Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
  • C09D7/62—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic modified by treatment with other compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
  • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
  • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/08—Ingredients agglomerated by treatment with a binding agent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L51/10—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to inorganic materials
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a coating composition and a coating comprising a hydrophilic polymer, a device coated with the coating composition and particles for use in the coating composition.
• Coating compositions comprising hydrophilic polymers are applied on different objects, to give all kind of properties to those objects. It is possible that the coating composition is applied to objects with the purpose to suppress or prevent biofouling. Objects made of synthetic materials in contact with water are generally prone to suffer from undesired accumulation of biologically derived organic species, also referred to as biofouling, be it by example protein adsorption, bacterial adsorption and subsequent spreading, or thrombosis. This undesired accumulation has serious consequences; for example, in the medical area bacterial infections via catheters may be caused by the accumulation and in industry the clogging of filters, accumulation of organic material on surfaces etc also causes problems.
• such a coating containing hydrophilic polymers also comprises specific additives, like for example therapeutic species.
• specific functional groups may be adhered to the hydrophilic polymers or otherwise incorporated into the coating, to make the coating for example bioreactive, for example to bind anti-bodies, cell receptors, enzymes etc.
• a coating composition and a coating comprising hydrophilic polymer chains is known from S. J. Sophia, et al, Macromolecules 31, 5059 (1998).
• the coating is obtained by grafting to a surface hydrophilic polymer chains to obtain a coating comprising hydrophilic polymer chains, by using hydrophilic polymer chains with one reactive group that react with reactive groups in the surface.
• the thickness of the layer of grafted hydrophilic polymers is limited to only a few molecules. Therefore the layer has insufficient mechanical robustness and is easily damaged, so that anti-biofouling properties are lost.
• a further disadvantage is that that the processing is laborious, i.e. the chemical grafting of groups often necessitates an extra treatment of the surface to make the reaction feasible. Yet a further problem is that the anti-biofouling properties are insufficient.
• Yet another method is to use a cross-linked coating comprising reactive polymers.
• reactive polymers can be either linear polymers crosslinked in situ by electron beam, as described in P. Krsko et al, Langmuir 19, 5618 (2003) or starlike polymers which crosslink via e.g. isocyante groups. This results in hydrogel coatings which have protein repellant properties, are lubricious but lack mechanical robustness.
• composition nanoparticles having poly-propyleneglycol sulfogroups on their surface is disclosed.
• no hydrophilic polymer chains are used, since the water solubility is obtained by the ionic —SO3Na group and not by the polypropyleneglycol chains, so that the composition is not suitable for anti-fouling applications.
• the particles are very complicated to produce and there are no or only limited possibilities to change the composition of the particles to optimise the composition with respect to its intended use.
• Aim of the present invention is to provide a coating composition comprising a hydrophilic polymer, which may be applied to various objects having all kind of functions.
• a coating composition comprising particles being chemically grafted with reactive groups and hydrophilic polymers.
• a further advantage of the resulting coating shows good mechanical properties, like hardness and scratch resistance.
• the coating may have good lubricious properties.
• the coating can be designed to be bioreactive, by grafting specific groups to the surface of the particles, or incorporating them in the network formed by said reactive particles.
• Yet another advantage of the coating composition is its optical clarity, especially in the dry state.
• the coating composition may comprise all kind of particles, as long as the particles are grafted with the reactive groups and the hydrophilic polymer chains. It is possible that the coating composition comprises organic and/or anorganic particles. Examples of organic particles are carbon nano tubes or carbon nano spheres. Preferably the coating composition comprises anorganic particles, because in this way a very strong coating is obtained. Preferably the average largest diameter of the particles is less than 10 micron, preferably less than 1 micron. Still more preferably the average largest diameter of the particles is less than 100 nm, still more preferably less than 50 nm. This is because this provides a very strong coating, having a smooth surface. It is also possible with particles of these very small diameters to provide a transparent coating.
• organic particles are carbon nano tubes or carbon nano spheres.
