US20090175953A1 - Nanodispersions - Google Patents

Nanodispersions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090175953A1
US20090175953A1 US12/309,306 US30930607A US2009175953A1 US 20090175953 A1 US20090175953 A1 US 20090175953A1 US 30930607 A US30930607 A US 30930607A US 2009175953 A1 US2009175953 A1 US 2009175953A1
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Prior art keywords
soluble
solvent
water
payload
aqueous
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US12/309,306
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Inventor
Doris Angus
David John Duncalf
Andrew James Elphick
Alison Jayne Foster
James Long
Steven Paul Rannard
Dong Wang
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Iota Nanosolutions Ltd
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Conopco Inc
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Assigned to CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER reassignment CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ANGUS, DORIS, DUNCALF, DAVID JOHN, ELPHICK, ANDREW JAMES, FOSTER, ALISON JAYNE, LONG, JAMES, RANNARD, STEVEN PAUL, WANG, DONG
Publication of US20090175953A1 publication Critical patent/US20090175953A1/en
Assigned to IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED reassignment IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER
Assigned to IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED reassignment IOTA NANOSOLUTIONS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONOPCO, INC. D/B/A UNILEVER
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    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
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    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
    • A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
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    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
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    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to dried compositions which form so-called ‘nano dispersions’ when placed in water or other solvents and deliver a material which is not normally soluble in water or said other solvent.
  • An emulsion of the aqueous and non-aqueous solutions is prepared and then dried, such as by freeze or spray drying, to form a material which is believed to comprise a nano-scale dispersion of an insoluble ‘payload’ material in a soluble matrix formed from the ‘carrier’ material.
  • a similar approach can be used to provide oil-insoluble payload materials which are rapidly dispersible in oils and other non-aqueous solvents by forming a nano-dispersion of these payload materials in an oil-soluble carrier.
  • the matrix of carrier material dissolves releasing the nano-disperse payload material. This forms a solution-like ‘nano-dispersion’ of the supposedly water-insoluble payload material.
  • the payload and the carrier are referred to in the present specification as ‘contra-soluble’ where one is soluble in water (or aqueous solution) and the other is effectively insoluble in water (or aqueous solution) but is soluble in some at least partially non-aqueous solvent.
  • WO 2005/011636 discloses a non-emulsion based spray drying process for forming ‘solid amorphous dispersions’ of drugs in polymers.
  • a polymer and a low-solubility drug are dissolved in a solvent and spray-dried to form dispersions in which the drug is mostly present in an amorphous form rather than in a crystalline form.
  • the product form is believed to be a solid solution. That is, both the drug and the polymer are present in a single, undifferentiated phase. Solid solutions are believed to form only at particular component ratios and there is therefore little formulation flexibility with these systems.
  • the present invention provides a process for making contra-soluble nano-dispersions of at most sparingly-soluble materials in a soluble carrier material comprising the steps of:
  • insoluble as applied to payload means that its solubility in the target environment is less than 10 g/L at ambient temperature. For water-insoluble payload materials this would be a solubility of less than 10 g/L in water.
  • nanoparticles are particles which are smaller than one micron and larger than 1 nm.
  • Payload materials preferably have a normal solubility (from a solid or powder form) at ambient temperature (20 Celsius) in their target environment of less than 5 g/L preferably of less than 1 g/L, especially preferably less than 120 mg/L, even more preferably less than 15 mg/L and most preferably less than 5 mg/L.
  • the carrier material (b) and the payload (c) are not present in the same phase after drying.
  • the payload is believed to be present as a nanoparticle phase dispersed through a continuous phase of the carrier material.
  • the preferred method of particle sizing for the dispersed products of the present invention employs a dynamic light scattering instrument (“Nano S”, manufactured by Malvern Instruments UK). Specifically, the Malvern Instruments Nano S uses a red (633 nm) 4 mW Helium-Neon laser to illuminate a standard optical quality UV curvette containing a suspension of material.
  • the particle sizes quoted in this application are those obtained with that apparatus using the standard protocol.
  • Particle sizes in solid products are the particle sizes inferred from the measurement of the particle size obtained by solution of the solid form and subsequent measurement of the particle size.
  • ambient temperature means 20 degrees Celsius and all percentages are percentages by weight unless otherwise specified.
  • drying means the removal of such aqueous and non-aqueous solvents as are present.
