US20090098660A1 - Method for the Purification of Antibodies - Google Patents

Method for the Purification of Antibodies Download PDF

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US20090098660A1
US20090098660A1 US11/920,288 US92028806A US2009098660A1 US 20090098660 A1 US20090098660 A1 US 20090098660A1 US 92028806 A US92028806 A US 92028806A US 2009098660 A1 US2009098660 A1 US 2009098660A1
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salt
concentration
elution
ion exchange
polypeptide
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Roberto Falkenstein
Burkard Kolb
Maria Sebald
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Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
    • B01D15/36—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving ionic interaction
    • B01D15/361—Ion-exchange
    • B01D15/362—Cation-exchange
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
    • B01D15/36—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving ionic interaction
    • B01D15/361—Ion-exchange
    • B01D15/363—Anion-exchange
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/42—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the development mode, e.g. by displacement or by elution
    • B01D15/424—Elution mode
    • B01D15/426—Specific type of solvent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/16—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography
    • C07K1/18—Ion-exchange chromatography
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/06—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies from serum
    • C07K16/065—Purification, fragmentation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2866—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for cytokines, lymphokines, interferons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/32—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against translation products of oncogenes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/96—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation using ion-exchange
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments

Definitions

  • the current invention relates to the field of polypeptide purification.
  • a novel method for the purification of immunoglobulins with an ion exchange resin is described herein.
  • a method for the fast determination of purification conditions is given.
  • Proteins and especially immunoglobulins play an important role in today's medical portfolio. For human application every pharmaceutical substance has to meet distinct criteria. To ensure the safety of biopharmaceutical agents to humans nucleic acids, viruses, and host cell proteins, which would cause severe harm, have to be removed especially. To meet the regulatory specification one or more purification steps have to follow the manufacturing process. Among other, purity, throughput, and yield play an important role in determining an appropriate purification process.
  • affinity chromatography with microbial proteins e.g. protein A or protein G affinity chromatography
  • ion exchange chromatography e.g. cation exchange (carboxymethyl resins), anion exchange (amino ethyl resins) and mixed-mode exchange
  • thiophilic adsorption e.g. with beta-mercaptoethanol and other SH ligands
  • hydrophobic interaction or aromatic adsorption chromatography e.g. with phenyl-sepharose, aza-arenophilic resins, or m-aminophenylboronic acid
  • metal chelate affinity chromatography e.g.
  • Ni(II)- and Cu(II)-affinity material size exclusion chromatography
  • electrophoretical methods such as gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis
  • Gel electrophoresis capillary electrophoresis
  • WO 89/05157 a method is reported for the purification of product immunoglobulins by directly subjecting the cell culture medium to a cation exchange treatment.
  • a one-step purification of monoclonal IgG antibodies from mouse ascites is described by Danielsson, A., et al., J. Immun. Meth. 115 (1988), 79-88.
  • WO 94/00561 reports human monoclonal anti-rhesus antibodies and cell lines producing the same.
  • a method for purifying a polypeptide by ion exchange chromatography is reported in WO 2004/024866 in which a gradient wash is used to resolve a polypeptide of interest from one or more contaminants.
  • Schwarz, A. et al. (Laborpraxis 21 (1997) 62-66), report the purification of monoclonal antibodies with a CM-HyperD-column.
  • WO 2004/076485 reports a process for antibody purification by protein A and ion exchange chromatography.
  • EP 0 530 447 a process for purifying IgG monoclonal antibodies by a combination of three chromatographic steps is reported. The removal of protein A from antibody preparations is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,722.
  • WO 95/16037 reports the purification of anti-EGF-R/anti-CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibodies from hybrid hybridoma performed by protein A cation exchange chromatography. The separation of antibody monomers from its multimers by use of ion exchange chromatography is reported in EP 1 084 136.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,746 relates to the application of hydrophobic interaction chromatography combination chromatography to the purification of antibody molecule proteins.