• the coating composition comprises anorganic particles, because in this way a very strong coating is obtained.
• the average largest diameter of the particles is less than 10 micron, preferably less than 1 micron. Still more preferably the average largest diameter of the particles is less
• spherical particles there is only one diameter to consider, so that the diameter is equal to the smallest diameter.
• the largest diameter is measured as the largest straight line drawn across the particle.
• Methods for determining the particle dimensions include optical microscopy, scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). If a microscopical method is used the dimensions of 100 randomly chosen particles are measured and the average is calculated.
• suitable anorganic particles are particles that comprise SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO 2 , TiO 2 , SnO 2 , Am—SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , Sb—SnO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Au or Ag.
• a hydrophilic polymer chain is a polymer chain that dissolves in water at least one temperature between 0 and 100° C.
• a polymer is used that dissolves in water in a temperature range between 20 and 40° C.
• the hydrophilic polymer dissolves for at least 0.1 gram per litre of water, more preferably for at least 0.5 grams per litre, most preferably for at least 1.0 gram per litre.
• the polymer chains are taken not comprising the groups for grafting the polymer chains or any other group that is attached to the polymer after the polymerisation, for example an ionic group.
• the solubility is determined in water having a pH of between 3 and 10, more preferably in between 5.5 and 9, most preferably having a pH of 7.
• the polymer chain may comprise one monomer species (homopolymer), or more species (copolymer) arranged in a random manner or in ordered blocks.
• the hydrophilic polymer chains comprise monomer units of ethylenoxide, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, phosphorylcholine, glycidyl(meth)acrylate or saccharides.
• One of the typical advantages that the coating imparts to the coated object are very good anti-biofouling properties of the coating, resulting from the hydrophilicity of the polymer chain. These properties increase with increasing concentration and length of hydrophilic polymer chain at the surface of the coating.
• the chains of the hydrophilic polymer comprise at least an average of 5 monomeric units, more preferably the polymer comprises at least an average of 7 monomeric units, still more preferably the polymer comprises at least an average of 10 monomeric units, most preferably the polymer comprises at least an average of 15 monomeric units.
• the concentration may for example be increased by increasing the density of grafted polymers to the particles, increasing the length, or by increasing the weight ratio of the particles in the coating composition.
• polymer chains having a relatively short length are preferred.
• the coating composition is a low static water contact angle.
• the static water contact angle is below 50°, more preferably below 40°, still more preferably below 30°.
• Groups for grafting the hydrophilic polymer chains and compounds comprising the reactive groups to the particles may comprise all groups known in the art for grafting, for instance but not limited to (trialkoxy)silanes, thiols, amines, silane hydrides. Due to the grafting reaction the hydrophilic polymer chains and the compounds comprising the reactive groups are chemically bounded to the surface of the particles. It is possible that the hydrophilic polymers and the compounds comprising the reactive group comprise more than one group for grafting per molecule. In a more preferred embodiment the hydrophilic polymers and the compounds reactive groups have on average one group for grafting per molecule. In case of the hydrophilic polymer the group for grafting preferably is an endgroup attached to the chain of the hydrophilic polymer.
• reactive groups groups may react with the substrate and/or react to form a cross-linked phase so to form a coating comprising the particles. It is possible that a single species of reactive groups is used, able to mutually react, for example in a homo polymerisation reaction. Examples of such reactive groups include acrylate and methacrylate groups. Another possibility is that a mixture of groups is used, for example groups that are able to react in a copolymerisation reaction.
