US20040221795A1 - Single crystal diamond prepared by CVD - Google Patents

Single crystal diamond prepared by CVD Download PDF

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US20040221795A1
US20040221795A1 US10/777,633 US77763304A US2004221795A1 US 20040221795 A1 US20040221795 A1 US 20040221795A1 US 77763304 A US77763304 A US 77763304A US 2004221795 A1 US2004221795 A1 US 2004221795A1
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diamond
single crystal
measured
etch
crystal diamond
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Geoffrey Scarsbrook
Philip Martineau
John Collins
Ricardo Sussmann
Barbel Dorn
Andrew Whitehead
Daniel Twitchen
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Priority claimed from GB0014693A external-priority patent/GB0014693D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0106930A external-priority patent/GB0106930D0/en
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Priority to US12/245,002 priority Critical patent/US8501143B2/en
Priority to US13/838,112 priority patent/US9103050B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
    • C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/02—Elements
    • C30B29/04—Diamond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
    • C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
    • C30B25/10—Heating of the reaction chamber or the substrate
    • C30B25/105—Heating of the reaction chamber or the substrate by irradiation or electric discharge
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Definitions

  • This invention relates to diamond and more particularly to diamond produced by chemical vapour deposition (hereinafter referred to as CVD).
  • the method generally involves providing a gas mixture which, on dissociation, can provide hydrogen or a halogen (e.g. F,Cl) in atomic form and C or carbon-containing radicals and other reactive species, e.g. CH x , CF x wherein x can be 1 to 4.
  • a gas mixture which, on dissociation, can provide hydrogen or a halogen (e.g. F,Cl) in atomic form and C or carbon-containing radicals and other reactive species, e.g. CH x , CF x wherein x can be 1 to 4.
  • oxygen containing sources may be present, as may sources for nitrogen and for boron.
  • inert gases such as helium, neon or argon are also present.
  • Each gas may be present in its natural isotopic ratio, or the relative isotopic ratios may be artificially controlled; for example hydrogen may be present as deuterium or tritium, and carbon may be present as 12 C or 13 C.
  • Dissociation of the source gas mixture is brought about by an energy source such as microwaves, RF energy, a flame, a hot filament or a jet based technique and the reactive gas species so produced are allowed to deposit onto a substrate and form diamond.
  • CVD diamond may be produced on a variety of substrates. Depending on the nature of the substrate and details of the process chemistry, polycrystalline or single crystal CVD diamond may be produced. The production of homoepitaxial CVD diamond layers has been reported in the literature.
  • European Patent Publication No. 0 582 397 describes a method of producing a polycrystalline CVD diamond film having an average grain size of at least 7 microns and a resistivity, carrier mobility and carrier lifetime yielding a collection distance of at least 10 ⁇ m at an electric field strength of 10 kV/cm. This is a diamond film of a quality which makes it suitable for use as a radiation detector. However, applications for films having collection distances as low as 7 ⁇ m are very limited.
  • European Patent Publication No. 0 635 584 describes a method of producing a CVD polycrystalline diamond film using an arc jet process with low methane levels (less than 0,07%) and an oxidant.
  • the diamond material has a narrow Raman peak, a relatively large lattice constant, and a charge carrier collection distance of greater than 25 ⁇ m.
  • the performance of polycrystalline diamond films in electronic applications is believed to be adversely affected by the presence of grain boundaries.
  • the collection distance can be adversely affected in a single crystal diamond by the presence of impurities and lattice defects which reduce the free carrier mobility and free carrier recombination lifetime of the carrier.
  • a single crystal diamond prepared by CVD and having at least one of the following characteristics:
  • a resistivity R 1 greater than 1 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm, and preferably greater than 2 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm, and more preferably greater than 5 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm, all measured at an applied field of 50 V/ ⁇ m and 300 K (or 20° C., which for the purposes of this invention is considered equivalent)
  • a high breakdown voltage in the off state, and high current with long carrier life time in the on state and, more particularly, a ⁇ product greater than 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N, and preferably greater than 4,0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N, and more preferably greater than 6.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N, all measured at an applied field of 50 V/ ⁇ m and 300 K.