  • the current invention provides a method for purifying an immunoglobulin, wherein the method comprises the following steps
  • the invention further provides a method for determining the concentration of a salt for eluting a polypeptide from an ion exchange chromatography material in a single step purification process, comprising the following two steps
  • ion exchange resin or “ion exchange material” as used within this application denotes an immobile high molecular weight matrix that carries covalently bound charged substituents. For overall charge neutrality not covalently bound counter ions are bound thereto.
  • the “ion exchange material” has the ability to exchange its not covalently bound counter ions for similarly charged ions of the surrounding solution.
  • the “ion exchange resin” is referred to as cation exchange resin or as anion exchange resin.
  • the “ion exchange resin” is referred to as, e.g. in the case of cation exchange resins, sulfonic acid resin (S), or carboxymethyl resin (CM).
  • the “ion exchange resin” can additionally be classified as strong or weak ion exchange resin, depending on the strength of the covalently bound charged substituent.
  • strong cation exchange resins have a sulfonic acid group as charged substituent
  • weak cation exchange resins have a carboxylic group, preferably a carboxymethyl group, as charged substituent
  • weak anion exchange resins have a diethylaminoethyl group as charged substituent.
  • Cation exchange resins are available under different names from a multitude of companies such as e.g. Bio-Rex, Macro-Prep CM (available from Biorad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif., USA), weak cation exchanger WCX 2 (available from Ciphergen, Fremont, Calif., USA), Dowex® MAC-3 (available from Dow chemical company—liquid separations, Midland, Mich., USA), Mustang C (available from Pall Corporation, East Hills, N.Y., USA), Cellulose CM-23, CM-32, CM-52, hyper-D, and partisphere (available from Whatman plc, Brentford, UK), Amberlite® IRC 76, IRC 747, IRC 748, GT 73 (available from Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany), CM 1500, CM 3000 (available from BioChrom Labs, Terre Haute, Ind., USA), and CM-SepharoseTM Fast Flow (available from GE Healthcare—Amersham Biosciences Europe GmbH, Freiburg,
  • the charged substituents of the weak ion exchange material are at least about 90% carboxylic acid groups, more than 90% carboxylic acid groups, or more than 95% carboxylic acid groups.
  • single step elution and “single step gradient elution”, which are used interchangeably within this application, denote a method wherein e.g. the concentration of a substance causing elution, i.e. the dissolution of a bound compound from a material, is raised or lowered at once, i.e. directly from a starting value/level to a final value/level, i.e. in a single step.
  • polypeptide is a polymer of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds, whether produced naturally or synthetically. Polypeptides of less than about 20 amino acid residues are referred to as “peptides.”
  • a “protein” is a macromolecule comprising one or more polypeptide chains or a polypeptide chain of more than 100 amino acid residues.
  • a protein may also comprise non-peptidic components, such as carbohydrate groups. Carbohydrates and other non-peptidic substituents may be added to a protein by the cell in which the protein is produced, and will vary with the type of cell. Proteins are defined herein in terms of their amino acid backbone structures; substituents such as carbohydrate groups are generally not specified, but may be present nonetheless.
  • antibody and “immunoglobulin” which can be used interchangeably within this application comprise at least two light polypeptide chains and two heavy polypeptide chains.
  • Each of the heavy and light polypeptide chains contains a variable region (generally the amino terminal portion of the polypeptide chain) which contains a binding domain for interaction with the antigen.
  • Each of the heavy and light polypeptide chains also comprises a constant region (generally the carboxyl terminal portion) which may mediate the binding of the antibody to host tissues or factors including various cells of the immune system, some phagocytic cells and a first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
  • the light and heavy polypeptide chains are complete chains, each consisting essentially of a variable region, i.e.
  • variable regions of the antibody according to the invention can be grafted to constant regions of other isotypes.
  • a polynucleotide encoding the variable region of a heavy chain of the 1-isotype can be grafted to polynucleotide encoding the constant region of another heavy chain class (or subclass).