• Examples of such groups include carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic anhydrides combined with epoxies, acids combined with hydroxy compounds, especially 2-hydroxyalkylamides, amines combined with isocyanates, for example blocked isocyanate, uretdion or carbodiimide, epoxies combined with amines or with dicyandiamides, hydrazinamides combined with isocyanates, hydroxy compounds combined with isocyanates, for example blocked isocyanate, uretdion or carbodiimide, hydroxy compounds combined with anhydrides, hydroxy compounds combined with (etherified) methylolamide (“amino-resins”), thiols combined with isocyanates, thiols combined with acrylates or other vinylic species (optionally radical initiated), acetoacetate combined with acrylates, and when cationic crosslinking is used epoxy compounds with epoxy or hydroxy compounds. Addition reactions such as 2+2 photo cyclo addition and 4+2 thermal
• reactive groups are attached to the hydrophilic polymer chains, however preferably at least 20 wt. % of the hydrophilic polymer chains do not comprise such a reactive group. More preferably at least 50 wt. %, still more preferably at least 80 wt. % of the hydrophilic polymer chains do not comprise such a reactive group. Most preferably the hydrophilic polymer chains do not comprise any of such reactive groups at all.
• the coating composition may comprise one or more reactive diluents, defined as a compound that has at least one group capable of reacting mutually and or capable of reacting with the reactive groups grafted to the particles.
• reactive diluent for example monomers or oligomers having the same groups as the reactive groups as defined above.
• these reactive diluents are water soluble in the same temperature range as the grafted hydrophilic polymer.
• Possible compounds that may be used as the reactive diluent are isocyanates, alkoxy titanates, alkoxy zirconates, or urea-, urea/melamine-, melamine-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde (resol, novolac types), or radical curable (peroxide- or photo-initiated) unsaturated mono- and polyfunctional monomers and polymers, e.g. acrylates, methacrylates, maleate/vinyl ether), or radical curable (peroxide- or photo-initiated) unsaturated e.g. maleic or fumaric, polyesters in styrene and/or in methacrylates.
• isocyanates alkoxy titanates, alkoxy zirconates, or urea-, urea/melamine-, melamine-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde (resol, novolac types
• cross-linking method that may cause the reactive groups to react and so to form the cross-linked phase so that a coating is formed is suitable to be used in the process according to the invention.
• Suitable ways to initiate crosslinking are for example electron beam radiation, electromagnetic radiation (UV, Visible and Near IR), thermally and by adding moisture, in case moisture curable compounds are used.
• crosslinking is achieved by UV-radiation.
• the UV-crosslinking may take place through a free radical mechanism or by a cationic mechanism, or a combination thereof.
• the crosslinking is achieved thermally. Also combinations of different cure methods are possible.
• An initiator may be present in the mixture to initiate the crosslinking reaction.
• the amount of initiator may vary between wide ranges.
• a suitable amount of initiator is for example between above 0 and 5 wt % with respect to total weight of the compounds that take part in the crosslinking reaction.
• the mixture preferably comprises one or more UV-photo-initiators. Any known UV-photo-initiators may be used in the process according to the invention.
• the coating according to the invention can be prepared in any desired thickness.
• the coatings according to the invention typically have a thickness ranging between 50 nm to tens of micrometers.
• Suitable substrates are for example flat or curved, rigid or flexible substrates including films of for example polycarbonate, polyester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polytetrafluoro ethylene, nylon, polynorbornene or amorphous solids, for example glass or crystalline materials, such as for example silicon or gallium arsenide.
• Metallic substrates such as steel may also be used.
• a free-standing coating obtainable by a process according to the invention may be obtained by preparing a film or coating on a substrate and subsequently removing the film or coating from the substrate after crosslinking.
• the mixture may be applied onto the substrate by any process known in the art of wet coating deposition in one or multiple steps. Examples of suitable processes are spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, flow coating, meniscus coating, capillary coating and roll coating.
• An object may be totally coated or partially coated with the coating composition. Also partial crosslinking of the coating and removal of the non-crosslinked part is possible, by for instance but not limited to photolithography.
• the mixture according to the invention is applied as the only coating on the substrate.
• the coating in applied on top of one or more coatings.
• composition according to the invention may comprise a solvent, for example to prepare a composition according to the invention that is suitable for application to the substrate using the chosen method of application.
• the solvent preferably has the ability to form stable suspensions of the particles grafted with the reactive groups and the hydrophilic polymer chains, in order to obtain good quality coatings i.e. after evaporation of the solvent.
