US20080305126A1 - Separation of Unconjugated and Conjugated Saccharide by Solid Phase Extraction - Google Patents

Separation of Unconjugated and Conjugated Saccharide by Solid Phase Extraction Download PDF

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US20080305126A1
US20080305126A1 US10/593,006 US59300605A US2008305126A1 US 20080305126 A1 US20080305126 A1 US 20080305126A1 US 59300605 A US59300605 A US 59300605A US 2008305126 A1 US2008305126 A1 US 2008305126A1
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saccharide
vaccine
sample
unconjugated
conjugated
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Angela Bardotti
Stefano Ricci
Daniela Proietti
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Novartis AG
GSK Vaccines SRL
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Chiron SRL
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56911—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/095—Neisseria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/5308—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for analytes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. nucleic acids, uric acid, worms, mites
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
    • A61K2039/6087—Polysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides [LPS]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
    • G01N2333/22—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Neisseriaceae (F), e.g. Acinetobacter
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2400/00—Assays, e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays, involving carbohydrates
    • G01N2400/10—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
    • Y10T436/142222—Hetero-O [e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.]
    • Y10T436/143333—Saccharide [e.g., DNA, etc.]

Definitions

  • This invention concerns the analysis and quality control of vaccines that include saccharides (e.g. bacterial capsular saccharides), and especially those where the saccharides are conjugated to a carrier.
  • saccharides e.g. bacterial capsular saccharides
  • Immunogens comprising capsular saccharide antigens conjugated to carrier proteins are well known in the art. Conjugation converts T-independent antigens into T-dependent antigens, thereby enhancing memory responses and allowing protective immunity to develop, and the prototype conjugate vaccine was for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) [e.g. see chapter 14 of ref. 1]. Since the Hib vaccine, conjugated saccharide vaccines for protecting against Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) and against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) have been developed.
  • Hib conjugated saccharide vaccines for protecting against Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) and against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) have been developed.
  • Streptococcus agalactiae group B streptococcus
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3
  • Staphylococcus aureus 4
  • Conjugate vaccines for N. meningitidis serogroup C have been approved for human use, and include MenjugateTM [5], MeningitecTM and NeisVac-CTM. Mixtures of conjugates from each of serogroups A, C, W135 and Y have been reported [e.g. refs. 6-9], including the MenactraTM product.
  • conjugated antigens include: (i) meningococcal A/C mixtures [10,11]; (ii) the PrevNarTM product [12] containing seven pneumococcal conjugates; (iii) mixed meningococcal and Hib conjugates [13,14]; and (iv) combined meningococcal, pneumococcal and Hib conjugates [15].
  • SPE solid phase extraction
  • HPAEC-PAD high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
  • solid phase extraction is used to separate conjugated saccharide from unconjugated saccharide.
  • the invention provides a method of separating a conjugated saccharide component in a sample from an unconjugated saccharide component in the sample, comprising the step of passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device.
  • the invention also provides the use of a solid phase extraction device for separating a conjugated saccharide component in a sample from an unconjugated saccharide component in the sample.
  • a method of separating a conjugated saccharide component in a sample from an unconjugated saccharide component in the sample the improvement consisting of passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a sample for analysis of its unconjugated saccharide content, comprising the step of passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device.
  • the invention also provides a method of analysing a sample's unconjugated saccharide content, comprising the steps of (i) passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device to obtain a specimen comprising separated unconjugated saccharide and (ii) analysing the specimen's saccharide content to give the unconjugated saccharide content of the sample.
  • a method of analysing the unconjugated saccharide content of a sample the improvement consisting of passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device.
  • the invention also relates to the solid phase extraction device obtained by the methods of the invention.
  • the invention also relates to the effluent obtained by the methods of the invention.
  • the invention also relates to the eluate obtained by eluting the retentate from the solid phase extraction device obtained by the methods of the invention.
  • the invention provides a method of releasing a vaccine for use by physicians, comprising the steps of: (a) manufacturing a vaccine comprising a conjugated saccharide; (b) analysing the vaccine's unconjugated saccharide content by a method of analysis of the invention; and, if the results from step (b) indicate a saccharide content acceptable for clinical use, (c) releasing the vaccine for use by physicians.
  • Step (b) may involve assessment of minimum saccharide concentration (e.g. between 1-20 ⁇ g of total saccharide), assessment of unconjugated:conjugated saccharide ratio (e.g.
  • Step (b) may be performed on a packaged vaccine, or may be performed on a bulk vaccine prior to packaging. Where the vaccine is a combination vaccine, step (b) may be performed in respect of an individual type of saccharide or of all types of saccharide.
  • the analytical methods of the invention typically comprise the steps of (i) an initial preparation step of passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device to separate conjugated saccharide from unconjugated saccharide in the sample, followed by (ii) analysing the saccharide content of the separated unconjugated saccharide to obtain the unconjugated saccharide content of the sample.
  • the present invention also provides a method of preparing a sample for analysis by carrying out step (i).
  • samples can be analysed in several ways using the invention.
  • Unconjugated saccharide content can be measured e.g. to check for incomplete conjugation, or to follow conjugate hydrolysis by monitoring increasing free saccharide over time.
  • total saccharide content can be assessed (if necessary in respect of each saccharide), which can be used for regulatory or quality control purposes.