  • the drying process is conducted above ambient temperature.
  • the drying process is a spray-drying process.
  • Less preferable alternatives to spray-drying include freeze-drying which is conducted below ambient temperature.
  • the feedstock to the dryer is essentially free of solids (when at ambient temperature). Where solids are present in the dryer feedstock these should not comprise more than 10%, preferably not more that 5% of the feedstock.
  • a non-aqueous solvent is employed in which both the payload and the carrier are soluble.
  • This solvent can comprise a single solvent species or a mixture of solvent species.
  • Preferred solvents are polar, protic or aprotic solvents.
  • Generally preferred solvents have a dipole moment greater than 1 and a dielectric constant greater than 4.5.
  • Particularly preferred solvents are selected from the group consisting of haloforms (preferably dichloromethane, chloroform), lower (C1-C10) alcohols (preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol), organic acids (preferably formic acid, acetic acid), amides (preferably formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide), nitrites (preferably aceto-nitrile), esters (preferably ethyl acetate) aldehydes and ketones (preferably methyl ethyl ketone, acetone), and other water miscible species comprising a hetroatom bond with a suitably large dipole (preferably tetrahydrofuran, dialkylsulphoxide).
  • haloforms preferably dichloromethane, chloroform
  • lower (C1-C10) alcohols preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol
  • organic acids preferably formic acid, acetic acid
  • a mixture of miscible solvents are used in which mixture both the payload and the matrix are soluble, and wherein at least one of the solvents is an aqueous solvent and at least another solvent is a non-aqueous solvent.
  • the non-aqueous solvent is selected from one or more of the polar protic or polar aprotic solvents listed above.
  • a solvent which comprises only an aqueous phase provided it can dissolve both an oil-insoluble payload material and a carrier which is also oil-soluble. This method is used for the production of materials which comprise a nano-dispersion of a water-soluble material in an oil-soluble carrier.
  • Solvent systems employed in the present invention are not limited to binary mixtures, but can include three or more components. Additional water-immiscible solvents can be present provided that they are miscible in the solvent mixture as a whole. These additional water-immiscible solvents need not fulfill the conditions as regards either dipole moment and/or dielectric constant as given above and include, for example, linear hydrocarbons (preferably hexane), cyclic hydrocarbons (preferably cyclohexane), halocarbons (preferably carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride) and ethers (preferably diethyl ether).
  • linear hydrocarbons preferably hexane
  • cyclic hydrocarbons preferably cyclohexane
  • halocarbons preferably carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride
  • ethers preferably diethyl ether
  • the ‘carrier’ and the ‘payload’ material are both soluble in a single phase (which can be a single solvent or a mixture of solvents) the use of an emulsion in the drying process is not altogether excluded as other materials may be present which are not miscible provided that there exists at least one single phase which comprises both the carrier and the payload.
  • the solvents present are removed simultaneously, rather than sequentially, in a single drying step.
  • the carrier material is rapidly soluble in water as well as in the solvent or solvent mixtures used to form the feed for the drying step.
  • the carrier will quickly dissolve and release the payload material in nano-disperse form.
  • the carrier will deliver a material that is water-soluble into a non-aqueous environment
  • the carrier should preferably be rapidly soluble in that environment.
  • oil is used to indicate a non-aqueous environment.
  • typical particle sizes for the dispersed form of the payload material after delivery may be determined by use, for example, of a MalvernTM ‘Nano-S’ apparatus. Results generally fall into the range from 500-2 nm (expressed as a diameter) and this particle size range is preferred, with 300-4 nm being particularly preferred. For comparative purposes, the range is analogous to the size of a virus particle (which typically range from 450-20 nm). The size distribution may show more than one peak.
  • the “solutions” obtained are not true solutions comprising a material dispersed on a molecular scale but are nano-scale dispersions in which the ‘soluble’ material retains some organized structure but on such a small scale that it has many of the properties of a true solution.
  • dispersing a water-insoluble bleach from products of the present invention results in the bleach being more finely dispersed and reduces the spot damage seen when larger water-insoluble particles of the bleach contact a fabric.
  • compositions of the invention are not solid solutions, but comprise a nano-scale, phase-separated mixture.
  • the compositions of the present invention can be varied as regards the ratios of the carrier and the payload, again indicating that they are not solid solutions which are generally only formed at specific component ratios.