  • ⁇ is the mobility and ⁇ is the lifetime of the charge carriers, the product representing the contribution by a charge carrier to the total charge displacement or current. This characteristic can also be measured and expressed as a charge collection distance;
  • ⁇ e an electron mobility measured at 300K greater than 2400 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 , and preferably greater than ⁇ 3000 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 , and more preferably greater than 4000 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 .
  • high quality type IIa natural diamond electron mobilities, at 300 K are reported to be typically 1800 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 with exceptional values reported up to 2200 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 ;
  • hole mobilities at 300 K are reported to be typically 1200 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 with exceptional values reported up to 1900 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 ;
  • charge collection distances are reported to be substantially less than 100 ⁇ m, and more typically about 40 ⁇ m at 300 K and an applied field of 1 V/ ⁇ m.
  • the number of free charge carriers present under equilibrium conditions is extremely small and dominated by the contribution from lattice defects and impurities; such a device is said to be in the “off state”.
  • the device can be put into the “on state” by the additional excitation of charge carriers by means such as optical excitation (primarily using optical energies near or greater than the band gap) or by charged particle excitation (e.g. alpha or beta particles).
  • optical excitation primarily using optical energies near or greater than the band gap
  • charged particle excitation e.g. alpha or beta particles
  • the diamond of the invention has electronic characteristics which are substantially greater than those present in natural high quality diamond. This is surprising and provides the diamond with properties which are useful, for example, for electronic applications and for detectors.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention is of high chemical purity and is substantially free of crystal defects.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention may, in one form of the invention, have, in the off state, a high resistivity at high applied fields and more particularly a resistivity R 1 greater than 1 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm, and preferably greater than 2 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm and more preferably greater than 5 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm, at an applied field of 50 V/ ⁇ m measured at 300 K.
  • a resistivity R 1 greater than 1 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm, and preferably greater than 2 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm and more preferably greater than 5 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm, at an applied field of 50 V/ ⁇ m measured at 300 K.
  • Such resistivities at such high applied fields are indicative of the purity of the diamond and the substantial absence of impurities and defects.
  • Material of lower purity or crystal perfection can exhibit high resistivity at lower applied fields, e.g. less than 30 V/ ⁇ m, but shows breakdown behaviour with rapidly rising leakage currents at applied fields greater than 30 V/ ⁇ m and generally by 45 V/ ⁇ m.
  • the resistivity can be determined from a measurement of the leakage (dark) current by methods known in the art.
  • a sample under test is prepared as a plate of uniform thickness, cleaned using standard diamond cleaning techniques in order to accept suitable contacts (evaporated, sputtered or doped diamond) to which external connections can be made to the voltage supply, and then partially or wholly encapsulated to avoid risk of flash-over. It is important to ensure that the encapsulation does not add significantly to the leakage current measured.
  • Typical sample sizes are 0,01-0,5 mm thick by 3 ⁇ 3 mm-50 ⁇ 50 mm laterally, but smaller or larger sizes may also be used.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention may have a ⁇ product greater than 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N, preferably a ⁇ product of greater than 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /V and more preferably a ⁇ product greater than 6.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N, all measurements at 300 K.
  • the ⁇ product is related to the charge collection distance using the following equation:
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention particularly in its preferred form, has a high ⁇ product which translates into a high charge collection distance, much higher than has been achieved with any other known single crystal CVD diamond.
  • a 10 ⁇ s pulse of monochromatic Xe light (wavelength 218 nm) is used to excite carriers, with the photocurrent generated being measured in an external circuit.
  • the pulse length of 10 ⁇ s is far longer than other processes such as the transit time and the carrier lifetime and the system can be considered to be in equilibrium at all times during the pulse.
  • the penetration of light into the diamond at this wavelength is only a few microns.
  • Relatively low light intensity is used (about 0,1 W/cm 2 ), so that N 0 is relatively low and the internal field is then reasonably approximated by the applied field.
