US20070295373A1 - Dishwashing Machine Equipped with a Sorption Drying Device - Google Patents

Dishwashing Machine Equipped with a Sorption Drying Device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070295373A1
US20070295373A1 US11/791,383 US79138305A US2007295373A1 US 20070295373 A1 US20070295373 A1 US 20070295373A1 US 79138305 A US79138305 A US 79138305A US 2007295373 A1 US2007295373 A1 US 2007295373A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
drying device
sorption drying
air
housing
dishwashing machine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/791,383
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English (en)
Inventor
Helmut Jerg
Kai Paintner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
Original Assignee
BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH filed Critical BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH
Assigned to BSH BOSCH UND SIEMENS HAUSGERATE GMBH reassignment BSH BOSCH UND SIEMENS HAUSGERATE GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JERG, HELMUT, PAINTNER, KAI
Publication of US20070295373A1 publication Critical patent/US20070295373A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47LDOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/42Details
    • A47L15/48Drying arrangements
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47LDOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/42Details
    • A47L15/48Drying arrangements
    • A47L15/481Drying arrangements by using water absorbent materials, e.g. Zeolith

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a dishwashing machine with a washing compartment and devices for washing dishes using a washing solution as well as with a sorption drying device which is connected to the washing compartment in an air-conducting manner and which comprises a heater as well as a sorption column containing reversibly dehydratable material, the sorption column being arranged inside a housing having an air inlet and an air outlet.
  • reversibly dehydratable material for desorption is heated to very high temperatures.
  • the liquid stored in the material escapes as hot water vapour.
  • the water vapour is conducted into the washing compartment by the conduction of air through the sorption column and a pipe provided, if necessary, and the air in the washing compartment is also heated.
  • the introduction of the hot water vapour and the heated air into the washing compartment during a partial programme step with washing solution to be heated in the processing space is not sufficient for adequate heating of the washing solution and/or the dishes.
  • EP 0 358 279 B1 discloses a device for drying dishes in a domestic dishwashing machine in which the washing solution is heated by a heater arranged outside the washing compartment, preferably an electric geyser, a largely closed drying system being provided in which air circulates from the washing compartment via a drying device that can be regenerated by heating and from this device back into the washing compartment.
  • the drying device consists of a drying compartment that is in thermal contact with the heater, which compartment is filled with a drying means that absorbs the moisture. Because of the connection of the drying compartment to the heater that is provided anyway for heating the washing solution, the drying device is immediately operational after completion of the washing process.
  • the drying means is here placed at least in part as a jacket around the heating elements of the heater so that the drying means in the drying compartment can be heated and hence dried during each heating process.
  • the drying compartment is designed as a double-wall hollow cylinder into which the drying material is inserted.
  • the inlet and outlet openings for connection to the closed air system are arranged diagonally opposite one another.
  • the disadvantage of this is that there is a relatively high flow resistance, so that the fan provided for promoting the air flow must be operated at very high power. This has a negative effect in terms of noise development and energy consumption.
  • the desorption is time consuming and may also lead to local overheating of the drying means and hence to its irreversible damage.
  • the desorption is also difficult because the heater is arranged in the centre of the double-wall hollow cylinder and radial distribution of heat to the drying means close to the outer hollow cylinder wall is hardly possible because of the air flowing axially past it.
  • the object of this invention therefore consists in providing a dishwashing machine in which the drying material contained in a sorption drying device can be heated uniformly for the purpose of desorption.
  • the dishwashing machine with a washing compartment and devices for washing dishes using washing solution, as well as with a sorption drying device which is connected to the washing compartment by circulated air in an air-conducting manner, and has a heating device as well as a sorption column with reversibly dehydratable material, the sorption column is arranged in a housing with an air inlet and an air outlet, the heating device being arranged in the direction of flow of the air in front of the air inlet, thereby introducing uniformly heated air into the sorption column.
  • the heating device is arranged in the region of the air inlet of the sorption column, i.e. in the immediate spatial vicinity of the air inlet.
  • the advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that the air is heated at the input of the sorption column, preferably outside it, thus ensuring that hot air is supplied uniformly to it and that this hot air is conducted through the sorption column. Overheating of the reversibly dehydratable material of the sorption column during desorption is in this case prevented. This applies particularly when the heating device is arranged outside the housing.
  • the housing has a base surface having the air inlet and a cover surface having the air outlet. This advantageously guarantees a low flow resistance inside the sorption column because the air can be conducted “straight” through the housing of the sorption column.