  • the invention uses a carrier and a payload which are “contra-soluble” in water and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • a carrier and a payload which are “contra-soluble” in water and a non-aqueous solvent.
  • a process for preparing a form of an oil-insoluble material which is dispersible in oil using a mixed aqueous/non-aqueous solvent system and,
  • a process for preparing a form of an oil insoluble material which is dispersible in oil using a wholly aqueous solvent system is a process for preparing a form of an oil insoluble material which is dispersible in oil using a wholly aqueous solvent system.
  • Types I and II are the preferred processes. It will be noted that in both I and II water soluble carrier materials and water insoluble payload materials are used. Preferred payload and carrier materials for processes of types I and II are described if further detail below.
  • water-insoluble ‘payload’ materials are given below. These are given as examples only and are not intended to limit the applicability of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will however realize that the materials of the present invention will have utility in other areas not specifically exemplified herein.
  • Water insoluble (hydrophobic) materials that are released from the products obtained by the process of the present invention at the time of use and can be utilized in the process of the present invention preferably include:—
  • Whether a type I or a type II process is used will depend on whether the water-insoluble payload material is soluble in a wholly non-aqueous solvent or a water-containing mixture of solvents. If the payload material is only soluble in a mixture containing water then the type I process (mixed aqueous/non-aqueous solvents) must be used.
  • Suitable carrier materials include the preferred water-soluble polymers, preferred water-soluble surfactants and preferred water-soluble inorganic materials as described in further detail below. These lists are not exhaustive as other water-soluble materials, for example citric acid, can be used.
  • Carrier materials for processes of types I and II are water soluble as well as being soluble in at least one of the aqueous/non-aqueous solvent system of type I processes or the anhydrous solvent system of type II processes. As these materials are all water-soluble they will generally be soluble in the solvent combinations of the type I process.
  • Suitable water-soluble polymeric carrier materials include:
  • the polymeric material when it is a copolymer it may be a statistical copolymer (heretofore also known as a random copolymer), a block copolymer, a graft copolymer or a hyperbranched copolymer. Comonomers other than those listed above may also be included in addition to those listed if their presence does not destroy the water soluble or water dispersible nature of the resulting polymeric material.
  • suitable and preferred homopolymers include poly-vinylalcohol, poly-acrylic acid, poly-methacrylic acid, poly-acrylamides (such as poly-N-isopropylacrylamide), poly-methacrylamide; poly-acrylamines, poly-methyl-acrylamines, (such as polydimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and poly-N-morpholinoethylmethacrylate), polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-styrenesulphonate, polyvinylimidazole, polyvinylpyridine, poly-2-ethyl-oxazoline poly-ethyleneimine and ethoxylated derivatives thereof.
  • Polyethylene glycol PEG
  • Polyvinyl alcohol PVA
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl celluose
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose
  • the surfactant may be non-ionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric or zwitterionic.
  • non-ionic surfactants include ethoxylated triglycerides; fatty alcohol ethoxylates; alkylphenol ethoxylates; fatty acid ethoxylates; fatty amide ethoxylates; fatty amine ethoxylates; sorbitan alkanoates; ethylated sorbitan alkanoates; alkyl ethoxylates; PluronicsTM; alkyl polyglucosides; stearol ethoxylates; alkyl polyglycosides.
  • anionic surfactants include alkylether sulfates; alkylether carboxylates; alkylbenzene sulfonates; alkylether phosphates; dialkyl sulfosuccinates; alkyl sulfonates; soaps; alkyl sulfates; alkyl carboxylates; alkyl phosphates; paraffin sulfonates; secondary n-alkane sulfonates; alpha-olefin sulfonates; isethionate sulfonates.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants include fatty amine salts; fatty diamine salts; quaternary ammonium compounds; phosphonium surfactants; sulfonium surfactants; sulfonxonium surfactants.
  • Suitable zwitterionic surfactants include N-alkyl derivatives of amino acids (such as glycine, betaine, aminopropionic acid); imidazoline surfactants; amine oxides; amidobetaines.
  • Mixtures of surfactants may be used.
  • Alkoxylated nonionic's (especially the PEG/PPG eg PluronicTM materials and/or the PEG/alcohol nonionics and/or aromatic nonionics, including phenol-ethoxylates (especially TritonTM materials), alkyl sulphonates (especially SDS), ether-sulphates (including SLES), ester surfactants (preferably sorbitan esters of the SpanTM and TweenTM types) and cationics (especially cetyltrimethylammonium bromide—CTAB) are particularly preferred as surfactant carrier materials.