  • the applied field is kept below the threshold above which mobility becomes field dependent.
  • the applied field is also kept below the value above which a significant proportion of the charge carriers reach the far side of the diamond and the total charge collected shows saturation (with blocking contacts; non-blocking contacts can show gain at this point).
  • the ⁇ product is derived by relating the collected charge to the applied voltage using the Hecht relation.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention will have a high collection distance and typically a collection distance of greater than 150 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 400 ⁇ m and more preferably greater than 600 ⁇ m, all distances being at 1V/ ⁇ m applied field and 300 K.
  • inter-digitated electrode arrangements on the same face of the diamond layer may be used; this face may be planar or with the electrodes placed in relationship to surface structures such as grooves.
  • the electrons and holes have finite mobilities and lifetimes so they move only a certain distance before recombining.
  • an event e.g. impingement of a beta particle
  • This charge displacement is a product of the carrier mobility and the applied electric field (which gives the charge drift velocity) and the recombination lifetime of the carriers before trapping or recombination stops its drift.
  • This is the collection distance, which can also be considered as the volume of charge swept to the electrode.
  • the collection distance measured is generally limited by the thickness of the sample under test; if the collection distance measurement exceeds about 80% of the sample thickness, then the measured value is likely to be a lower limit rather than the actual value.
  • Ohmic spot contacts are placed on either side of the layer under test. This layer is typically 300-700 ⁇ m thick and 5-10 mm square, allowing spot contacts of 2-6 mm diameter. Formation of ohmic contacts (rather than contacts showing diode behaviour) is important for a reliable measurement. This can be achieved in several ways but typically the procedure is as follows:
  • the surface of the diamond is oxygen terminated, using for example, an oxygen plasma ash, minimising the surface electrical conduction (reducing the ‘dark current’ of the device);
  • a metallisation consisting of first a carbide former (e.g. Ti, Cr) and then a thicker layer of protective material, typically Au (to which a wire bond can be made), is deposited onto the diamond by sputtering, evaporation or similar method. The contact is then typically annealed between 400-600° C. for up to about an hour.
  • a carbide former e.g. Ti, Cr
  • a thicker layer of protective material typically Au (to which a wire bond can be made
  • the collection distance measurement is made by exposing the sample to beta radiation, with a Si trigger detector on the exit face to a) indicate that an event has occurred, and b) ensure that the beta particle was not stopped within the diamond film which would result in a much larger number of charge carriers being formed.
  • the signal from the diamond is then read by a high gain charge amplifier, and, based on the known formation rate of charge carriers of about 36 electron/hole pairs per linear ⁇ m traversed by the beta particle, the collection distance can be calculated from the charge measured by the equation:
  • the collection distance is measured for a range of values of applied bias voltage, both forward and reverse, and the characteristic collection distance quoted at bias voltages of 10 kV/cm only for samples which show a well behaved linear behaviour for bias voltages up to 10 kV/cm bias.
  • the entire measurement procedure is repeated several times to ensure repeatability of behaviour, as values measured on poorer samples can degrade with time and treatment history.
  • a further issue in measurement of the collection distance is whether the material is in the pumped or unpumped state.
  • ‘Pumping’ also called ‘priming’
  • the material comprises of exposing it to certain types of radiation (beta, gamma etc.) for a sufficient period, when the collection distance measured can rise, typically by a factor of 1,6 in polycrystalline CVD diamond although this can vary.
  • the effect of priming is generally lower in high purity single crystal; priming by factors of 1,05-1,2 is common with no measurable priming in some samples.
  • De-pumping can be achieved by exposing to sufficiently strong white light or light of selected wavelengths, and the process is believed to be wholly reversible.
  • the collection distances referred to in this specification are all in the unpumped state whatever the final application of the material.
  • the increase in collection distance associated with pumping can be used beneficially to enhance the detectability of individual events, by shielding the detector from any de-pumping radiation.