  • measuring the conjugated saccharide content and the total saccharide content constitutes a method of analysing the unconjugated saccharide content of a sample. It is, however, preferred to measure the unconjugated saccharide content directly rather than calculating it. However, if the separated conjugated saccharide is present in the effluent of the solid phase extraction device, it may be more convenient to calculate the unconjugated saccharide content rather than eluting the unconjugated saccharide retentate from the solid phase extraction device.
  • unconjugated saccharide can be separated from conjugated saccharide and can be separately analysed, thereby allowing a determination of the amount of unconjugated material in a composition.
  • comparing the unconjugated or conjugated amount to the total amount is easier than separately analysing the unconjugated and conjugated amount after separation, since one of the unconjugated and the conjugated saccharide will be retained on the solid phase extraction device.
  • the method of analysis of the invention comprises the step of analysing the saccharide content of the separated unconjugated saccharide to give the unconjugated saccharide content of the sample.
  • the method of analysis preferably comprises the step of measuring the total saccharide content of the sample.
  • this step will involve a preparative step of dividing the sample, one portion of the same being analysed for unconjugated saccharide content, another portion being analysed for total saccharide content.
  • the unconjugated saccharide content may be compared against a known total saccharide content of the sample or a standard saccharide content of the sample (e.g. the calculated amount of unconjugated saccharide present after a known period of time), instead of measuring the total saccharide content.
  • the method of analysis comprises the step of comparing the unconjugated saccharide content against a known total saccharide content of the sample or a standard saccharide content of the sample.
  • the conjugated saccharides in the sample typically comprise saccharide antigens conjugated to carrier proteins.
  • the saccharides derived from a particular pathogen comprise oligo- or polysaccharides having a distribution of lengths.
  • the saccharides comprising this distribution are all considered to be of the same “type”.
  • the vaccine will comprise a saccharide “type” associated with each component immunogen, e.g. a saccharide type associated with serogroup C immunogens, a saccharide type associated with serogroup W135 immunogens and a saccharide type associated with serogroup Y immunogens.
  • the methods of the invention separate unconjugated and conjugated saccharides and do not generally distinguish between different saccharide types, thus separating unconjugated and conjugated saccharide regardless of saccharide type.
  • the measurement of the unconjugated saccharide content of the individual types of saccharide in a combination vaccine is nevertheless possible.
  • certain methods of quantitative glycoconjugate analysis discussed in more detail below allow the measurement of individual types of saccharide within combined glycoconjugate vaccines comprising more than one type of glycoconjugate immunogen, even where different saccharides share monosaccharide units. Consequently, the methods of the invention allow the analysis of the unconjugated saccharide content of a single or combined vaccine and, in respect of a combined vaccine comprising more than one type of glycoconjugate immunogen, for each individual type of saccharide or for all types of saccharide.
  • the invention is particularly useful for analysing the unconjugated content of N. meningitidis serogroup C saccharide in a combination vaccine comprising more than one type of glycoconjugate immunogen, e.g. combination vaccines comprising:
  • the sample or the separated unconjugated saccharide may undergo another separation step to separate different types of saccharide.
  • the method of analysis of the present invention may optionally include the step of measuring the total (i.e. unconjugated and conjugated) saccharide content of an individual type of saccharide or the content of all types of saccharide.
  • the total saccharide content may be measured by measuring the saccharide content of the sample before separation.
  • the present invention may require the measurement of the saccharide content of the separated unconjugated saccharide, the separated conjugated saccharide or the sample before, after or at the same time as separation.
  • the saccharide is treated in order to depolymerise the saccharides to give their constituent monosaccharides prior to analysing the monosaccharide content.
  • the methods of analysis of the invention will comprise the step of treating the composition to be analysed (i.e. separated unconjugated saccharide, separated conjugated saccharide or the sample before separation) in order to depolymerise the saccharides to give their constituent monosaccharides. Analysis of saccharide content can then proceed on the depolymerised mixture of released monosaccharides.
  • Conditions for depolymerisation of saccharides to their constituent monosaccharides are known in the art and typically comprise acid or base hydrolysis.
  • the serogroup C saccharide can be hydrolysed for total saccharide content analysis by treatment with 100 mM HCl at 80° C. for 2 hours [20].
  • Acid hydrolysis using HCl may also be used for the Hib saccharide and typical treatment involves addition of TFA to a final concentration of 0.3M and heating at 100° C. for 2 hours.
  • Acid hydrolysis using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) can be used for hydrolysis of all of serogroups C, W135 and Y, with a slightly lower incubation temperature being preferred for serogroup C to avoid degradation of its sialic acid (90° C.
  • a typical TFA treatment involves addition of TFA to a final concentration of 2M, followed by heating to 90-100° C. for 90 minutes.
  • Acid hydrolysis using TFA can also be used for hydrolysis of MenA polysaccharide and typical treatment involves addition of TFA to a final concentration of 2M and heating at 100° C. for 2 hours.
  • Acid hydrolysis using TFA can also be used for hydrolysis of Hib saccharide and typical treatment involves addition of TFA to a final concentration of 4M and heating at 100° C. for 2 hours [21].
  • Base hydrolysis using NaOH can also be used for hydrolysis of Hib saccharide [21].