  • antibody or “immunoglobulin” refers to a protein consisting of one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by antibody genes.
  • the recognized antibody genes include the different constant region genes as well as the myriad antibody variable region genes.
  • Antibodies may exist in a variety of forms, including, for example, Fv, Fab, and F(ab)2 as well as single chains (e.g. Huston, J.
  • antibodies according to the invention comprise monoclonal antibodies and fragments thereof, for example isolated heavy or light chains, or heavy or light chains only consisting of constant regions as well as fragments thereof.
  • the current invention provides a method for purifying an immunoglobulin, wherein the method comprises the following steps
  • the purification process of immunoglobulins in general comprises a multistep chromatographic part.
  • non-immunoglobulin polypeptides and proteins are separated from the immunoglobulin fraction by an affinity chromatography, e.g. with protein A.
  • an ion exchange chromatography can be performed to disunite the individual immunoglobulin classes and to remove traces of protein A, which has been coeluted from the first column.
  • a third chromatographic step is necessary to separate immunoglobulin monomers from multimers and fragments of the same class. Sometimes the amount of aggregates is high (5% or more) and it is not possible to separate them efficiently in the third purification step necessitating further purification steps.
  • the separation step for the separation of different immunoglobulin classes is dispensable.
  • the overall purification process of recombinantly produced immunoglobulins may be reduced to two chromatographic steps.
  • the conditioned protein A eluate is in general chromatographically processed on a cation exchange material at pH values below the isoelectric point of the respective immunoglobulin protein.
  • the current invention describes a purification method for the separation of immunoglobulin monomers from aggregates and fragments as well as the depletion of other polypeptide impurities.
  • this purification is achieved by the use of weak ion exchange resins, preferably by the use of weak cation exchange resins.
  • the weak ion exchange material provides a separation of monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulins (see examples 1 and 2 and examples 9 and 12).
  • the pH value of the buffer material is of from pH 3.0 to pH 10.0, preferably of from pH 3.0 to pH 7.0, more preferred of from pH 4.0 to pH 6.0 and most preferred of from pH 4.5 to pH 5.5.
  • the pH value is kept constant in the single step, i.e. it is maintained at the same value in the single step.
  • Another preferred item of the current invention is that the method of the current invention is applicable to immunoglobulins that have an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.0 or more (pI ⁇ 6.0) and therefore have a net positive charge in the pH range starting from pH 6.0 to pH 14.
  • pI isoelectric point
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is the purification of an immunoglobulin of the IgG or IgE class.
  • a weak cation exchange material is used in a preferred embodiment of the current invention.
  • the buffer material is preferably employed in a concentration range between 5 mM and 100 mM as exemplified.
  • the conductivity of the buffer/solution is increased. This can be accomplished either by an increased buffer salt concentration or by the addition of other salts, so called elution salts, to the buffer solution.
  • Preferred elution salts are sodium citrate, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphate, as well as other salts of citric and phosphoric acid, and any mixture of these components.
  • Especially preferred are sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and mixtures thereof.
  • the concentration of the salt, causing the elution is preferably in the range of between 5 mM and 500 mM, more preferred between 5 mM and 400 mM, and especially preferred between 5 mM and 250 mM.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention is the use of the salt, causing the elution, at the same time as buffer substance, especially with citric acid and salts thereof or phosphoric acid and salts thereof.
  • the method of the current invention is preferably a chromatographic or batch method, especially preferred is a method comprising a batch elution.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the current invention is that the purification is a single step purification process.
  • a “single step” denotes a process wherein one or more conditions, for example the pH, the ionic strength, concentration of a salt, and/or the flow of a chromatography, is/are changed all at once from a starting value to a final value, i.e. the conditions are changed incrementally, i.e. stepwise, in contrast to a linear change.
  • one or more conditions for example the pH, the ionic strength, concentration of a salt, and/or the flow of a chromatography
  • the method comprises the additional step of a purification of the immunoglobulin by a protein A affinity chromatography before step a) of the method.