  • the instability in device gain associated with pumping is severely deleterious.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention also has a high electron mobility ( ⁇ e ) and more particularly, an electron mobility measured at 300 K greater than 2400 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 , and preferably greater than 3000 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 , and more preferably greater than 4000 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 .
  • ⁇ e high electron mobility
  • high quality type IIa natural diamond electron mobilities at 300 K are reported typically to be 1800 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 with exceptional values reported up to 2200 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 .
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention also has a high hole mobility ( ⁇ n ) and more particularly, a hole mobility measured at 300 K greater than 2100 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 , and preferably greater than 2500 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 , and more preferably greater than 3000 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 .
  • ⁇ n high hole mobility
  • high quality type IIa natural diamond hole mobilities at 300 K are reported typically to be 1200 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 with exceptional values reported up to 1900 cm 2 V ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 .
  • the characteristics described above are observable in the majority volume of the diamond. There may be portions of the volume, generally less than 10 percent by volume, where the particular characteristic is not observable.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention has particular application in electronic applications and more particularly as a detector element or switching element.
  • the high breakdown voltage in the off state of the diamond makes it particularly suitable as a component in an opto-electric switch.
  • the use of the diamond in these applications forms another aspect of the invention.
  • the novel single crystal CVD diamond of the invention may be made by a method which forms yet another aspect of the invention. This method includes the steps of providing a diamond substrate having a surface which is substantially free of crystal defects, providing a source gas, dissociating the source gas and allowing homoepitaxial diamond growth on the surface which is substantially free of crystal defects in an atmosphere which contains less than 300 parts per billion nitrogen.
  • the single crystal CVD diamond of the invention may have one or more of the following characteristics:
  • the level of any impurity is not greater than 0,5 to 1 ppm and the total impurity content is not greater than 2 to 5 ppm.
  • Impurity concentrations can be measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS), combustion mass spectroscopy (CMS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and IR absorption, and in addition for single substitutional nitrogen by optical absorption measurements at 270 nm (calibrated against standard values obtained from samples destructively analysed by combustion analysis).
  • impurity excludes hydrogen and its isotopic forms.
  • These bands are related to nitrogen/vacancy defects and their presence indicates the presence of nitrogen in the film. Due to the possible presence of competing quenching mechanisms, the normalised intensity of the 575 nm line is not a quantitative measure of nitrogen nor is its absence a definitive indication of the absence of nitrogen in the film.
  • CL is the luminescence resulting from excitation by electron beam at a typical beam energy of 10 to 40 keV which penetrates about 30 nm to 10 microns into the sample surface. Photoluminescence is more generally excited through the sample volume.
  • Free exciton emission can also be excited by above-bandgap radiation for example by 193 nm radiation from an ArF excimer laser.
  • the presence of strong free exciton emission in the photoluminescence spectrum excited in this way indicates the substantial absence of dislocations and impurities.
  • the strength of free exciton emission excited by 193 nm ArF excimer laser at room temperature is such that the quantum yield for free exciton emission is at least 10 ⁇ 5 .
  • the CVD diamond of the invention may be attached to a diamond substrate (whether the substrate is synthetic, natural, or CVD diamond). Advantages of this approach include providing a greater overall thickness where the thickness limits the application or providing support for a CVD diamond whose thickness has been reduced by processing.
  • the CVD diamond of this invention may form one layer in a multilayer device, where other diamond layers may, for example, be doped to provide electrical contact or electronic junctions to the CVD diamond, or merely be present to provide support to the CVD diamond.
  • defects primarily means dislocations and microcracks, but also includes twin boundaries, point defects, low angle boundaries and any other disruption to the crystal lattice.
  • the substrate is a low birefringence type Ia or IIb natural, Ib or IIa high pressure/high temperature synthetic diamond or a CVD synthesised single crystal diamond.
  • the defect density is most easily characterised by optical evaluation after using a plasma or chemical etch optimised to reveal the defects (referred to as a revealing plasma etch), using for example a brief plasma etch of the type described below.