  • saccharide hydrolysates may be dried e.g. using a vacuum drier.
  • the composition may contain mixed monosaccharides of different types.
  • the quantities of these monosaccharides in the mixture are directly related to the quantities of saccharides in the original pre-hydrolysis composition, and so quantities of the starting saccharides can be determined by utilising the methods of the invention in the process for analysing the saccharide content of a composition disclosed in reference 22.
  • the methods of analysis of the invention therefore typically comprise the step of quantifying the monosaccharides obtained from the depolymerisation step.
  • Methods for quantifying monosaccharides including glucose (e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup Y saccharide), galactose (e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup W135 saccharide), sialic acid (e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup C saccharide), ribitol (e.g. for Hib saccharide) and mannosamine-6-P (e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup A saccharide) are well known in the art.
  • glucose e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup Y saccharide
  • galactose e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup W135 saccharide
  • sialic acid e.g. for N. meningitidis serogroup C saccharide
  • ribitol e.g. for Hib saccharide
  • mannosamine-6-P e.
  • Methods of quantification may be direct or indirect (e.g. they may involve derivatisation of the monosaccharides followed by an analysis that correlates with original monosaccharide content). If necessary, methods may involve separation of the different monosaccharides from each other, followed by separate analysis, and in such a case the actual measurement of monosaccharide content could be the same in each case, with specificity arising from the separation. It is preferred, however, to use methods which can analyse the saccharides in each other's presence, such that they do not need to be separated from each other before analysis. In addition, methods may be used for conjugated saccharides in which, after deconjugation, the carrier and the saccharide need not be separated.
  • HPAEC-PAD systems are provided by DionexTM Corporation (Sunnyvale, Calif.) e.g.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the process of the invention is typically destructive. Rather than perform the process on a complete composition, therefore, it is more typical to take a sample from a composition of interest and then perform the analysis on the sample.
  • the method of analysis may include analysis of other components or properties e.g. osmolality, pH, degree of polymerisation for individual saccharides or conjugates, protein content (particularly for carrier proteins), aluminium content, detergent content, preservative content, etc.
  • other components or properties e.g. osmolality, pH, degree of polymerisation for individual saccharides or conjugates, protein content (particularly for carrier proteins), aluminium content, detergent content, preservative content, etc.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a vaccine composition, comprising a step of analysis of a sample according to the invention, including a step of pH measurement, followed by a step of adjusting the pH of the composition to a desired value e.g. between 6 and 8, or about 7.
  • the invention provides a method for packaging a vaccine, comprising the steps of: (a) manufacturing a bulk vaccine containing a conjugated saccharide; (b) analysing the unconjugated saccharide content in the bulk vaccine by a method of analysis of the invention; (c) optionally, analysing the bulk vaccine for pH and/or other properties; and, if the results from step (b) and (c) indicate that the bulk vaccine is acceptable for clinical use, (d) preparing and packaging the vaccine for human use from the bulk.
  • Step (c) may involve (see above) assessment of minimum saccharide concentration, assessment of unconjugated:conjugated saccharide ratio, etc.
  • Step (d) may involve packaging into unit dose form or in multiple dose form e.g. into vials or into syringes. A typical human dose for injection has a volume of 0.5 ml.
  • Step (c) and/or (d) may be preceded by mixing the bulk vaccine with one or more further antigens e.g. with
  • Such antigens may be adsorbed to an aluminium salt adjuvant (e.g. a hydroxide or a phosphate). Any further saccharide antigens are preferably included as conjugates.
  • aluminium salt adjuvant e.g. a hydroxide or a phosphate.
  • Any further saccharide antigens are preferably included as conjugates.
  • DionexTM produce pre-column traps and guards for this purpose, e.g. an amino trap for removing amino acids, a borate trap, etc.
  • non-saccharide compounds may also be desirable to remove at least some non-saccharide compounds from the sample prior to the step of separating conjugated saccharide from unconjugated saccharide.
  • solid phase extraction may typically be applied to the supernatant after centrifugation of the suspension.
  • the invention may include the further step of determining a characteristic of a saccharide, e.g. its DP (typically an average DP), its molecular weight, its purity, etc.
  • a characteristic of a saccharide e.g. its DP (typically an average DP), its molecular weight, its purity, etc.
  • the separated unconjugated or conjugated saccharide may be coupled into a mass spectrometer, e.g. FAB/MS or ESI/MS.
  • a mass spectrometer e.g. FAB/MS or ESI/MS.
  • the invention also provides methods, and the products obtainable therefrom, directed to analysing a sample's conjugated saccharide content, i.e.
  • conjugated saccharide is substituted for “unconjugated saccharide” and “unconjugated saccharide” is substituted for “conjugated saccharide” (e.g. a method of analysing a sample's conjugated saccharide content, comprising the steps of (i) passing the sample through a solid phase extraction device to obtain a specimen comprising separated conjugated saccharide and (ii) analysing the specimen's saccharide content to obtain the conjugated saccharide content of the sample).
  • the invention therefore allows either direct or indirect analysis of the unconjugated saccharide content of a sample.