• the particles typically are added to the mixture in the form of a suspension.
• the same solvent as used in the suspension may be used to adjust the mixture so that it has the desired properties.
• other solvents may also be used.
• the solvent used evaporates after applying the mixture onto the substrate.
• the mixture may after application to the substrate be heated or treated in vacuum to aid evaporation of the solvent.
• solvent examples include 1,4-dioxane, acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, chlorophenol, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, dichloromethane, diethyl acetate, diethyl ketone, dimethyl carbonate, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, m-cresol, mono- and di-alkyl substituted glycols, N,N-dimethylacetamide, p-chlorophenol, 1,2-propanediol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, 2-hexanone, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-octanone, 2-propanol, 3-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, hexafluoroisopropanol, methanol, methyl acetate, methyl acetoacetate, methyl
• Alcohols, ketones and esters based solvents may also be used, although the solubility of acrylates may become an issue with high molecular weight alcohols.
• Halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane and chloroform
• hydrocarbons such as hexanes and cyclohexanes
• methanol, methyl ethyl keton or isopropanol are used.
• mixtures of organic solvents with water are used.
• water is used as solvent.
• the composition according to the invention comprises a compound that increases the adhesion of the coating to the substrate.
• a compound that increases the adhesion of the coating to the substrate may be for example silane acrylate compounds for usage of acrylate-containing coatings on glass.
• the skilled artisan will be able to select a suitable adhesion promoter for the desired substrate.
• composition according to the invention may contain one or more species that diffuse out of the coating during usage.
• species may be used for lubricity, adhesional purposes or comprise therapeutic species.
• examples of such species are for instance but not limited to heparin, vitamines, anti-inflamatory agents, antimicrobial functionalities such as quaternium ammonium ions, peptide sequences, halogen labile species etc., biomolecule receptor sites.
• Post-processing steps after the composition has been applied to the substrate may include: addition of migreatable species, for instance drugs, via reversible sorption, or chemical grafting of bioactive species to remnant reactive groups in the coating.
• migreatable species for instance drugs
• chemical grafting of bioactive species to remnant reactive groups in the coating may include: addition of migreatable species, for instance drugs, via reversible sorption, or chemical grafting of bioactive species to remnant reactive groups in the coating.
• the invention also relates to a film or coating obtainable from the coating composition according to the present invention.
• the invention also relates to objects partly or in whole coated with the coating composition according to the present invention.
• the invention also relates to particles grafted with reactive groups and hydrophilic polymers as used in the composition according to the invention.
• coatings with anti-biofouling or anti-thrombogenic properties include coatings with anti-inflammatory properties, anti-microbial coatings, coatings to prevent biofilm formation, coatings for bioreceptors, coatings with anti-fogging properties. It is also possible that the coating is applied to an object to enhance wetting by aqueous solutions of the object.
• the invention also relates to a process for producing the coating composition according to the present invention comprising the step of chemically grafting a hydrophilic chain to a particle.
• mPEG Mono methyl ether polyethylene glycol
• Silicon oxide nano particles suspended in methanol were grafted with acrylpropyltrimethoxysilane (Acr-Pr-TMS) and one of the mPEG trimethoxysilane polymers obtained as above, together with hydroquinone monoethyl ether to inhibit the polymerization of the acrylate groups.
• the above mentioned silane compounds hydroquinone monoethyl ether were stirred together in an excess of water (with respect to the Acr-Pr-TMS concentration) and heated under reflux for two hours.
• Table 3 shows the exact amounts of each chemical used.
• Thin films of various formulations were prepared on glass microscope slides (for measurements of wetting properties, nanoindentation) and on silicon wafers with a 2.5 nm silica oxide layer (for measurements of durability, thickness determination and protein adsorption experiments).
• a drop of the formulation (see Tables 4 and 5) was applied to the cleaned substrate and allowed to spin at a rate of 2000 r.p.m. for 20 seconds.