  • the base surface and/or the cover surface are designed at least in certain regions as a screen, so that the air inlet and/or the air outlet is/are formed by the screen surface.
  • the heating device and the air inlet are arranges so that they overlap each other, at least in part.
  • the degree of overlap between the heating device and air inlet of the housing of the sorption column is in this case determined essentially by the design and the power made available by a heating device.
  • the heating device may be arranged in the immediate spatial vicinity of the air inlet of the sorption column inside the housing of the sorption column.
  • the heating device is in this case advantageous for the heating device to be arranged with the largest possible surface area inside the sorption column, where the specific power per unit area can be dimensioned so low that local overheating cannot take place on the reversibly dehydratable material.
  • the housing has a housing jacket that is of thermally insulated design.
  • This jacket may, for example, be formed by a double wall.
  • thermal insulation for example, may be applied to the outside of the housing jacket. It is also conceivable to form a vacuum in the intermediate space created between the double walls in order to main the best possible insulation to the outside. The provision of thermal insulation on the housing jacket ensures that the energy expended by heating can be utilised in the best possible manner for desorption of the reversibly dehydratable material.
  • the height of the housing jacket is smaller than the width or diameter of the base and cover surfaces. Expressed in general terms this means that the length through which the air is to flow is smaller than the maximum width or diameter of the base and cover surfaces. This advantageously provides a low flow resistance, so that the power of the fan and speed of the fan can be designed low.
  • a particularly preferred arrangement here is a cylindrical design of the housing of the sorption column because a particularly homogeneous air flow is guaranteed with this geometrical shape.
  • the sorption drying device has a fan with a fan housing for generating an air flow, which housing is arranged in the immediate vicinity in front of the air inlet of the housing of the sorption column. This enables the fan housing and housing of the sorption column to be designed integrally to provide a generally compact unit occupying only a small space in the dishwashing machine.
  • the fan may be arranged as an axial fan in front of the inlet of the housing of the sorption column. In another variant the fan is arranged as a radial fan on the side of the inlet of the sorption column housing.
  • the variant to be chosen in preference is determined essentially by the spatial arrangement of the sorption drying device in the dishwashing machine and the spatial conditions prevailing there.
  • the heating device used for desorption may be designed as wire heating, as a tube-type heating element, a ceramic heating device or in PTC technology.
  • the heating device is here integrated in the fan housing, which can be achieved extremely easily, particularly when a heating device in PTC technology is used, since the resistance layer or layers can be applied to the inside of the housing wall.
  • a further advantage of using a PTC heating device lies in its simple production, since the layers can be applied by a printing process.
  • the heating power is governed by the temperatures prevailing in the heating sections themselves, so that overheating is prevented in principle.
  • heating with a plurality of heating powers can be achieved by suitable arrangement or insertion of individual layer sections.
  • the fan, the heating device and the housing of the sorption column may be designed as a unit to provide a generally compact sorption drying device.
  • the sorption column is used for drying the dishes on the one hand, and the thermal energy utilised for desorption of the sorption column can be used, at least in part, for heating the washing solution in the washing compartment and/or the dishes on the other.
  • the thermal energy utilised for desorption of the sorption column can be used, at least in part, for heating the washing solution in the washing compartment and/or the dishes on the other.
  • a washing compartment and devices for washing dishes using a washing solution as well as with a sorption drying device which is connected by circulated air, in an air-conducting manner, to the washing compartment and has a heating device as well as a sorption column with reversibly dehydratable material
  • the sorption column is arranged in a housing with an air inlet and an air outlet, the heating device being arranged on the inside or on the housing of a fan.
  • FIGS. 1 a, b show a first exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device that can be used in a dishwashing machine according to the invention
  • FIGS. 2 a, b show a second exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device that can be used in a dishwashing machine according to the invention
  • FIGS. 3 a, b show a third exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device that can be used in a dishwashing machine according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows a fourth exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device that can be used in a dishwashing machine
  • FIG. 5 shows a fifth exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device that can be used in a dishwashing machine
  • FIG. 6 shows a sixth exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device that can be used in a dishwashing machine.
  • a dishwashing machine normally has a washing compartment in which crockery baskets are arranged for the insertion of items to be washed.
  • the dishes are preferably dried as described in DE 10353774 and/or DE 1035375 of the applicant.
  • the content of applications DE 10353774 and/or DE 1035375 is there also incorporated in this application, if appropriate.