  • the invention is particularly useful for analysing the unconjugated or conjugated saccharide content of a sample (e.g. a vaccine) or for preparing a sample for analysis of the unconjugated saccharide content of a sample (e.g. a vaccine). It is not essential to this embodiment that the invention contains any unconjugated or conjugated saccharide as the invention may be usefully employed to determine the presence or absence of unconjugated or conjugated saccharide. Moreover, a step of analysing the saccharide content of a sample or specimen which leads to a negative result, i.e. the absence of saccharide, is still a step of analysing the saccharide content of a sample or specimen.
  • the sample is suspected to contain (and preferably contains) conjugated saccharide or unconjugated saccharide. It is more preferred that the sample contains conjugated saccharide and is suspected to contain (and preferably contains) unconjugated saccharide.
  • the present invention is, however, more generally useful for separating conjugated saccharide from unconjugated saccharide in a sample (e.g. a vaccine).
  • a sample e.g. a vaccine
  • the sample preferably contains both conjugated saccharide and unconjugated saccharide.
  • the sample will generally be in aqueous solution.
  • samples to be analysed can include other materials. These may or may not be retained by the solid phase extraction device. Typically such components will not be retained.
  • the sample analyte may be a product to be tested prior to release (e.g. during manufacture or quality control testing), or may be a product to be tested after release (e.g. to assess stability, shelf-life, etc.).
  • glycoconjugate vaccines which may be single or combined (e.g. a combined glycoconjugated vaccine comprising more than one type of glycoconjugate immunogen).
  • the conjugated saccharides are covalently linked saccharide-carrier conjugates. Covalent conjugation is used to enhance immunogenicity of saccharides by converting them from T-independent antigens to T-dependent antigens, thus allowing priming for immunological memory. Conjugation is particularly useful for paediatric vaccines and is a well known technique [e.g. reviewed in refs. 44 to 53). Saccharides may be linked to carriers (e.g. proteins) directly [54,55], but a linker or spacer is generally used e.g.
  • adipic acid ⁇ -propionamido [56], nitrophenyl-ethylamine [57], haloacyl halides [58], glycosidic linkages [59], 6-aminocaproic acid [60], ADH [61], C 4 to C 12 moieties [62], etc.
  • Typical carrier proteins in conjugates are bacterial toxins or toxoids, such as diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid.
  • the CRM 197 diphtheria toxin derivative [63-65] is the carrier protein in MenjugateTM and MeningitecTM, whereas tetanus toxoid is used in NeisVacTM. Diphtheria toxoid is used as the carrier in MenactraTM.
  • Other known carrier proteins include the N.
  • compositions may use more than one carrier protein e.g.
  • Conjugates generally have a saccharide:protein ratio (w/w) of between 1:5 (i.e. excess protein) and 5:1 (i.e. excess saccharide).
  • the conjugate saccharides may be polysaccharides (e.g. with a degree of polymerisation of >10, e.g. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or more) or oligosaccharides (e.g. with a degree of polymerisation of from 4 to 10). Oligosaccharides may be the result of depolymerisation and/or hydrolysis of a parent polysaccharide e.g. the analyte may be a saccharide-containing fragment of a larger saccharide.
  • Preferred conjugate saccharides are capsular saccharides.
  • conjugate saccharides are bacterial capsular saccharides e.g. from Neisseria meningitides (serogroups A, B, C, WI 35 or Y), Streptococcus pneumoniae (serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, or 23F), Streptococcus agalactiae (types Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII), Haemophilus influenzae (typeable strains: a, b, c, d, e or f), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus , etc.
  • Neisseria meningitides serogroups A, B, C, WI 35 or Y
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, or 23F
  • Streptococcus agalactiae types Ia, Ib, II
  • the N. meningitidis serogroup A capsule is a homopolymer of ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 6)-linked N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-1-phosphate.
  • the N. meningitidis serogroup B capsule is a homopolymer of ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ 8) linked sialic acids.
  • the N. meningitidis serogroup C capsular saccharide is a homopolymer of ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ 9)-linked sialic acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid, or ‘NeuNAc’). Most serogroup C strains have O-acetyl groups at C-7 and/or C-8 of the sialic acid residues, but about 15% of clinical isolates lack these O-acetyl groups [82,83].
  • the acetylation does not seem to affect protective efficacy (e.g. unlike the MenjugateTM product, the NeisVac-CTM product uses a de-O-acetylated saccharide, but both vaccines are effective).
  • the N. meningitidis serogroup W135 saccharide is a polymer of sialic acid-galactose disaccharide units [ ⁇ 4)-D-Neup5Ac(7/9OAc)- ⁇ -(2 ⁇ 6)-D-Gal- ⁇ -(1 ⁇ ]. Like the serogroup C saccharide, it has variable O-acetylation, but at sialic acid 7 and 9 positions [84].
  • the N. meningitidis serogroup Y saccharide is similar to the serogroup W135 saccharide, except that the disaccharide repeating unit includes glucose instead of galactose galactose [ ⁇ 4)-D-Neup5Ac(7/9OAc)- ⁇ -(2 ⁇ 6)-D-Glc- ⁇ -(1 ⁇ ].
  • the serogroup W135 saccharide it has variable O-acetylation at sialic acid 7 and 9 positions [84].
  • the H. influenzae type b capsular saccharide is a polymer of ribose, ribitol, and phosphate [‘PRP’, (poly-3- ⁇ -D-ribose-(1,1)-D-ribitol-5-phosphate)].
  • the invention can be used with oligosaccharide fragments of them.