  • the current invention further provides a method for determining the concentration of a salt for eluting a polypeptide from an ion exchange chromatography material in a single step purification process, comprising the following two steps
  • step b2) define a range that has been determined experimentally. These values are no absolute values but merely a target value. A deviation of 10% is maintainable.
  • the current invention describes a method for determining the concentration of a salt for eluting a polypeptide from an ion exchange chromatography material in a single step purification process for the purification of polypeptides from other proteinaceous material.
  • the concentration, at which the elution of the polypeptide, preferably of an immunoglobulin, from the ion exchange resin starts, provides the basis for the second optimization step b), a three step elution method.
  • the approximate buffer/salt concentrations for the step elution are calculated as follows:
  • the factor included in the calculation of the concentration steps accounts for the interval between the concentration levels and is adjusted depending on the starting concentration. At small starting concentrations, i.e. between 10 mM and 40 mM, the factors are 1.35 and 1.70 respectively, at medium starting concentrations between 40 mM and 70 mM the factors are 1.30 and 1.60 respectively, and at high starting concentrations of more than 70 mM the factors are 1.25 and 1.50 respectively. These factors define a range that has been determined experimentally. These values are no absolute values but merely a target value. A deviation of 10% is maintainable.
  • the buffer salt has to be accounted for in the calculation because it is possible, as outlined in example 3, that the elution of a protein from an ion exchange resin can be effected by a change of the buffer salt concentration during the chromatography. If the buffer salt concentration is kept constant during the chromatography or is small compared to the stating concentration of the salt causing the elution it may be neglected during the calculation to reduce complexity.
  • the salt causing the elution is not the buffer salt and the salt concentration of step b2i) is the product of the concentration of the salt, at which the elution from the ion exchange column starts as determined with the linear increasing salt gradient in step a4), and the total number of monovalent cations different from hydrogen denoted in the molecular formula of the salt causing the elution.
  • this purification is achieved in a preferred embodiment by the use of a weak ion exchange material, especially preferred of a weak cation exchange material.
  • polypeptide is an immunoglobulin, especially preferred an immunoglobulin of the IgG or IgE class.
  • the pH value of the buffer material/substance is of from pH 3.0 to pH 10.0, preferably of from pH 3.0 to pH 7.0, more preferred of from pH 4.0 to pH 6.0 and most preferred of from pH 4.5 to pH 5.5.
  • Another preferred item of the current invention is that the method of the current invention is applicable to immunoglobulins that have an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.0 or more (pI ⁇ 6.0) and therefore have a net positive charge in the pH range starting from pH 6.0 to pH 14.
  • pI isoelectric point
  • the buffer material/substance is preferably employed in a concentration range between 5 mM and 100 mM as exemplified.
  • the conductivity of the buffer/solution is increased. This can be accomplished either by an increased buffer salt concentration or by the addition of other salts, so called elution salts, to the buffer solution.
  • Preferred elution salts are sodium citrate, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphate, as well as other salts of citric and phosphoric acid, and any mixture of these components.
  • Especially preferred are sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and any mixture thereof.
  • the concentration of the salt, causing the elution is preferably in the range of between 5 mM and 500 mM, more preferred between 5 mM and 400 mM, and especially preferred between 5 mM and 250 mM.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention is the use of the salt, causing the elution, at the same time as buffer substance, especially with citric acid and salts thereof or phosphoric acid and salts thereof.
  • the method of the current invention is preferably a chromatographic or batch method, especially preferred is a method comprising a batch elution.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the current invention is that the purification is a single step purification process.
  • the method comprises the additional step of a purification of the immunoglobulin by a protein A affinity chromatography before step a) of the method.
  • FIG. 1 Single step elution of anti IL-1R antibody from strong cation exchange resin SP-Sepharose; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are not separated and elute as one peak.
  • FIG. 2 Single step elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Toyopearl; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are partially separated and elute as one main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin and as a second peak, comprising monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin as well as protein A.
