US20020049236A1 - Non-peptidyl inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell binding useful in treating inflammatory, autoimmune, and respiratory diseases - Google Patents

Non-peptidyl inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell binding useful in treating inflammatory, autoimmune, and respiratory diseases Download PDF

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US20020049236A1
US20020049236A1 US09/747,246 US74724600A US2002049236A1 US 20020049236 A1 US20020049236 A1 US 20020049236A1 US 74724600 A US74724600 A US 74724600A US 2002049236 A1 US2002049236 A1 US 2002049236A1
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methyl
propionic acid
acetyl
phenyl
ureido
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Allen Duplantier
Louis Chupak
Anthony Milici
Wan Lau
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Pfizer Products Inc
Pfizer Inc
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Pfizer Products Inc
Pfizer Inc
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Assigned to PFIZER INC., PFIZER PRODUCTS INC. reassignment PFIZER INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LAU, WAN F., DUPLANTIER, ALLEN J., CHUPAK, LOUIS S., MILICI, ANTHONY J.
Priority to US10/170,289 priority patent/US6668527B2/en
Priority to US10/171,286 priority patent/US6667331B2/en
Priority to US10/702,539 priority patent/US6903128B2/en
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds which are non-peptidyl in structure and active as potent inhibitors of the binding of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 ; CD49d/CD29) to proteins such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the HepII/IIICS domain (CS-1 region) of fibronectin and osteopontin. As such they are useful in the inhibition of cell adhesion and consequent or associated pathogenic processes subsequently mediated by VLA-4.
  • VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
  • CS-1 region HepII/IIICS domain
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be used in the treatment of many inflammatory, autoimmune and respiratory diseases, especially asthma.
  • VLA-4 is a member of a superfamily of cell surface macromolecular receptors called integrins, which are non-covalent heterodimeric complexes consisting of an ⁇ subunit and a ⁇ subunit (Hemler, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, p. 365, 1990). Eighteen different a subunits have been identified and labeled ⁇ 1 - ⁇ 10 , ⁇ L , ⁇ M , ⁇ X , ⁇ D , ⁇ LRI , ⁇ IIB , ⁇ V and ⁇ E ; while eight different ⁇ subunits have been identified and labeled ⁇ 1 - ⁇ 8 . Each integrin molecule can be categorized into a subfamily based on the type of its ⁇ and ⁇ subunits.
  • the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 integrin, VLA-4 is an integrin constitutively expressed by all leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages) except polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
  • leukocytes e.g., monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages
  • the binding of this integrin to one of its ligands has a number of known cell adhesion and activation functions (Hemler, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, p. 365, 1990; Walsh et al., Clin. and Exp. Allergy, 25, p. 1128, 1995; Huhtala et al., J. Cell Biol., 129, p. 867, 1995).
  • VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
  • FN extracellular matrix protein fibronectin
  • VLA-4 cell adhesion interactions has been established by the use of specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) antagonists of the ⁇ subunit of VLA-4, which have demonstrated that inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion prevent or inhibit numerous inflammatory, respiratory and autoimmune pathological conditions (Chisholm et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 23, p. 682, 1993; Lobb et al., J. Clin. Invest., 94, p. 1722, 1994; Richards et al., Am. J. Respir.
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • VLA-4 binding domain in the CS-1 region of fibronectin comprises the octapeptide: Glu-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-Ser-Thr, as well as two overlapping pentapeptides: Glu-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val and Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-Ser. All of these peptides inhibit FN-dependent cell adhesion, leading to the early conclusion that the minimal amino acid sequence required for inhibition would be Leu-Asp-Val (LDV). In fact the LDV minimal inhibitory sequence has been observed to be equally effective as the full length CS-1 fragment in binding the activated form of VLA-4 (Wayner et al., J. Cell Biol., 116, p. 489, 1992).
  • RGD Arg-Gly Asp
  • Various integrins are believed to bind to extracellular matrix proteins at an Arg-Gly Asp (RGD) recognition site.
  • RGD based cyclic peptides have been made that are said to be able to inhibit both ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 binding to FN (Nowlin et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268, p. 20352, 1993; PCT/US91/04862) even though the primary recognition on FN for ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 is LDV.