  • a plasma or chemical etch optimised to reveal the defects referred to as a revealing plasma etch
  • Two types of defects can be revealed:
  • the preferred low density of defects is thus such that the density of surface etch features related to defects, as described above, is below 5 ⁇ 10 3 /mm 2 , and more preferably below 10 2 /mm 2 .
  • the defect level at and below the substrate surface on which the CVD growth takes place may thus be minimised by careful preparation of the substrate.
  • preparation includes any process applied to the material from mine recovery (in the case of natural diamond) or synthesis (in the case of synthetic material) as each stage can influence the defect density within the material at the plane which will ultimately form the substrate surface when processing to form a substrate is complete.
  • Particular processing steps may include conventional diamond processes such as mechanical sawing, lapping and polishing, and less conventional techniques such as laser processing or ion implantation and lift off techniques, chemical/mechanical polishing, and both liquid and plasma chemical processing techniques.
  • the surface R A (arithmetic mean of the absolute deviation of surface profile from the mean line measured by stylus profilometer, preferably measured over 0,08 mm length) should be minimised, typical values prior to any plasma etch being no more than a few nanometers, i.e. less than 10 nanometers.
  • One specific method of minimising the surface damage of the substrate is to include an in situ plasma etch on the surface on which the homoepitaxial diamond growth is to occur.
  • this etch need not be in situ, nor immediately prior to the growth process, but the greatest benefit is achieved if it is in situ, because it avoids any risk of further physical damage or chemical contamination.
  • An in situ etch is also generally most convenient when the growth process is also plasma based.
  • the plasma etch can use similar conditions to the deposition or diamond growing process, but with the absence of any carbon containing source gas and generally at a slightly lower temperature to give better control of the etch rate.
  • it can consist of one or more of:
  • an oxygen etch using predominantly hydrogen with optionally a small amount of Ar and a required small amount of O 2 .
  • Typical oxygen etch conditions are pressures of 50-450 ⁇ 10 2 Pa, an etching gas containing an oxygen content of 1 to 4 percent, an argon content of 0 to 30 percent and the balance hydrogen, all percentages being by volume, with a substrate temperature 600-1100° C. (more typically 800° C.) and a typical duration of 3-60 minutes.
  • the etch consists of an oxygen etch followed by a hydrogen etch and then the process moves directly into synthesis by the introduction of the carbon source gas.
  • the etch time/temperature is selected to enable any remaining surface damage from processing to be removed, and for any surface contaminants to be removed, but without forming a highly roughened surface and without etching extensively along extended defects (such as dislocations) which intersect the surface and thus cause deep pits.
  • extended defects such as dislocations
  • the hydrogen etch following the oxygen etch is less specific to crystal defects rounding off the angularities caused by the oxygen etch (which aggressively attacks such defects) and provides a smoother, better surface for subsequent growth.
  • the surface or surfaces of the diamond substrate on which the CVD diamond growth occurs are preferably the ⁇ 100 ⁇ , ⁇ 110 ⁇ , ⁇ 113 ⁇ or ⁇ 111 ⁇ surfaces. Due to processing constraints, the actual sample surface orientation can differ from these ideal orientations by up to 5°, and in some cases up to 10°, although this is less desirable as it adversely affects reproducibility.
  • the impurity content of the environment in which the CVD growth takes place is properly controlled. More particularly, the diamond growth must take place in the presence of an atmosphere containing substantially no nitrogen, i.e. less than 300 parts per billion (ppb, as a molecular fraction of the total gas volume), and preferably less than 100 parts per billion.
  • substantially no nitrogen i.e. less than 300 parts per billion (ppb, as a molecular fraction of the total gas volume)
  • ppb parts per billion
  • Standard gas chromatography (GC) art consists of: A gas sample stream is extracted from the point of interest using a narrow bore sample line, optimised for maximum flow velocity and minimum dead volume, and passed through the GC sample coil before being passed to waste.
  • the GC sample coil is a section of tube coiled up with a fixed and known volume (typically 1 cm 3 for standard atmospheric pressure injection) which can be switched from its location in the sample line into the carrier gas (high purity He) line feeding into the gas chromatography columns. This places a sample of gas of known volume into the gas flow entering the column; in the art, this procedure is called sample injection.