  • a sorption drying device 1 connected in an air-conducting manner to the washing compartment, which device is connected to the washing compartment in an air-conducting manner and has a heating device 6 , a fan 2 and a sorption column 3 with reversibly dehydratable material, e.g. zeolith.
  • the sorption column is used both for drying and for heating air conducted through it.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment, which represents sorption drying device 1 in a sectional lateral view ( FIG. 1 a ) and in a view from below ( FIG. 1 b ).
  • Sorption drying device 1 has a radial fan 2 with a propeller 1 in a housing 8 , via whose inlet 12 air is sucked in, compressed and supplied to sorption column 3 by means of a heating device 6 designed as a wire heating device.
  • Sorption column 3 is formed in a housing 9 which is cylindrical in shape.
  • a wall 10 also referred to as a housing jacket, is provided with insulation which may be designed, for example, in the form of thermal insulation or a double wall, with or without a vacuum.
  • the base surface facing heating device 6 forms an inlet 13 of sorption column 3 , which is preferably designed as a screen for fixing material 4 of reversibly dehydratable material 4 of sorption column 3 arranged in housing 9 .
  • air inlet 13 extends throughout the base surface in the exemplary embodiment, an air outlet 7 of the sorption column, arranged in the centre of the base surface, only occupies a small section of the surface, for example. Because of the size of air outlet 7 the flow resistance of the air conducted through sorption column 3 and its rate of escape from the washing compartment are unilaterally established.
  • the air path is denoted by arrows A, B and C.
  • Heating device 6 designed as a wire heating device, is arranged at least in part outside the air inlet of the sorption column so that it overlaps air inlet 13 . Contrary to the representation in the drawing, the wire heating device could also be formed underneath air inlet 13 so that it is completely overlapped. The size of the wire heating device and the proportion of the air inlet it overlaps depend substantially on the power discharged by the wire heating device. Because of the heating device 6 arranged outside, but in the immediate vicinity of air inlet 13 , this produces the effect that the air conducted beyond the heating device as far as the inlet to sorption column 3 cannot cool or at least cannot cool substantially, so that effective heat supply and desorption of the reversibly dehydratable material are guaranteed. On the other hand, if the power output of the heating device is too high, if necessary, no local overheating of the reversibly dehydratable material will occur either.
  • the flow resistance of the air conducted through it is determined by the diameter of the spherical reversibly dehydratable material 4 .
  • the diameter of the reversibly dehydratable material 4 a balance must be found between the desired surface area of this material and the flow resistance resulting directly from it.
  • Reversibly dehydratable material of spherical design with a diameter of 2.5 to 5 mm, has proved advantageous.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second exemplary embodiment of a sorption drying device 1 for use in a dishwashing machine according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 a shows a sectional side view
  • FIG. 2 b a view from below.
  • the relative arrangement of fan housing 8 , heating device 6 and housing 9 of the sorption column here corresponds to the exemplary embodiment described in connection with FIG. 1 .
  • the heating device is designed predominantly as a tubular heating element (e.g. in the form of a wire or band heating device), which now extends throughout the area of air inlet 13 .
  • the disadvantage of this tubular heating element is the need for a very high heating power and a very high fan speed. If the sorption drying device is to be used simultaneously to heat washing solution inside the washing compartment, by introducing hot air or hot water vapour into the washing compartment, this type of heating may not be suitable for reasons of time.
  • FIG. 3 shows a third exemplary embodiment whose structure also corresponds to the example described in connection with FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 a shows a sectional side view
  • FIG. 3 b a view from below.
  • the heating device is now designed as a ceramic heating device (a so-called honeycomb heater), which is more robust that a wire heater.
  • honeycomb heater a so-called honeycomb heater
  • One disadvantage of such a heating type is the greater pressure loss as the air flows through heating device 6 , which means that fan 2 must be operated at a higher speed.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show further exemplary embodiments in which the heating device is formed inside sorption column 3 .
  • the heating device preferably extends over a long length throughout the interior of sorption column 3 .
  • the advantage of such a design variant is that fan 2 can be designed both as a radial fan ( FIG. 4 ) and an axial fan ( FIG. 5 ).
  • fan 2 can be designed both as a radial fan ( FIG. 4 ) and an axial fan ( FIG. 5 ).
  • FIG. 4 the air duct designated by reference number 14 with a very low height h, providing a more compact arrangement.
  • the variant shown in FIG. 5 may of course also be achieved with the heating types mentioned in the preceding exemplary embodiments, where a larger overall volume may have to be accepted.
  • a PTC heater is represented as the heating device, arranged in the interior of housing 8 of fan 2 .
  • the PTC coat may be applied, for example, by a printing process to the inside of housing 8 .
  • the advantage of a PTC heater is that the heating power is controlled by the temperature prevailing in the PTC coat alone.
  • air duct 14 can be designed to be very small, which also provides a compact sorption drying device.
  • This invention provides a dishwashing machine with which it is possible, from the economic point of view, to clean and dry the items to be washed efficiently and to minimise the associated energy expenditure. Simple assembly, which allows a low cost production process, is also guaranteed.