  • the cyclic peptide may be represented by Formula (0.0.1):
  • TPro denotes 4-thioproline.
  • peptidyl inhibitors of VLA-4 are those referred to in Arrhenius et al., “CS-1 Peptidomimetics,” WO 95/15973, which is assigned to the Cytel Corporation and is related to the two U.S. patents noted below.
  • a representative compound of the type described is the peptide of Formula (0.0.2):
  • NCy 3 is selected from, inter alia, morpholinamido; thiomorpholinamido; 4-(thiadioxo)piperidinamido; and D-2-(carboxamide)-pyrrolidinamido; piperidinamido; and substituted piperidinamido.
  • the Arrhenius group has also discovered non-peptidal inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell binding as described in He et al. WO 98/42656.
  • the inhibitors therein described are of the general Formula (0.0.3):
  • a typical inhibitor is that represented by Formula (0.0.4):
  • the Leu-Asp-Val tripeptide has been used as the core of a group of inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion described in Adams et al. WO 96/22966, which is assigned to Biogen, Inc. These inhibitors may be represented by Formula (0.0.5):
  • An example of a typical inhibitor of this type is that of Formula (0.0.6):
  • Z may be 4-(N′-(2-methylphenyl)urea)phenylacetyl; (Y 1 )—(Y 2 )—(Y 3 ) n represents a series of amino acids forming a peptide chain; and X may be OH.
  • a typical inhibitor of this type is shown in Formula (0.0.8):
  • the Adams group has also asserted, in Zheng et al., WO 98/04247, the discovery that existing IIb/IIIa integrin inhibitory compounds may be converted into VLA-4 inhibitory compounds, and that IIb/IIIa inhibitory compounds can be made by combining a unique VLA-4 integrin scaffold with a IIb/IIIa specificity determinant.
  • These cell adhesion inhibitors may be viewed as comprising a compound of the formula: A-B, where A comprises a VLA-4 specificity determinant which does not impart significant IIb/IIIa integrin inhibitory activity, and B is an integrin scaffold derived from a IIb/IIIa inhibitor.
  • a three dimensional pharmacophore model of a compound having VLA-4 inhibitory activity is also described. Representative of the inhibitors thus derived are the compounds of Formulas (0.0.9) and (0.0.10):
  • VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion inhibitor is that described in Head et al., “Anti-inflammatory Tyrosine Derivatives”, WO 98/54207, which may be represented by general Formula (0.0.12):
  • R 1 is an optionally substituted alkyl or aromatic group
  • X 2 is —C( ⁇ O)—; —C( ⁇ O)O—; —C( ⁇ O)NH—; or —S( ⁇ O) 2 —
  • R 7 is an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group.
  • a compound typical of this type of inhibitor may be represented by Formula (0.0.13):
  • the Head group has also discovered a related group of VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion inhibitors, described in Head et al., “Phenylalanine Derivatives Useful As Pharmaceutical Agents,” WO 99/37618, which are of the general Formula (0.0.14):
  • L 1 is a linker atom or group
  • A is a chain —[C(R 7 )(R 8 )] p —Y—[C(R 9 )(R 10 )] q —
  • L 2 is a linker group selected from —C( ⁇ O)—; —C( ⁇ O)O—; —C( ⁇ S)—; —S( ⁇ O) 2 , or —C( ⁇ O)N(R 11 )—.
  • An example of this type of inhibitor is that of a compound of Formula (0.0.15):
  • a representative example of these inhibitory compounds is that of Formula (0.0.17):
  • inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion have also been done by Pleiss and Thorsett and their co-workers, e.g., as described in Thorsett et al., “Inhibitors of Leukocyte Adhesion,” WO 96/01544 assigned to Athena Neurosciences, Inc. These inhibitors comprise inhibitors that block cellular adhesion mediated by VLA-4 and they are used to treat a number of inflammatory diseases, especially inflammatory brain disorders.
  • Non-peptide, i.e., small molecule inhibitors of VLA-4 have also been discovered by the Pleiss and Thorsett group, e.g., as described in Thorsett, “Carbamoyloxy Compounds Which Inhibit Leukocyte Adhesion Mediated by VLA-4,” WO 99/06390 assigned to Athena Neurosciences, Inc.