  • the injected sample is carried by the carrier gas through the first GC column (filled with a molecular sieve optimised for separation of simple inorganic gases) and is partially separated, but the high concentration of primary gases (e.g. H 2 , Ar) causes column saturation which makes complete separation of the nitrogen difficult.
  • the relevant section of the effluent from the first column is then switched into the feed of a second column, thereby avoiding the majority of the other gases being passed into the second column, avoiding column saturation and enabling complete separation of the target gas (N 2 ). This procedure is called “heart-cutting”.
  • the output flow of the second column is put through a discharge ionisation detector (DID), which detects the increase in leakage current through the carrier gas caused by the presence of the sample.
  • DID discharge ionisation detector
  • Chemical identity is determined by the gas residence time which is calibrated from standard gas mixtures.
  • the response of the DID is linear over more than 5 orders of magnitude, and is calibrated by use of special calibrated gas mixtures, typically in the range of 10-100 ppm, made by gravimetric analysis and then verified by the supplier. Linearity of the DID can be verified by careful dilution experiments.
  • the sample coil volume is enlarged to about 5 cm 3 .
  • this technique can operate effectively down to pressures of about 70 ⁇ 10 2 Pa.
  • Calibration of the GC is dependent on the mass of sample injected, and the greatest accuracy is obtained by calibrating the GC using the same sample pressure as that available from the source under analysis. Very high standards of vacuum and gas handling practice must be observed to ensure that the measurements are correct.
  • the point of sampling may be upstream of the synthesis chamber to characterise the incoming gases, within the chamber to characterise the chamber environment, or downstream of the chamber to measure a worst case value of the nitrogen concentration within the chamber.
  • the source gas may be any known in the art and will contain a carbon-containing material which dissociates producing radicals or other reactive species.
  • the gas mixture will also generally contain gases suitable to provide hydrogen or a halogen in atomic form.
  • the dissociation of the source gas is preferably carried out using microwave energy in a reactor examples of which are known in the art. However, the transfer of any impurities from the reactor should be minimised.
  • a microwave system may be used to ensure that the plasma is placed away from all surfaces except the substrate surface on which diamond growth is to occur and its mount. Examples of preferred mount materials are: molybdenum, tungsten, silicon and silicon carbide. Examples of preferred reactor chamber materials are stainless steel, aluminium, copper, gold, platinum.
  • a high plasma power density should be used, resulting from high microwave power (typically 3-60 kW, for substrate diameters of 50-150 mm) and high gas pressures (50-500 ⁇ 10 2 Pa, and preferably 100-450 ⁇ 10 2 Pa).
  • Substrates suitable for synthesising single crystal CVD diamond of the invention may be prepared as follows:
  • a high temperature/high pressure synthetic type Ib diamond was grown in a high pressure press, and then prepared as a substrate using the method described above to minimise substrate defects.
  • the substrate was a plate 5 ⁇ 5 mm square by 500 ⁇ m thick, with all faces ⁇ 100 ⁇ . The surface roughness at this stage was less than 1 nm R A .
  • the substrate was mounted on a tungsten substrate using a high temperature braze suitable for diamond. This was introduced into a reactor and an etch and growth cycle commenced as described above, and more particularly:
  • the atmosphere in which the growth took place contained less than 100 ppb nitrogen, as determined by the modified GC method described above.
  • This layer was then polished flat to a 410 ⁇ m thick layer, cleaned and oxygen ashed to produce a surface terminated by O and tested for its charge collection distance. This was found to be 380 ⁇ m at an applied field of 1 V/ ⁇ m (a value invariably limited by the sample thickness) giving a lower limit for the product of mobility and lifetime, ⁇ , of 3,8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N.
  • the CVD diamond layer produced was processed to a layer 390 ⁇ m thick for testing.
  • the ⁇ product was found to be 320 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /V for electrons and 390 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 N for holes (measured at 300 K), giving a mean value of 355 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /V.