  • FIG. 3 Linear gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Toyopearl with sodium citrate at pH 5.0; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are partially separated and elute at a sodium citrate starting concentration of 15 mM as a main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin and as a second peak, comprising a mixture of monomeric form, aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin, and protein A.
  • the SEC analysis of the two fractions is inserted into the ion exchange chromatogram. In the main peak aggregates are absent. In contrast in the second peak aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin are present.
  • FIG. 4 Three step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Toyopearl with sodium citrate at pH 5.0; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are partially separated and elute as a main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin at a sodium citrate concentration of 34 mM and as a second peak, comprising monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin as well as protein A at a sodium citrate concentration of 44 mM.
  • FIG. 5 Single step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.5; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are separated and elute as a main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin and as a second peak, comprising monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin as well as protein A.
  • FIG. 6 a Elution profile on a CM-Sepharose fast flow; two peaks can be identified: a main peak, corresponding to the monomeric anti IL-1R antibody, and a smaller second peak, that contains mainly aggregates and other impurities.
  • FIG. 6 b Elution profile of anti IL-1R antibody on a SP-Sepharose fast flow; one peak can be identified which contains monomeric immunoglobulin, aggregates and other impurities which have not been separated on this column.
  • FIG. 7 a Single step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 100 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.5.
  • FIG. 7 b Single step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.5.
  • FIG. 7 c Single step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 200 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.5.
  • FIG. 8 a Single step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 4.0.
  • FIG. 8 b Single step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 6.0.
  • FIG. 9 a Single step elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose; size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of the starting material showing both monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin.
  • FIG. 9 b Single step elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are partially separated and elute as one main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin and as a second peak, comprising monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin as well as other protein.
  • the size exclusion chromatography of the first (main) peak is shown. Only one peak is eluted from the SEC-column, which is the monomeric immunoglobulin.
  • FIG. 9 c Single step elution of anti IL-1R antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose; monomeric and aggregated forms of the receptor antibody are partially separated and elute as one main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin and as a second peak, comprising monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin as well as other protein.
  • the size exclusion chromatography of the second peak is shown.
  • the chromatogram at least three peaks can be seen, equivalent to monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin and other protein.
  • FIG. 10 Single step elution of anti-HER-2 antibody from strong cation exchange resin SP-Sepharose; monomeric and aggregated forms of the antibody are not separated and elute as one peak.
  • FIG. 11 Linear gradient elution of anti-HER-2 antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with sodium chloride in sodium citrate buffer at pH 5.5; monomeric and aggregated forms of the antibody are partially separated and elute with a starting concentration of 80 mM sodium chloride as one main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin; the monomeric and aggregated forms elute as mixture in the tailing of the main peak together with protein A.
  • FIG. 12 Three step gradient elution of anti-HER-2 antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with sodium chloride in sodium citrate buffer at pH 5.5; monomeric and aggregated forms of the antibody are separated and elute as one main peak comprising the monomeric form of the immunoglobulin at a sodium chloride concentration of 80 mM and as a second peak comprising monomeric and aggregated forms of the immunoglobulin as well as protein A at a sodium chloride concentration of 100 mM.
  • FIG. 13 Single step gradient elution of anti-HER-2 antibody from weak cation exchange resin CM-Sepharose with 80 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.5; the monomeric form is eluted free of aggregated forms; the aggregated forms elute after a second sodium chloride step to 120 mM as a second defined peak.
  • FIG. 14 Single step gradient elution of anti-HER-2 antibody from strong cation exchange resin SP-Sepharose with 80 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.5; two peaks are obtained: peak 1 contains only monomeric Herceptin®, peak 2, which is eluted after a second sodium chloride step to 120 mM, contains a high amount of monomeric Herceptin® and aggregates; the yield of Herceptin® in its monomeric form is less than 60%.