  • PEG/PPG eg PluronicTM materials and/or the PEG/alcohol nonionics and/or aromatic nonionics including phenol-ethoxylates (especially TritonTM materials), alkyl sulphonates (especially SDS), ether-sulphates (including SLES), ester surfactants (preferably sorbitan esters of the SpanTM and TweenTM types) and cationic
  • the carrier material can also be a water-soluble inorganic material which is neither a surfactant not a polymer.
  • Simple organic salts have been found suitable, particularly in admixture with polymeric and/or surfactant carrier materials as described above. Suitable salts include carbonate, bicarbonates, halides, sulphates, nitrates and acetates, particularly soluble salts of sodium, potassium and magnesium.
  • Preferred materials include, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulphate. These materials have the advantage that they are cheap and physiologically acceptable. They are also relatively inert as well as compatible with many materials found in household and pharmaceutical products.
  • preferred mixtures include combinations of inorganic salts and surfactants and, in particular, mixtures of polymers and surfactants.
  • Particularly preferred mixtures include combinations of surfactants and polymers which include at least one of:
  • the level of surfactant carrier is such that at least 50% of the total carrier is surfactant. Mixtures having a majority of surfactant present over the other carriers exhibit enhanced payload effects.
  • Both processes of types I and II use a non-aqueous solvent (or a mixture of said solvents).
  • Particularly preferred solvents are selected from the group consisting of haloforms (preferably di-chloromethane, chloroform), lower (C1-C10) alcohols (preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol), organic acids (preferably formic acid, acetic acid), amides (preferably formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide), nitrites (preferably aceto-nitrile), esters (preferably ethyl acetate) aldehydes and ketones (preferably methyl ethyl ketone, acetone), and other water miscible species comprising hetroatom bond with a suitably large dipole (preferably tetrahydrofuran, dialkylsulphoxide). Mixtures of the aforementioned may also be employed.
  • haloforms preferably di-chloromethane, chloroform
  • lower (C1-C10) alcohols preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol
  • Preferred solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, ethanol, acetone and dimethyl sulphoxide.
  • Preferred non-aqueous solvents have a boiling point of less than 150 Celsius and, more preferably, have a boiling point of less than 100 Celsius, so as to facilitate drying, particularly spray-drying under practical conditions and without use of specialised equipment.
  • they are non-flammable, or have a flash point above the temperatures encountered in the method of the invention.
  • Type I Nano-Dispersible Forms of a Water-Insoluble Material Prepared Using a Mixed Solvent System
  • This aspect of the invention provides a process for making a nano-dispersion of a water-in soluble material in a water-soluble carrier material comprising the steps of:
  • the preferred aqueous solvent is water. Electrolyte solutions can also be used as the aqueous solvent.
  • Type II Nano-Dispersible (in Water) Forms of a Water-Insoluble Material Using a Single Solvent System
  • This aspect of the invention provides a process for making water-soluble nano-dispersions of at most sparingly water-soluble materials in a water-soluble carrier material comprising the steps of:
  • Suitable carrier materials include the preferred water-soluble polymers and preferred water-soluble surfactants as mentioned above which are also soluble in the anhydrous non-aqueous solvent (or solvent mixture)
  • Particularly preferred carrier materials for use in process type II are:
  • Particularly preferred solvents are haloforms for use in process type II (preferably di-chloromethane, chloroform), lower (C1-C10) alcohols (preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol), organic acids (preferably formic acid, acetic acid), amides (preferably formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide), nitrites (preferably aceto-nitrile), esters (preferably ethyl acetate) aldehydes and ketones (preferably methyl ethyl ketone, acetone), and species comprising a hetroatom bond with a suitably large dipole (preferably tetrahydrofuran, dialkylsulphoxide). Mixtures of the aforementioned may also be employed.
  • C1-C10 alcohols preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol
  • organic acids preferably formic acid, acetic acid
  • amides preferably formamide, N,
  • the presence of some low level of water in the non-aqueous solvent is not excluded, as a cheaper technical grade of the solvent may be used rather than a more expensive analytical grade.
  • the level of water is below 1%.