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  • Washing And Drying Of Tableware (AREA)
US11/791,383 2004-12-09 2005-10-20 Dishwashing Machine Equipped with a Sorption Drying Device Abandoned US20070295373A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004059424 2004-12-09
DE102004059424.4 2004-12-09
DE102005004096.9 2005-01-28
DE102005004096A DE102005004096A1 (de) 2004-12-09 2005-01-28 Geschirrspülmaschine mit einer Sorptionstrockenvorrichtung
PCT/EP2005/055415 WO2006061287A1 (de) 2004-12-09 2005-10-20 Geschirrspülmaschine mit einer sorptionstrockenvorrichtung

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2005/055415 A-371-Of-International WO2006061287A1 (de) 2004-12-09 2005-10-20 Geschirrspülmaschine mit einer sorptionstrockenvorrichtung

Related Child Applications (1)

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US13/490,492 Continuation US8459278B2 (en) 2004-12-09 2012-06-07 Dishwashing machine equipped with a sorption drying device

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US20070295373A1 true US20070295373A1 (en) 2007-12-27

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US11/791,383 Abandoned US20070295373A1 (en) 2004-12-09 2005-10-20 Dishwashing Machine Equipped with a Sorption Drying Device
US13/490,492 Active US8459278B2 (en) 2004-12-09 2012-06-07 Dishwashing machine equipped with a sorption drying device

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US13/490,492 Active US8459278B2 (en) 2004-12-09 2012-06-07 Dishwashing machine equipped with a sorption drying device

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US (2) US20070295373A1 (ru)
EP (2) EP1833353B1 (ru)
JP (1) JP4659042B2 (ru)
KR (1) KR20070085898A (ru)
AU (1) AU2005313473B2 (ru)
BR (1) BRPI0518518A2 (ru)
DE (1) DE102005004096A1 (ru)
PL (2) PL1833353T3 (ru)
RU (1) RU2404702C2 (ru)
WO (1) WO2006061287A1 (ru)