  • immunoglobulin An IgG4 immunoglobulin anti IL-1R antibody (hereinafter referred to as immunoglobulin, WO 2005/023872) was purified in a first step with a protein A affinity chromatography. Elution from the protein A column was carried out under acidic conditions (10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH value 3.0 ⁇ 0.5). Before the filtration step the pH value of the fraction containing the immunoglobulin was adjusted with a concentrated, e.g. 1 M, buffer solution of pH 9.0 (e.g. tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane (TRIS) or phosphate buffer) to pH 5.0.
  • the protein A eluate is a solution with a protein concentration between 5 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml and is buffered with sodium citrate. This material is referred to in the following as conditioned protein A eluate, which is prepared for loading onto a cationic exchange resin.
  • Resin SP-Sepharose Flow rate: 160 cm/h Equilibration: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0 Loading: max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix Wash step: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0 Elution: 25 mM sodium citrate buffer with 100 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a strong cation exchange resin (SP-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step elution method, whereby the pH value was kept constant and the conductivity was varied (increased) by the addition of sodium chloride.
  • SP-Sepharose strong cation exchange resin
  • FIG. 1 the elution chromatogram of the cation exchange chromatography of the anti IL-1R antibody on the strong cation exchange resin SP-Sepharose is presented.
  • the elution is a single step replacement elution with sodium chloride without altering the pH value of the chromatographic system.
  • the monomeric and aggregated immunoglobulin molecules are not separated and thus with this method no purification by reduction of the aggregate content in the eluate compared to the loaded material can be obtained.
  • a weak cation exchange resin was employed.
  • an increase of the conductivity by a step elution is accompanied by a particular pH shift on the resin (even when the pH of the eluting buffer remains constant). This effect facilitates the discrimination e.g. between monomeric immunoglobulins and aggregated forms.
  • other impurities like traces of host cell proteins or protein A, can efficiently be separated from the monomeric mean fraction, without significant loss in yield.
  • CM-Toyopearl Flow rate 160 cm/h
  • Equilibration 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • Loading max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix
  • Wash 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • Elution 25 mM sodium citrate buffer with 100 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Toyopearl). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase was kept constant and the conductivity was varied by the addition of sodium chloride.
  • CM-Toyopearl weak cation exchange resin
  • FIG. 2 the elution profile with the same chromatographic conditions as in example 1 but this time with a weak cation exchange resin, CM-Toyopearl, is presented.
  • CM-Toyopearl a weak cation exchange resin
  • FIG. 2 An analysis of fractions corresponding to the main peak and to the second shoulder peak showed a significant amount of aggregates to be present in the shoulder peak fraction. No aggregates were detectable in the main peak fractions (see also FIGS. 9 a to c ).
  • the first step is a chromatography using a linear concentration gradient of the buffer salt, sodium citrate. Just as well is it possible to keep the concentration of the buffer salt constant and to admix a linearly increasing concentration of a salt causing the elution of the immunoglobulin. In both cases is the conductivity of the solution increased without an alteration of the pH value of the mobile phase.
  • Salts suitable for the elution are e.g. sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphate, citric acid and salts thereof as well as mixtures of these components.
  • concentrations of from 10 mM to 500 mM, which are applied, are adjusted accordingly to set conductivity in the range of from about 1 milli S/cm to about 50 milli S/cm.
  • Resin CM-Toyopearl Flow rate 160 cm/h Equilibration: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0 Loading: max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix Wash: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0 Elution: linear gradient; from 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0, to 100 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Toyopearl). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a linear gradient elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase was kept constant. The concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate, was raised linearly from 10 mM to 100 mM over 40 column volumes. After the final sodium citrate concentration was reached the elution was continued for an additional 40 column volumes.
  • CM-Toyopearl weak cation exchange resin
  • FIG. 3 the chromatogram of the linear buffer gradient elution of the anti IL-1R antibody is presented.
  • the monomeric and the aggregated form of the immunoglobulin elute in a semi-detached peak starting at a concentration of 15 mM sodium citrate and ending at a concentration of 55 mM sodium citrate.