  • Inhibitors of this type may be represented by general Formula (0.0.20):
  • R 1 is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl, all of which are optionally substituted;
  • R 2 is defined similarly to R 1 and may be combined with it and the —S( ⁇ O) 2 — moiety to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic group;
  • R 3 is defined similarly to R 1 and is optionally taken together with the nitrogen atom bound to R 2 and the carbon atom bound to R 3 to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic group;
  • R 7 is —H or alkyl;
  • Ar is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl; and
  • R 5′ is —O—Z—NR 8 R 8′ or —O—Z—R 12 where Z is —C( ⁇ O) or —S( ⁇ O) 2 , R 8 and R 8′ are —H, or optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or hetercyclic, or R 8 and R 8′ may be joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycle,
  • VLA-4 inhibitors A representative example of the above-described VLA-4 inhibitors is the compound of Formula (0.0.21):
  • Disorders said to be susceptible to treatment include airway hyper-responsiveness and occlusion that occur in conjunction with chronic asthma, smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerosis, vascular occlusion following angioplasty, fibrosis and glomerular scarring as a result of renal disease, aortic stenosis, hypertrophy of synovial membranes in rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammation and scarring that occur with the progression of ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 7 , and Ar have substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06390; and R 5 is an optionally substituted member selected from the group consisting of —NHC( ⁇ O)R; alkoxyaryl; aryl; heteroaryl; —NRR′; alkoxy-NRR′; alkenyl; alkynyl; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; alkoxy-heterocyclic; O-heterocyclic; tetrazolyl; —NRS( ⁇ O) 2 -alkyl; alkenylsulfonylamino; alkynylsulfonylamino; alkoxy; amidine; —C( ⁇ O)NRR′; —NRC( ⁇ O)R′; —S( ⁇ O) 2 -aryl; S( ⁇ O) 2 -heteroaryl; —NRC( ⁇ O)NRR′;
  • a compound which illustrates the type of VLA-4 inhibitors disclosed is that of Formula (0.0.23):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 7 have substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06390 and WO 99/06431; and R 5 is -ALK-X or ⁇ CH—Y where X and Y are defined to mean a wide variety of groups, all of which are optionally substituted.
  • VLA-4 inhibitor is the compound of Formula (0.0.25):
  • VLA-4 inhibitory compounds which has also been discovered by the Thorsett and Pleiss group is described in Dappen et al., “Compounds Which Inhibit Leukocyte Adhesion Mediated by VLA-4,” WO 99/06433 assigned to Athena Neurosciences, Inc. and American Home Products Corporation. Inhibitory compounds of this type are characterized by general Formula (0.0.26):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 7 have substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06390, WO 99/06431, and WO 99/06432; and X is —H; —OH; acylamino; —C( ⁇ O)OH; and optionally substituted alkyl; alkoxy; aryl; aryloxy; aryloxyaryl; carboxy-alkyl; carboxy-cycloalkyl; carboxy-aryl; carboxy-heteroaryl; carboxy-heterocyclic; and cycloalkyl.
  • VLA-4 inhibitor The type of VLA-4 inhibitor described in the paragraph immediately above may be represented by the compound of Formula (0.0.27):
  • VLA-4 inhibitory compounds which has been discovered by the Thorsett and Pleiss group is described in Ashwell et al., “4-Amino-Phenylalanine Type Compounds Which Inhibit Leukocyte Adhesion Mediated by VLA-4,” WO 99/06434 assigned to Athena Neurosciences, Inc. and American Home Products Corporation. Inhibitory compounds of this type are characterized by general Formula (0.0.28):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 7 have substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06390, WO 99/06431, WO 99/06432, and WO 99/06433; and R is —H, alkyl, or aryl; X is O, S, or NR; and Y is NRR′ or heterocycle, all of which are optionally substituted by a wide variety of groups.