  • saccharides in conjugates can include glucans (e.g. fungal glucans, such as those in Candida albicans ), and fungal capsular saccharides e.g. from the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans .
  • glucans e.g. fungal glucans, such as those in Candida albicans
  • fungal capsular saccharides e.g. from the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Other preferred conjugate saccharide antigens are eukaryotic saccharides e.g. fungal saccharides, plant saccharides, human saccharides (e.g. cancer antigens), etc.
  • Other conjugate saccharides are lipopolysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides.
  • Conjugate saccharides that are charged (e.g. anionic) at neutral pH are preferred. Saccharides with multiple phosphate and/or multiple carboxylate groups can be analysed using the methods of the invention. The invention is thus particularly useful for analysing samples comprising polyanionic saccharides.
  • Preferred samples used in the present invention are vaccines comprising conjugated saccharide.
  • Preferred conjugate vaccines comprise immunogens protecting against:
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib
  • Preferred combination conjugate vaccines comprise:
  • Vaccines comprising CRM-Hib (i.e. Hib saccharide conjugated to a CRM 197 carrier) and/or CRM-MenA are particularly preferred.
  • CRM-Hib i.e. Hib saccharide conjugated to a CRM 197 carrier
  • CRM-MenA i.e. Hib saccharide conjugated to a CRM 197 carrier
  • Other preferred vaccines are those containing:
  • the vaccine may contain one or more of:
  • Such antigens may be adsorbed to an aluminium salt adjuvant (e.g. a hydroxide or a phosphate). Any further saccharide antigens are preferably included as conjugates.
  • aluminium salt adjuvant e.g. a hydroxide or a phosphate.
  • Any further saccharide antigens are preferably included as conjugates.
  • any non-saccharide components of the sample are retained with the conjugated saccharide or with the unconjugated saccharide.
  • the unconjugated saccharide and the conjugated saccharide end up separate from each other, then the unconjugated saccharide is considered to have been separated from the conjugated saccharide, regardless of which of the saccharide components is moved, which is present in the retentate or which is present in the effluent, and regardless whether either of the saccharide components is separated with other non-saccharide components.
  • the solid phase extraction device may be selected to retain either the conjugated saccharide or the unconjugated saccharide.
  • the conjugated saccharide When the conjugated saccharide is retained in the solid phase extraction device as a retentate, the unconjugated saccharide will be comprised in the effluent. Conversely, when the unconjugated saccharide is retained in the solid phase extraction device as retentate, the conjugated saccharide will be comprised in the effluent. It is preferred, however, that the conjugated saccharide is present in the retentate and the unconjugated saccharide is present in the effluent.
  • the solid phase extraction device is sufficiently efficient such that it retains at least 90% of the conjugated saccharide and allows at least 90% of the unconjugated saccharide to pass through as effluent.
  • the solid phase extraction device is sufficiently efficient such that it retains at least 90% of the unconjugated saccharide and allows at least 90% of the conjugated saccharide to pass through as effluent.
  • Solid phase extraction devices comprise a solid phase extraction sorbent and are well known in the art. Solid phase extraction devices are usually provided in the form of a tube or cartridge. A known device is shown in FIG. 1 and typically comprises a syringe barrel-like body 1 (usually of polypropylene) comprising an opening 2 into which the sample is added and an outlet 3 through which the effluent (and any subsequent eluate) passes.
  • the body contains solid phase extraction sorbent 5 for retaining the target compound (the retentate) of the sorbent which is supported by frits 4.
  • Solid phase extraction may be used to separate the conjugated or unconjugated saccharide in three ways: (i) selective extraction; (ii) selective washing; or (iii) selective elution. It is preferred that the conjugated saccharide and unconjugated saccharide are separated by selective extraction and it is particularly preferred that the conjugated saccharide is retained as the retentate and the unconjugated saccharide passes through the SPE device as the effluent.
  • Selective extraction involves using an SPE sorbent that will bind either the unconjugated saccharide or the conjugated saccharide.
  • the sample is passed through the solid phase extraction device causing the unconjugated saccharide or conjugate saccharide, as appropriate, to be retained on the sorbate and allowing the other to pass through the SPE device as the effluent.
  • the effluent may either be discarded or retained for saccharide analysis.
  • the solid phase extraction device may either be discarded or the absorbed saccharide retentate may be eluted for subsequent saccharide analysis.
  • SPE sorbents are known to the skilled person along with procedures to select an appropriate SPE sorbent for separating given materials.
  • Guidance for the selection of appropriate SPE devices in addition to appropriate solvents and conditions (such as pH) may be found in references 85 and 86.
  • the conjugated saccharides comprise a carrier and when the conjugated saccharide is to be retained in the sorbent, the sorbent is typically chosen to bind selectively to the carrier.
  • the carriers are usually proteins and therefore sorbents for binding proteins are preferred and typically used in the reverse phase (polar liquid phase, nonpolar modified solid phase).
  • Such protein-binding sorbents include alkyl-bonded silica sorbents, e.g. C 18 (octadecyl), C 8 (octyl) or C 4 (butyl) bonded to silica, typically having the structure:
  • hydrophilic silanol groups at the surface of the raw silica packing have been chemically modified with hydrophobic alkyl.