  • the recovery of the bound immunoglobulin from the cation exchange resin is depending on the conductivity of the applied solution. Therefore the cations of the buffer salt present in the eluting solution during the recovery step have to be considered as effecting the elution of the immunoglobulin from the cation exchange resin.
  • the conductivity as well as the ionic strength of the mobile phase are effected by the total number of ions in the solution. Thus the number of monovalent cations different from hydrogen in one molecular formula of the employed buffer salt and the employed salt causing the elution have to be considered hereby.
  • the concentration, at which the elution of the immunoglobulin from the ion exchange resin starts, as determined in example 3, provides the basis for the second optimization step, a three step elution method.
  • the approximate buffer/salt concentrations for the step elution are calculated as follows:
  • the factor included in the calculation of the concentration steps accounts for the interval between the concentration levels and is adjusted depending on the starting concentration. At small starting concentrations, i.e. between 10 mM and 40 mM, the factors are 1.35 and 1.70 respectively, at medium starting concentrations between 40 mM and 70 mM the factors are 1.30 and 1.60 respectively, and at high starting concentrations of more than 70 mM the factors are 1.25 and 1.50 respectively.
  • the factors define a range that has been determined experimentally. These values are no absolute values but merely a target value. A deviation of 10% is maintainable.
  • the buffer salt has to be accounted for in the calculation because it is possible as outlined in example 3 that the elution of a protein from an ion exchange resin can be effected by a change of the buffer salt concentration during the chromatography. If the buffer salt concentration is kept constant during the chromatography or is small compared to the stating concentration ( ⁇ 15% of the salt concentration) it may be neglected during the calculation to reduce complexity.
  • CM-Toyopearl Flow rate 160 cm/h
  • Equilibration 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • Loading max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix
  • Wash 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.0
  • the concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate was raised from 10 mM as starting condition to 34 mM in the first step, to 44 mM in the second step, and to 54 mM in the final step. After each increase of the salt concentration ten column volumes of the elution buffer were passed through the column prior to the next step. After the final sodium citrate concentration was reached the elution was continued for an additional 10 column volumes.
  • FIG. 4 the elution profile of the three step gradient elution of anti IL-1R antibody is presented.
  • the monomeric immunoglobulin elutes in the first step fraction and the aggregates elute in the second step fraction.
  • a single step elution method a method wherein the concentration of the elution salt is changed at once from a starting value to a final value.
  • the pH of the chromatography is raised from 5.0 to 5.5. This pH shift improves the separation from protein A, due that protein A has an isoelectric point below 5.5.
  • the elution salt is changed from sodium citrate, which is further on used as buffer salt, to sodium chloride. Additional analyses have been carried out (DNA, host cell protein, protein A content, and glycosylation pattern with LC-MS) with the fractions after this chromatographic run.
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes).
  • the concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate, was kept constant and 150 mM sodium chloride was admixed. After the increase of the salt concentration fifteen column volumes of the elution buffer were passed through the column to elute the bound immunoglobulin.
  • the elution chromatogram of the single step elution with sodium chloride is presented in FIG. 5 .
  • the single step gradient chromatography effects resolution of the main monomeric fraction and the aggregate/protein A fraction.
  • the yield of monomeric immunoglobulin is more than 80%. Even more than 95% yield is possible.
  • FIGS. 6 a and 6 b a comparison between the elution chromatogram of a weak and a strong cation exchange resin is presented.
  • a weak cation exchange resin FIG. 6 a
  • the strong cation exchange resin FIG. 6 b
  • the analysis results which are listed in table 1, show that with the weak cation exchange resin aggregates and other impurities can effectively be depleted from the immunoglobulin preparation.
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes).
  • the bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step gradient elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase was kept constant.
  • the concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate, was kept constant and in three different runs 100 mM, 150 mM, and 200 mM sodium chloride respectively were admixed. After the increase of the salt concentration fifteen column volumes of the elution buffer were passed through the column to elute the bound immunoglobulin.