  • non-aqueous solvents Particular examples of non-aqueous solvents, payload materials soluble in the solvent and carrier materials also soluble in the solvent are provided in Table 2 below.
  • Some materials exhibit a low solubility in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents exhibit a low solubility in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents (examples are Homoeriodictyol and divanillin), both of which are insoluble in water, ethanol and poly-propylene glycol. However these both materials are soluble in DMSO.
  • a carrier which is also soluble in both DMSO and one of water, ethanol and PPG (for example PVP/HPC) it is possible to obtain a nano-disperse form of either payload material in the carrier, which can be “dissolved” in water, ethanol or PPG.
  • Spray drying the most preferred method of drying, is well known to those versed in the art. In the case of the present invention some care must be taken due to the presence of a volatile non-aqueous solvent in the feedstock being dried.
  • an inert gas for example nitrogen, can be employed as the drying medium in a so-called closed spray-drying system. The solvent can be recovered and re-used.
  • the drying temperature should be at or above 100 Celsius, preferably above 120 Celsius and most preferably above 140 Celsius. Elevated drying temperatures have been found to give smaller particles in the re-dissolved nano-disperse material.
  • an optional co-surfactant may be employed in the composition prior to the drying step.
  • a relatively small quantity of a volatile cosurfactant reduced the particle diameter of the material produced. This can have a significant impact on particle volume. For example, reduction from 297 nm to 252 nm corresponds to a particle size reduction of approximately 40%.
  • the addition of a small quantity of co-surfactant offers a simple and inexpensive method for reducing the particle size of materials according to the present invention without changing the final product formulation.
  • Preferred co-surfactants are short chain alcohols or amine with a boiling point of ⁇ 220° C.
  • Preferred co-surfactants are linear alcohols.
  • Preferred co-surfactants are primary alcohols and amines. Particularly preferred co-surfactants are selected from the group consisting of the 3-6 carbon alcohols.
  • Suitable alcohol co-surfactants include n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, hexylamine and mixtures thereof.
  • the co-surfactant is present in a quantity (by volume) less than the solvent preferably the volume ratio between the solvent and the co-surfactant falls in the range 100:40 to 100:2, more preferably 100:30 to 100:5.
  • the carrier is water-soluble and the payload is water-insoluble
  • an oil-soluble carrier to deliver a contra-soluble (i.e. oil-insoluble) payload into a non-aqueous environment.
  • an oil soluble product may use a mixed aqueous/non-aqueous solvent for the water soluble payload material (as in type III). In the alternative it may simply use water (as in type IV) provided that the oil soluble carrier is also soluble in water.
  • Type III Nano-Dispersible (in Oil) Forms of an Oil-Insoluble Material Using a Mixed Solvent System
  • This aspect of the invention provides a method of making a nano-dispersion of oil-insoluble material in an oil-soluble carrier material comprising the steps of:
  • Suitable aqueous solvents include water and electrolyte solutions.
  • Suitable carrier materials include preferred water-soluble polymers, preferred water-soluble surfactants and preferred water-soluble inorganic materials.
  • the surfactants and the polymers are the preferred carriers as these have adequate solubility in water and an adequate solubility in non-aqueous solvents.
  • Particularly preferred carriers include poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), alkoxylated non-ionic's (especially the PEG/PPG PluronicTM materials), and mixtures thereof.
  • PEG poly-ethylene glycol
  • PVP poly-vinyl pyrrolidone
  • alkoxylated non-ionic's especially the PEG/PPG PluronicTM materials
  • non-aqueous solvents Particular examples of non-aqueous solvents, payload materials soluble in the aqueous solvent and carrier materials also soluble in the solvent are provided in Table 3 below.
  • Non-limiting examples of oil- Oil-soluble insoluble payload Solvents for the carriers also materials carrier soluble in water Sodium Sulphate Water PVP PEG-PPG-PPG Poly vinyl alcohol Water PEG-PPG-PEG PVP
  • These products are dispersible in non-aqueous solvents (‘oils’) such as chloroform and ethanol to form a nano-dispersion of the payload in the non-aqueous solvent.
  • non-aqueous solvents such as chloroform and ethanol
  • the process of type III is used to disperse sodium sulphate in a carrier which is a mixture PVP and PEG/PPG
  • the resulting product can be dissolved in an oil (such as chloroform, in which sodium sulphate is insoluble) to obtain a nano-dispersion of sodium sulphate in a solution of the carrier in chloroform.