  • C 18 and C 4 alkyl-bonded silica sorbents are preferred, with C 4 being particularly preferred.
  • the sorbents are typically sold pre-packed in the tube or cartridge.
  • IsoluteTM C 18 solid phase extraction cartridges 200 mg
  • Bio-SelectTM C 18 and C 4 solid-phase extraction cartridges 50 mg
  • protein-binding sorbents include aryl-bonded silica sorbents, e.g. phenyl bonded to silica, typically having the structure:
  • hydrophilic silanol groups at the surface of the raw silica packing have been chemically modified with hydrophobic aryl.
  • Bacterial capsular saccharides are typically anionic and when the unconjugated saccharide is to be retained in the sorbent, an ion exchange sorbent maybe used to bind selectively with the unconjugated saccharide.
  • sorbents include aminopropyl bonded silica and quaternary amine bonded silica with Cl ⁇ counterion. Since the ion exchange sorbents principally operate by electrostatic interaction, the conditions (e.g. solvent and pH), are adjusted to ensure the unconjugated saccharide and the sorbent are charged (negatively and positively, respectively) while the uncharged or positively charged conjugated saccharide passes through the sorbent in the effluent.
  • the SPE sorbent is usually conditioned by rinsing the tube with solvent before extracting the sample.
  • the pH, salt concentration and/or organic solvent content of the sample solution may be adjusted.
  • the sample may also be pre-filtered to avoid clogging of the SPE device, e.g. to remove dust.
  • the sample should be passed slowly through the device, e.g. dropwise flow, and preferably under vacuum through the effluent outlet or under positive pressure through the SPE device opening.
  • the amount of sample passed through the SPE device generally should not exceed its breakthrough volume, i.e. the point at which the sample volume exceeds the retention capacity of the sorbent.
  • the breakthrough volume of a device for a given sample can be determined by plotting a breakthrough curve, in which a sample of fixed concentration and at a constant velocity enters the SPE device and the effluent analysed. The retentate is quantitatively retained during the initial phase by the sorbent until the moment in which the sample volume exceeds the retention capacity of the sorbent. The point on the curve at which some of the retentate is detected at the outlet of SPE device is the breakthrough volume.
  • the sorbent After passing the sample through the SPE device, the sorbent is washed to remove unretained materials (e.g. unconjugated saccharide where the conjugated saccharide is the retentate).
  • a typical polar solvent for washing is aqueous buffer.
  • a typical non-polar solvent for washing is acetonitrile.
  • the compounds retained in the SPE sorbent may be eluted with an appropriate solvent.
  • a typical polar solvent for eluting is aqueous buffer.
  • a typical non-polar solvent for eluting is acetonitrile.
  • Selective washing or selective elution involves using an SPE sorbent that will initially bind both the conjugated saccharide and the conjugated saccharide.
  • the sample is passed through the solid phase extraction device causing both the conjugated and the unconjugated saccharide to be retained on the sorbate.
  • Other materials may pass through the SPE device as the effluent.
  • the SPE sorbent is then washed with a wash solution (typically a solvent) which leaves either the unconjugated or conjugated saccharide bound to the SPE sorbent and elutes the other saccharide as an eluate.
  • a wash solution typically a solvent
  • the eluate may either be discarded or retained for saccharide analysis.
  • the solid phase extraction device may either be discarded or the absorbed saccharide retentate may be eluted for subsequent saccharide analysis.
  • SPE sorbents are known to the skilled person along with procedures to select an appropriate SPE sorbent for separating given materials.
  • Guidance for the selection of appropriate SPE devices in addition to appropriate solvents and conditions (such as pH) may be found in references 85 and 86.
  • composition “comprising” encompasses “including” as well as “consisting” e.g. a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X+Y.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a known solid phase extraction device.
  • FIG. 2 shows a fluorescence spectra of collected aliquots of CRM-Hib glycoconjugate passed through a C 4 cartridge (wide pore) with 50 mg of sorbent to determine breakthrough volume.
  • FIG. 3 shows a standard curve of fluorescence intensity versus protein concentration
  • FIG. 4 shows a fluorescence spectra of collected aliquots of CRM-Hib glycoconjugate passed through a C 1-8 cartridge (wide pore) with 50 mg of sorbent to determine breakthrough volume.
  • FIGS. 5A-5F show chromatograms of CRM-MenC alone and when admixed with CRM-MenA.
  • time is plotted on the x axis (0-15 minutes) and the output of the PAD is plotted on the y axis.
  • the elution of sialic acid can be seen at the right hand peak indicated by the arrow in FIG. 5A .
  • FIG. 5A shows the chromatogram of CRM-MenC (total saccharide)
  • FIG. 5B shows the chromatogram of CRM-MenC after SPE treatment with the C4 cartridge
  • FIG. 5C shows the chromatogram of CRM-MenA+CRM-MenC (total saccharide) after SPE treatment with the C4 cartridge
  • FIG. 5D shows the chromatogram of CRM-MenA+CRM-MenC (free saccharide) after SPE treatment with the C4 cartridge
  • FIG. 5E shows the chromatogram of 5% MenC oligosaccharide standard
  • FIG. 5F shows the chromatogram of CRM-MenA+CRM-MenC+5% MenC oligosaccharide (free saccharide) after SPE treatment with the C4 cartridge.
