which operate the capacitive resistive coupling.
  • the control electronics 7 can optionally have a communications link to the control electronics 7 which operate the capacitive resistive coupling.
  • there can be an electronic component that controls the RFID electronics 21 and the control electronics 7 or an integration of the RFID electronics and control electronics into a unified component—for example an ASIC—can be imagined.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 relate to a portable device according to the invention that is designed as a mobile telephone 31 .
  • the first electrode 3 here is integrated into the display and is at least in the area of the display transparent, while the second electrode 4 as in the previous examples of transmitter electrodes is not necessarily transparent.
  • the second electrode is situated on a reverse side of the mobile telephone (or rather as in the depicted example on the clamshell lid or on a different part of the mobile telephone) and can as the case may be also be formed by a conductive section of the housing. It is arranged at as large a fixed distance away from the first electrode as possible.
  • FIG. 6 it is very schematically depicted how the transmitter electronics 7 can be in connection with the remaining mobile telephone electronics: the mobile telephone supplies the transmitter electronics (3V), and a communication link exists over a I 2 C interface.
  • both electrodes can be present in an area of the mobile telephone distinct from the display, the placement of the electrodes at least partially next to one another is also possible.
  • the active data signal can be used as for example a PIN code, which can be altered arbitrarily often.
  • UHF transmission means of mobile telephones Bluetooth, 3G et.
  • Bluetooth 3G et.
  • a central unit can also be included into communication and, for example, issue certificates (Cerberus etc.).
  • the mobile telephone with the transmitter electronics can be used as a programming device.
  • a continuous data stream can be sent to the receiver with the help of the transmitter electronics.
  • Transmitter electronics for a mobile telephone can be designed according to standard dimensions and may be integrated in existing mobile telephone architecture without further ado.
  • EMC shielding Electronic devices are often furnished with a shield for electromagnetic fields, which protects the inner components of the device. These can, for example, be manufactured by sputter deposition technique on sections of the housing. According to an embodiment of the invention, now such a shield (“EMC shielding”) is arranged and contacted such that it can be used for the capacitive resistive coupling in the same manner as the first and second electrode.
  • EMC shielding layer of the second housing part of a mobile telephone can be used as the first, or as the case may be the second electrode.
  • a parasitic capacitance and/or a capacitance specifically envisioned for it can operate between the electrodes (or as the case may be one of the electrodes) and a reference voltage (GND) as a virtual short circuit in relation to this reference voltage, while the electrodes are decoupled from one another, and if relevant from the reference voltage, for the lower frequencies of the capacitive resistive coupling.
  • GND reference voltage
  • FIGS. 7 to 9 relate to the further aspect of the invention and depict very schematically electrode arrangements with non-parallel electrode faces.
  • two electrode pairs 71 , 72 which stand at an angle to one another (at a right angle in the example shown) are present.
  • the electrode pairs can be activated simultaneously or alternately or in an arbitrary sequence.
  • Electrodes pairs for example in which the electrode pairs form four sides of a cube, which also features the electronic component parts.
  • a disadvantage of a configuration with two orthogonal or nearly orthogonal electrode pairs, is that large electrode faces must be accommodated by a relatively large volume of the whole transmitter.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an arrangement with three electrodes 51 , 52 , 53 , which in cross-section form a triangle.
  • the activated electrode pairs, between which the signal is generated, are for example, formed by the first and the third electrodes 51 , 53 and by the second and the third electrodes, 52 , 53 .
  • FIG. 9 depicts an arrangement with three electrode faces, of which a first and a second electrode face 61 . 1 , 62 . 2 are formed by a common bent first electrode 61 .
  • the third electrode face 62 is formed by a second electrode 62 that is separate from the first electrode.
  • the electrodes are preferably held at as great a distance from one another as possible, and the dielectric constant of the medium(s) between the electrodes is as small as possible. Still further aspects that are associated with as small an electrical consumption as possible and/or the monitoring of the battery charge are described with reference to FIG. 10 .
  • the components in the figure are optional and can be present singly or in combination.
  • the transmitter electronics 7 according to FIG. 10 have a connection to an output device 41 , which makes possible a status message of the battery charge.
  • an output device 41 Such a one can comprise a light emitting diode (LED) or many light emitting diodes.
  • an activity detector 44 can be present, which turns off the electrode controls if the portable device is not moved.
  • the transmitter electronics are only active if a wake up signal, for example an LF-wake up signal, is detected.
  • a corresponding detection unit is indicated by the reference numeral 45 . Configurations with LF detectors for the starting-up of a circuit are already known to those skilled in the art.
  • an “on” switch 42 is depicted. Such a one can for example be employed if the electronics have been shut off in a “low comfort mode” because of a nearly-empty battery. Through actuation of the switch the electronics are again activated for a limited time. Also depicted is an on-off switch, through which the whole portable device can be turned off if it is not needed. In the case of a connection to a “host system” (for example a mobile telephone) 31 the management of electrical requirement is possibly somewhat less important.
  • turning-off of the electronics does not preclude that individual components from remaining active, for example the internal clock.
  • turning-off is expressly also meant the transition into such a partially active “sleep” mode.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Telephone Set Structure (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
US12/526,873 2007-02-14 2008-02-14 System and portable device for transmitting identification signals Abandoned US20100231353A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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CH240/07 2007-02-14
CH2402007 2007-02-14
PCT/CH2008/000058 WO2008098398A2 (de) 2007-02-14 2008-02-14 System und portables gerät für die übertragung von identifikationssignalen

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US12/526,868 Abandoned US20100144268A1 (en) 2007-02-14 2008-02-14 System and portable device for transmitting identification signals

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JP2010518789A (ja) 2010-05-27
US8798531B2 (en) 2014-08-05
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EP2127159A1 (de) 2009-12-02
JP2010521079A (ja) 2010-06-17

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