  • Type IV Oil-Soluble Forms of an Oil-Insoluble Material Using a Single Solvent System
  • This aspect of the invention provides a method of making oil-soluble nano-dispersions of at most sparingly oil-soluble materials in a oil-soluble carrier material preferably comprising the steps of:
  • non-aqueous solvents Particular examples of non-aqueous solvents, payload materials soluble in the solvent and carrier materials also soluble in the solvent are provided in Table 4 below.
  • oil-insoluble payload material such as propylene glycol
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290TM bench top spray-dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium and the operating conditions were as follows:
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in demineralised water at a concentration of 10 mg/ml (1.0 wt %, 0.1 wt % chlorothalonil). This produced an opaque white dispersion. At this concentration, the material was relatively slow to disperse (approx. 5 minutes).
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in demineralised water at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % chlorothalonil). This produced an opaque white dispersion. At this concentration, the material was considerably quicker (than example 1) to disperse (less than 30 seconds).
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in demineralised water at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % chlorothalonil). This produced an opaque white dispersion. At this concentration, the material dispersed at a similar rate to example 2 (less than 30 seconds).
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S.
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S.
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S.
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S. It was found to have two peaks.
  • Oil red 0 (Aldrich)
  • Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (Mw 8,400, Aldrich)
  • 2.50 g Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Mw 55,000, Aldrich) were all dissolved into 50 ml DCM. The solution was then spray dried at 90° C.
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S.
  • Oil red 0 (Aldrich)
  • Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (Mw 8,400, Aldrich)
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Mw 55,000, Aldrich) were all dissolved into 50 ml DCM. The solution was then spray dried at 70° C.
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water giving 1 wt % AzB in dispersion and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S.
  • the dry powder was then dispersed into distilled water giving 1 wt % AzB in dispersion and the nanoparticle size was measured with Malvern Nano-S.
  • Block Spray PS nm co- dry In PCL, polymer PVP, DCM, temp.
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • a dry pink powder was obtained after spray drying. This powder redispersed rapidly at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (0.1 wt. %) to produce a dark red/purple, transparent solution. Particle sizing of this dispersion revealed two distributions of particle sizes.
  • Viscosity 0.90 cP Particle size (peak 1) 39.3 nm (diameter) Standard deviation (peak 1) ⁇ 5.27 nm PdI (peak 1) 0.0542 Particle size (peak 2) 266 nm (diameter) Standard deviation (peak 2) ⁇ 45.7 nm PdI (peak 2) 0.0482
  • the solid components are readily soluble in water at room temperature (21.5° C.).
  • the solution was spray dried using a Buchi B-290 bench top spray dryer, operated in a negative pressure mode. Air drawn from the lab was used as the drying medium.
  • a dry white powder was obtained. This material was redispersed in chloroform at a concentration of approximately 1 mg/ml (0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % sodium sulphate). This produced an optically clear/transparent dispersion.
  • the powder was redispersible in water with a particle size Z average measuring 19.8 nm.
  • the powder was redispersible in water with a particle size Z average measuring 166 nm.
  • This solution was then spray dried at an inlet temperature of 160° C. and a pump rate of 3.6 ml/min.
  • the resulting dry, white/pale brown powder was redispersed in water to produce a clear dispersion at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.
  • the dispersions particle size was measured by DLS (see particle size trace below). Z-average (mass based size) was found to be 94.2 nm.
  • Tinopal SOPTM Thiee Solvent System/Surfactant Carrier
  • Vitamin E Single Solvent/Polymer+Surfactant Carrier
  • the resulting solution was spray dried using a Buchi mini B-290 system.
  • the Inlet temperature was set at 150° C. and the pump rate adjusted to approximately 3.6 ml/min.
  • the product was recovered as a dry white powder which was redispersed in water to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and the particle size was measured using a Malvern Nano-S and found to be 17 nm (Zave)
  • Vitamin E Acetate Single Solvent/Polymer+Surfactant Carrier
  • the resulting solution was spray dried using a Buchi mini B-290 system.
  • the Inlet temperature was set at 150° C. and the pump rate adjusted to approximately 3.6 ml/min.
  • the product was recovered as a dry white powder which was redispersed in water to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and the particle size was measured using a Malvern Nano-S and found to be 94 nm (Zave)

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