  • Hib oligosaccharide and CRM-Hib (Hib oligosaccharide covalently attached to CRM 197 ) were produced by Chiron Vaccines (Siena, Italy). NaOH for chromatography were Sodium Hydroxide 1 N (C. Erba, Milan, Italy). Ribitol standard was of purity ⁇ 99% (HPLC) (Fluka, Switzerland). Trifluoroacetic acid was of purity ⁇ 99.5% (T) (Fluka, Switzerland). IsoluteTM C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges (200 mg) were purchased from International Sorbent Technology (Mid Glamorgan, UK); Bio-SelectTM C18 and C4 solid-phase extraction cartridges (50 mg) were purchased from Vydac.
  • CRM-Hib standards (1.0 mL with a saccharide concentration range of 0.18-1.8 ⁇ g/mL) and ribitol standard (0.075-0.75 ⁇ g/ml) were treated with 50 ⁇ l of hydrochloric acid (HCl) 6 M (final HCl concentration: 0.3 M); samples were heated at 1100° C. for 2 hours in a closed screw-cap test tube to hydrolyse the saccharides. Hydrolysates were centrifuged after incubation to combine the condensate with the bulk liquid. The hydrolysates were then neutralised with 400 ⁇ l of NaOH 1 M and filtered (0.22 ⁇ m).
  • HCl hydrochloric acid
  • Analysis of the hydrolysed products was performed using a Dionex DX-500 chromatography system fitted with a GP40 pump, ED40 detector and AS3500 autosampler.
  • the system was equipped with a CarboPac MA1 column (4 ⁇ 250 mm) in combination with a CarboPac MA1 guard column and operated at room temperature. Separation was performed with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min using an isocratic elution with NaOH 580 mM.
  • the effluent was monitored using a pulsed electrochemical detector (ED40) in the pulsed amperometric mode with a gold working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
  • ED40 pulsed electrochemical detector
  • the CRM-Hib solution (20 ⁇ g/ml total saccharide measured in 1.2 above) was applied onto a solid-phase extraction cartridge previously pre-conditioned by washing sequentially with methanol (1 column volume), water (3 column volume) and NaCl 0.9% (1 column volume). The sample solution was allowed to run through by gravity and the cartridge was washed with 1 ml of NaCl 0.9%. The eluent was collected in a volumetric flask (2 ml) and an aliquot was analysed by ribitol assay. When the vaccine was formulated with aluminium-containing adjuvants, SPE was applied to the supernatant after centrifugation of the suspension.
  • the breakthrough volume for the SPE of CRM-Hib glycoconjugate was also determined.
  • Experiments were performed with a solution of CRM-Hib with a saccharide concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ml (typical concentration of a vaccine dose).
  • a C 4 cartridge (wide pore) with 50 mg of sorbent which retains the conjugated saccharide and allows unconjugated saccharide to pass through as the effluent was used.
  • the CRM-Hib solution was applied onto the pre-conditioned cartridge and it was allowed to run through by gravity as previously described. Data obtained from off-line detection of collected effluent aliquots (fluorescence spectroscopy detection) are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the aliquots 1 and 2 were also analysed for protein concentration with a quantitative fluorescence method using CRM-Hib solution to obtain a standard curve ( FIG. 3 ). It has been calculated that a level lower than 2.5% of initial protein concentration was found in the aliquot 2 and consequently that a breakthrough volume for a CRM-Hib solution was 2 ml.
  • a similar experiment was performed with a C 18 cartridge (wide pore) with 50 mg of sorbent which retains the conjugated saccharide and allows unconjugated saccharide to pass through as the effluent. Results obtained in this experiment were shown in FIG. 4 . It can be concluded that the C 18 cartridge had the same breakthrough volume previously determined for the C 4 cartridge.
  • a DTP/CRM-Hib glycoconjugate was analysed in the same way as the CRM-Hib glycoconjugate in example 1, except a 10 mM phosphate buffer was added to extract the Hib conjugate into the supernatant before centrifugation.
  • the invention advantageously allows the determination of the unconjugated saccharide content even in the presence of a DTwP vaccine.
  • MenA polysaccharide and CRM-MenA were experimental products prepared by Chiron Vaccines (Siena, Italy). NaOH for chromatography were Sodium Hydroxide 1 N(C. Erba, Milan, Italy). Trifluoroacetic acid was of purity ⁇ 99.5% (T) (Fluka, Switzerland).
  • IsoluteTM C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges 200 mg were purchased from International Sorbent Technology (Mid Glamorgan, UK); Bio-SelectTM C18 and C4 solid-phase extraction cartridges (50 mg) were purchased from Vydac.
  • CRM-MenA samples and MenA polysaccharide standard (ranging between 1 and 8 ⁇ g/ml of saccharide) were treated with 150 ⁇ l of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 8 M (final TFA concentration: 2 M) and then heated at 100° C. for 2 h in a closed screw-cap test tube to hydrolyse the saccharides.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • Hydrolysates were centrifuged after incubation to combine the condensate with the bulk liquid. To neutralise the hydrolysates 600 ⁇ l of NaOH 2 M were added. All samples were filtered (0.22 ⁇ m) and transferred to autosampler vials. Analysis of the hydrolysed products was performed using a Dionex DX-500 chromatography system fitted with a GP40 pump, ED40 detector and AS3500 autosampler. The system was equipped with a CarboPac PA1 column (4 ⁇ 250 mm) in combination with a CarboPac PA1 guard column and operated at room temperature.