  • the elution chromatograms are displayed in FIGS. 7 a to c.
  • Resin GM-Sepharose Flow rate: 160 cm/h Equilibration: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.5 Loading: max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix Wash: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.5 Elution: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer with 150 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 4.0, or 6.0
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes).
  • the bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step gradient elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase was kept constant at pH 4.0 or 6.0 respectively.
  • the concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate, was kept constant, and 150 mM sodium chloride was admixed. After the increase of the salt concentration fifteen column volumes of the elution buffer were passed through the column to elute the bound immunoglobulin.
  • the elution chromatograms are displayed in FIGS. 8 a and b.
  • the current invention is further exemplified in the following with Herceptin®, a monoclonal anti-HER-2 antibody.
  • Resin SP-Sepharose Flow rate: 160 cm/h Equilibration: 25 mM 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, 50 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.6 Loading: max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix Wash: 25 mM 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, 50 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.6 Elution: 25 mM 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, 95 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.6
  • the monoclonal anti-HER-2 antibody (hereinafter referred to as Herceptin®) was purified in a first step with a protein A affinity chromatography. Elution from the protein A column is carried out under acidic conditions (10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH value of 3.0 ⁇ 0.5). Before the filtration step the pH value of the fraction containing the antibody is adjusted with a concentrated tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane (TRIS) buffer to pH 5.6.
  • TIS tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane
  • the protein A eluate is a solution with a protein concentration between 5 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml and is buffered with sodium citrate.
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a strong cation exchange resin (SP-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step elution method, whereby the pH value was kept constant and the conductivity was varied by the (stepwise) increase of the sodium chloride concentration. The elution chromatogram is displayed in FIG. 10 .
  • Resin CM-Sepharose Flow rate 160 cm/h Equilibration: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.5 Loading: max. 20 g protein/L gel matrix Wash: 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.5 Elution: linear gradient; from 10 mM sodium citrate buffer, adjusted to pH 5.5, to 10 mM sodium citrate buffer containing 400 mM sodium chloride, adjusted to pH 5.5
  • the conditioned protein A eluate as described in example 9 was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a linear gradient elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase and the concentration of the buffer salt was kept constant. The concentration of the elution salt, sodium chloride, was raised linearly from 0 mM to 400 mM over 40 column volumes. The elution chromatogram is displayed in FIG. 11 .
  • the immunoglobulins start to elute from the column at a sodium chloride concentration of 80 mM.
  • the starting concentration, at which the immunoglobulin starts to elute, as determined in example 10 and as derived from the chromatogram presented in FIG. 11 is 80 mM sodium chloride.
  • the buffer concentration can be neglected as it is low and kept constant during the chromatography.
  • the conditioned protein A eluate as described in example 9 was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a step gradient elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase and the concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate, was kept constant. The concentration of the elution salt, sodium chloride, was raised from 0 mM as starting condition to 80 mM in the first step, to 100 mM in the second step, and to 120 mM in the final step.
  • CM-Sepharose weak cation exchange resin
  • the monomeric antibody is eluted at the step with a sodium chloride concentration of 80 mM. Size exclusion analysis confirmed that only monomeric antibody is eluted. After the sodium chloride concentration was increased to 100 mM in the second step, the aggregated forms eluted ( FIG. 12 ).
  • the conditioned protein A eluate as described in example 9 was applied to a chromatography column containing a weak cation exchange resin (CM-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step gradient elution method, whereby the pH value in the mobile phase and the concentration of the buffer salt was kept constant. The concentration of the buffer salt, sodium citrate, was kept constant and 80 mM sodium chloride was admixed. After the increase of the salt concentration fifteen column volumes of the elution buffer with sodium chloride were passed through the column to elute the bound anti-HER-2 antibody in monomeric form.
  • CM-Sepharose weak cation exchange resin

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