• the resultant wet spin-coated samples were cross-linked with UV radiation using a D-bulb in an inert environment at a dose of ⁇ 2.0 J/cm 2 .
• the coated substrates were then post baked (i.e. heated) by exposure to an IR lamp up to the temperature 120° C. and then placed in an oven at 70° C. for 12 hours.
• Static contact angle measurements were measured of coatings according to examples 1-6 using an apparatus comprising a syringe, sample stage and video camera. Images were analysed using Vision Gauge Software (standard edition, version 6.39).
• the static contact angle of the samples was measured by dispensing a 50 ⁇ l droplet of distilled water onto the surface of the coated substrate. Ten images of the droplet were taken over a 135 second period. From the images, the software determined the baseline (the surface) and the edges of the droplet; the contact angle was calculated where these lines intercept. After that the average value of the 10 images was calculated. The contact angles were determined for at least two droplets deposited different areas of the surface.
• Example 1 Example 2
• Example 3 Example 4
• Example 5 Example 6 Material g g g g g g Modified 3.0 3.0 3.0 — — Silicon oxide nano particle A Modified — — — 3.0 3.0 3.0 Silicon oxide nano particle D
• Polyethylene — 0.05 0.1 — 0.1 0.1 glycol diacrylate Mw 248 g mol ⁇ 1 Acr-Pr-TMS 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 — 0.1
• Irgacure 184 (trademark by Ciba) Water 18 12 31 32 27 26 contact angle after 135 s/°
• Example formulations for coatings prepared on silicon wafer substrates with a 2.5 nm silica oxide layer Example 7
• Example 8 Example 9 Material g g g Modified Silicon oxide 0.61 — — nano particle A Modified Silicon oxide — 0.57 — nano particle B Modified Silicon oxide — — 0.52 nano particle C
• Acr-Pr-TMS 0.01 0.01 0.01 Methanol 2.79 2.79 2.82 Water 6.50 6.53 6.58
• Coating formulations prepared on the Silicon wafers were deposited in water at room temperature and visually inspected over time. The ranking was performed after 14 days and their appearance is shown in Table 6. It can be seen that coatings retained their integrity after prolonged immersion in water.
• nanoindentation was performed on several samples in the dry state.
• the reference materials for such indentations were polycarbonate and a typical UV-curable hard-coat comprising reactive nanoparticles.
• indentations were performed with a Micromaterials 600 using a typical SiN Berkovitch indenter. Indentation were made at 500 nm and 10 measurements were made, which are averaged. The hardness and reduced modulus of the coating are determined via the standard Oliver & Pharr method. In Table 7 these values are given.
• Example formulation 3 0.72 +/ ⁇ 0.02 13.0 +/ ⁇ 0.5
• Example formulation 6 0.49 +/ ⁇ 0.02 8.0 +/ ⁇ 0.3
• Reference hard-coat 0.60 +/ ⁇ 0.02 7.0 +/ ⁇ 0.13
• Protein adsorption measurements on the coatings prepared on the silicon wafer were carried out by stagnation point flow reflectometry.
• the instrument set-up described by Dijt et al. J. Colloids Surf. 51, 141 (1990), consists of a polarized light from a He—Ne laser that is reflected by the coating at the Brewster angle in a hydrodynamically well-defined position (stagnation point) of the incoming fluid.
• Adsorption of material onto the coating interface results in a change, ⁇ S, and under appropriate conditions (e.g. coating thickness, adsorbed mass) the adsorbed amount, ⁇ , exhibits a good linear relationship according to:
• S o is the initial ratio prior to adsorption.
• the coatings according to Examples 7-9 result in a reduction in the amount of adsorbed lysozyme protein when compared with the silicon wafer with a 75 nm oxide layer. It is also interesting to note that a significant amount of protein is desorbed when the buffer solution is allowed to flow into the cell following the protein solution. Moreover, and in agreement with theoretical predications and experimental observations, a decrease in the adsorbed amount of protein is found with increasing the grafting density of mPEG silane on the silicon oxide nano particles.

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