  • eluent A was NaOH 100 mM and eluent B was NaOH 100 mM containing 1 M sodium acetate; a gradient from 20% B to 50% B over 15 minutes was applied.
  • the effluent was monitored using an electrochemical detector (ED40) in the pulsed amperometric mode with a gold working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
  • ED40 electrochemical detector
  • Lyophilized CRM-MenA solution and bulk CRM-MenA solution without excipients were analysed.
  • Each sample was applied onto a solid-phase C 4 extraction cartridge previously pre-conditioned by washing sequentially with methanol (1 column volume), water (3 column volume) and phosphate buffer 5 mM+0.9% NaCl pH 7.2 (1 column volume).
  • the sample solution was allowed to run through by gravity and the cartridge was washed with 1 ml of acetonitrile 10%/aqueous TFA 0.05%.
  • the eluent was collected in a volumetric flask (2 ml) and an aliquot was analysed by mannosamine-6-P assay.
  • CRM-MenC was concentrated bulk diluted to 20 ⁇ g/ml of saccharide in 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 with 0.9% NaCl.
  • CRM-MenA was concentrated bulk diluted to 20 ⁇ g/ml of saccharide in 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 with 0.9% NaCl.
  • CRM-MenA+CRM-MenC was diluted to 20 ⁇ g/ml of saccharide in 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 with 0.9% NaCl.
  • the samples were diluted in 5 mM NaPi pH 7.2+0.9% NaCl and treated with acid (HCl 0.1 M) for 3 h at 80° C. to hydrolyse the saccharides.
  • acid HCl 0.1 M
  • NaOH was added stoichiometrically.
  • the resulting hydrolysed products were separated using HPAEC-PAD by 15 minutes isocratic elution with 50 mM sodium acetate in 100 mH NaOH using a CarboPac PA1 column equipped with PA1 guard at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min with 50 ⁇ l sample injection.
  • Quantification of sialic acid was carried out with PAD detection with a triple-potential waveform for carbohydrates.
  • Calibration was carried out with a sialic acid range between 5.00 and 0.63 ⁇ g/ml for total saccharide quantification.
  • the CRM-MenA+CRM-MenC solution (measured in 4.2 above) was applied onto a wide pore C4 solid-phase extraction cartridge previously pre-conditioned by washing sequentially with methanol (3 ml), water (6 ml) and physiological saline (4 ml). 1.0 ml of sample solution was allowed to run through by gravity and the cartridge was washed with 1 ml of physiological saline by gravity. The eluate was collected in volumetric flasks (2 ml) and, where necessary, diluted to volume with a buffer solution containing 5 mN NaPi pH 7.2+0.9% NaCl. The eluate was hydrolysed, separated and quantified for sialic acid as mentioned in 4.2 above, but with calibration of PAD detection with a sialic acid range between 0.31 and 0.04 ⁇ g/ml.
  • MenC saccharide is a ⁇ -(2 ⁇ 9)-linked homopolymer of sialic acid whereas MenA saccharide is a ⁇ -(1 ⁇ 6)-linked N-acetyl-mannosamine-6-phosphate homopolymer, sialic acid and mannosamine-6-phosphate monomers are obtained after hydrolysis. These molecules have different retention properties and therefore do not interfere when present in the same mixture, as shown in the chromatograms in FIG. 5 .
  • CRM-MenC+CRM-MenW+CRM-MenY glycoconjugate vaccine samples were supernatants of MenCWY vaccine formulated with aluminium phosphate adjuvant, with Al 3+ concentration of 0.6 mg/ml, in 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 0.005% Tween 80 and 0.9% NaCl.
  • the samples were diluted in milliQ water and treated with acid (1M TFA) for 2 h at 90° C. to hydrolyse the saccharides.
  • NaOH was added stoichiometrically.
  • the resulting hydrolysed products were separated using HPAEC-PAD by gradient elution with 20 minute steps (5 min with 25 mM sodium acetate with 100 mM NaOH, 5 min of a 25 mM to 100 mM sodium acetate gradient with 100 mM NaOH, 5 min with 100 mM sodium acetate with 100 mM NaOH, and a final system reconditioning of 5 min) using a CarboPac PA1 column equipped with PA1 guard at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with 50 ⁇ l sample injection.
  • the CRM-MenC+CRM-MenW+CRM-MenY solution (measured in 5.2 above) was applied onto a wide pore C4 solid-phase extraction cartridge previously pre-conditioned by washing sequentially with methanol (3 ml), water (6 ml) and physiological saline (4 ml). 1.0 ml of sample solution was allowed to run through by gravity and the cartridge was washed with 1 ml of physiological saline by gravity. The eluate was collected in a volumetric flasks (2 ml) and, where necessary, diluted to volume with a buffer solution containing 5 mN NaPi pH 7.2+0.9% NaCl. The eluate was hydrolysed, separated and quantified for sialic acid as mentioned in 5.2 above.
  • the recovery of the added oligosaccharides is close to 100% also in presence of CRM-MenW and CRM-MenY. Moreover, the adjuvant does not interfere with saccharide recovery.

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