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US20100043842A1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2010-02-25 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh Dishwasher with sorption stretched device in substructure group
US20100043845A1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2010-02-25 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh Dishwasher with a rinse container and a drying arrangement
US20110108065A1 (en) * 2008-07-23 2011-05-12 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Rinsing method for a water-conveying domestic appliance
US20110114137A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-19 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher machine comprising a sorption drying device
US20110114136A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-19 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher machine comprising a sorption drying device
US20110114141A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-19 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying system
US20110120512A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-26 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher with sorption dryer device
US20110120501A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-26 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Method for operation of a dishwasher
US20110120510A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-26 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher with sorption drying device
US20110120513A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-26 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher machine comprising a sorption drying device
US20110120511A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2011-05-26 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh Dishwasher machine comprising a sorption drying device in a sub-module
US20110126869A1 (en) * 2008-07-23 2011-06-02 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Water-conducting household appliance, in particular dishwasher or washing machine
US20110132412A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-09 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying device
US20110139187A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh Method for operating a dishwasher
US20110139196A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher having a sorption drying device
US20110139193A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying machine
US20110139198A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying device
US20110139197A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying device
US20110139194A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying unit
US20110139195A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-16 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Dishwasher comprising a sorption drying device
US20110146718A1 (en) * 2008-08-27 2011-06-23 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Domestic dishwasher with a sorption drying device and corresponding method
US20110197926A1 (en) * 2008-11-07 2011-08-18 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Method for operating a dishwasher
US20110203614A1 (en) * 2008-11-07 2011-08-25 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh Method for operating a dishwasher
US20110213505A1 (en) * 2008-11-07 2011-09-01 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Household appliance having an air drying device and/or fluid heating unit, and associated method
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US8601716B2 (en) * 2003-07-30 2013-12-10 Bsh Bosch Und Siemens Hausgeraete Gmbh Method for operating a device with at least one partial programme step of drying
US9080812B2 (en) 2010-05-24 2015-07-14 Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. Absorption drying device for a dishwasher and associated method
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US9693673B2 (en) 2012-07-18 2017-07-04 Premark Feg L.L.C. Warewasher comprising a drying system and method for operating such a warewasher
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DE102008043581A1 (de) 2008-11-07 2010-05-12 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Geschirrspülmaschine mit Sorptionstrocknungssystem
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DE202008011159U1 (de) 2008-08-21 2008-11-06 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Geschirrspülmaschine und Sorptionstrockenvorrichtung, deren Sorptionsmaterial gewichtsmäßig an die Benetzungsmenge im Spülraum angepasst ist
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JP2012500691A (ja) 2008-08-27 2012-01-12 ベーエスハー ボッシュ ウント ジーメンス ハウスゲレーテ ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング 食器洗い機を運転するための方法
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EP2637547B1 (en) * 2010-11-12 2015-03-04 Arçelik Anonim Sirketi A dishwasher comprising a dehumidifying unit
WO2012084488A2 (en) 2010-12-24 2012-06-28 Arcelik Anonim Sirketi A dishwasher comprising a dehumidifying unit
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DE102012000013A1 (de) * 2012-01-02 2013-07-04 Zeo-Tech Zeolith-Technologie Gmbh Sorber mit Sorptionsmittel zur Luftentfeuchtung
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ITTO20120597A1 (it) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-07 Indesit Co Spa Elettrodomestico con dispositivo di asciugatura a rigenerazione
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US9913567B2 (en) * 2015-03-23 2018-03-13 Haier Us Appliance Solutions, Inc. Tub structures for dishwasher appliances
DE102015107063A1 (de) * 2015-05-06 2016-11-10 Miele & Cie. Kg Waschtrockner und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Waschtrockners
WO2018086962A1 (en) * 2016-11-09 2018-05-17 Arcelik Anonim Sirketi A household appliance comprising desiccant material
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EP2946715B1 (de) 2017-08-30
PL1833353T3 (pl) 2015-12-31
JP4659042B2 (ja) 2011-03-30
EP2946715A2 (de) 2015-11-25
EP2946715A3 (de) 2016-01-20
WO2006061287A1 (de) 2006-06-15
JP2008522687A (ja) 2008-07-03
RU2404702C2 (ru) 2010-11-27
AU2005313473B2 (en) 2011-03-24
DE102005004096A1 (de) 2006-06-14
RU2007120227A (ru) 2009-01-20
US8459278B2 (en) 2013-06-11
US20120240965A1 (en) 2012-09-27
KR20070085898A (ko) 2007-08-27
EP1833353B1 (de) 2015-08-05
BRPI0518518A2 (pt) 2008-11-25
AU2005313473A1 (en) 2006-06-15
EP1833353A1 (de) 2007-09-19
PL2946715T3 (pl) 2018-01-31

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