  • Ar 150 sccm, H 2 1200 sccm, CH 4 30 sccm, 237 ⁇ 10 2 Pa and a substrate temperature of 822° C., less than 100 ppb nitrogen, as measured by the modified GC method described above.
  • the CVD diamond layer produced was processed to a layer 420 ⁇ m thick for testing.
  • the collection distance of the layer was measured to be >400 ⁇ m.
  • the resistivity the layer at an applied field of 50V/ ⁇ m exceeded 1 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm.
  • the oxygen plasma etch used 15/75/600 sccm of O 2 /Ar/H 2 . This was followed by a hydrogen etch using 75/600 sccm Ar/H 2 . Growth was initiated by the addition of the carbon source which in this instance was CH 4 flowing at 30 sccm. The growth temperature at this stage was 780° C.
  • the CVD diamond layer produced had a thickness of 1500 ⁇ m, and was processed into a layer 500 ⁇ m thick for testing.
  • the PL spectrum showed low blue band and low 575 nm intensity ( ⁇ fraction (1/1000) ⁇ of Raman peak).
  • the Raman FWHM line width was 1.5 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the CL spectrum showed a strong FE peak.
  • Example 4 The procedure set out in Example 4 was repeated several times to produce free standing high quality high purity single crystal CVD layers with thicknesses ranging from 50-3200 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 1 Free exciton cathodoluminescence spectrum of HDS-1 at 77 K, showing strong emission at 235 nm (transverse optic mode).
  • FIG. 2 Cathodoluminescence spectrum (77 K) of HDS-1, showing a broad weak band centred at approximately 420 nm, very weak lines at 533 nm and 575 nm and very intense free exciton emission (shown in second order at 470 nm).
  • FIG. 3 Room temperature EPR spectra of (1) homoepitaxial CVD diamond containing approximately 0,6 ppm of single substitutional nitrogen and (2) HDS-1. The spectra were measured under the same conditions and the samples were approximately the same size.
  • FIG. 4 EPR spectra recorded at 4,2 K of (i) high purity homoepitaxial CVD diamond grown simultaneously with HDS-1 which was plastically deformed after growth to demonstrate the influence on the EPR signal of structural defects created by indentation and (ii) HDS-1. The spectra were measured under the same conditions.
  • FIG. 5 Room temperature EPR spectra of type IIa natural diamond and HDS-1. The spectra were measured under the same conditions and the samples were of the same size.
  • FIG. 6 Room temperature ultraviolet absorption spectrum of HDS-1, showing the intrinsic absorption edge and the absence of the absorption band centred at 270 nm attributed to single substitutional nitrogen.
  • FIG. 7 Double axis X-ray rocking curve of HDS-1.
  • FIG. 8 Raman spectrum of HDS-1 measured at 300 K using the 488 nm line of an argon ion laser.

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CA2412853A1 (fr) 2001-12-20
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KR100837033B1 (ko) 2008-06-10
RU2288302C2 (ru) 2006-11-27
EP1292726B8 (fr) 2008-10-29
JP4695821B2 (ja) 2011-06-08
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EP1983080A2 (fr) 2008-10-22
AU2001274368B2 (en) 2004-10-28
US9103050B2 (en) 2015-08-11
US20090175777A1 (en) 2009-07-09
CZ20024227A3 (cs) 2003-12-17
CZ302228B6 (cs) 2011-01-05
WO2001096633A1 (fr) 2001-12-20
IL153380A (en) 2006-08-20
US20130202518A1 (en) 2013-08-08
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GB2383588B (en) 2004-05-05
IL153380A0 (en) 2003-07-06
CA2412853C (fr) 2009-08-25
AU7436801A (en) 2001-12-24
KR20030046338A (ko) 2003-06-12
EP1292726A1 (fr) 2003-03-19
GB0300199D0 (en) 2003-02-05
GB2383588A (en) 2003-07-02
EP1983080B1 (fr) 2017-02-01
US8501143B2 (en) 2013-08-06
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CN1243855C (zh) 2006-03-01

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