  • VLA-4 inhibitor may be illustrated by the compound of Formula (0.0.29):
  • VLA-4 inhibitors structurally related to those groups of VLA-4 inhibitors described above, which has been discovered by the Thorsett and Pleiss group is described in Thorsett et al., “Dipeptide Compounds Which Inhibit Leukocyte Adhesion Mediated by VLA-4,” WO 99/06435 assigned to Athena Neurosciences, Inc. and American Home Products Corporation. Inhibitory compounds of this type are characterized by general Formula (0.0.30):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 7 have substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06390, WO 99/06431, WO 99/06432, WO 99/06433, and WO 99/06434;
  • R 5 has substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06432; and
  • R 4 is —H; and optionally substituted alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; heterocyclic; and R 1 and R 2 may be taken together, or R 2 and R 3 may be taken together, or R 3 and R 4 may be taken together to form cycloalkyl or heterocyclic groups.
  • VLA-4 inhibitor may be illustrated by the compound of Formula (0.0.31):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 7 have substantially the same meaning as described above with respect to WO 99/06390, WO 99/06431, WO 99/06432, WO 99/06433, and WO 99/06434; and Ar is aryl or heteroaryl.
  • This type of VLA-4 inhibitor may be illustrated by the compound of Formula (0.0.33):
  • the Stilz and Wehner group has discovered a different class of compounds which possess inhibitory activity with regard to VLA-4 mediated cell adhesion. These inhibitory compounds are described, e.g., in Stilz et al., “5-Ring Heterocycles As Inhibitors of Leukocyte Adhesion and As VLA-4 Antagonists,” EP 842 943 assigned to Hoechst AG., which may be characterized by general Formula (0.0.37):
  • R is 4-amido-phenyl, 4-guanidino-phenyl, 4-aminomethyl-phenyl, 3-amino-propyl, or 3-guanidino-propyl;
  • R 1 is methyl or benzyl;
  • R 2 is —H, methyl, ethyl, optionally substituted benzyl, or naphthylmethyl;
  • R 3 is a mono-, di-, or tri-peptide;
  • R 4 is —H, methyl, or butyl; and
  • R 5 is —H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted aryl.
  • a representative compound falling within the scope of the above-described class of VLA-4 inhibitors is that of Formula (0.0.38):
  • Stilz and Wehner group has also discovered inhibitory compounds which are structurally close to those in above-described EP 842 943, and which are described in Stilz et al., “Heterocycles As Inhibitors of Leukocyte Adhesion and As Antagonists of VLA-4,” EP 842 944. These compounds may be characterized by general Formula (0.0.39):
  • R 4 is methyl or 4-R 3 -phenyl where R 3 is 4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl or —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 ; R 2 is optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, or naphthyl; and R 4 is —H, ethyl, n-butyl, or iso-butyl.
  • a representative example of this type of inhibitory compound is that of Formula (0.0.40):
  • EP 842 945 Further inhibitory compounds structurally close to those in above-described EP 842 944 are described in Stilz et al., EP 842 945, which may be characterized by general Formula (0.0.41):
  • R is 4-R 2 -phenyl where R 2 is —CN, —NO 2 , optionally substituted —NH 2 C( ⁇ O)NH, or —NH 2 C( ⁇ O)NHCH 2 ; and R 2 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • R is 4-R 2 -phenyl where R 2 is —CN, —NO 2 , optionally substituted —NH 2 C( ⁇ O)NH, or —NH 2 C( ⁇ O)NHCH 2 ; and R 2 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • R 2 is 4-R 2 -phenyl where R 2 is —CN, —NO 2 , optionally substituted —NH 2 C( ⁇ O)NH, or —NH 2 C( ⁇ O)NHCH 2 ; and R 2 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • a representative example of this type of inhibitory compound is that of Formula (0.0.42):
  • A is optionally substituted alkylene, alkenylene, phenylene, -phenyl-alkylene, or alkylene-phenyl-;
  • L and M are a bond or —CH 2 —;
  • X is optionally substituted —CH(R 7 )— or —C( ⁇ CHR 7 )— where R 7 is optionally substituted alkyl, phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, indazolyl, or pyridinyl;
  • R 1 is —H, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl; —C( ⁇ O)R 6 , or —SO 2 R 6 where R 6 is —H, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • R 2 is —NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , or —C( ⁇ O)OH;
  • R 3 is
  • a typical VLA-4 inhibitor falling within the above-described class of compounds is illustrated by Formula (0.0.44):
  • R is methyl or phenyl
  • R 1 is tert-butyl, propyl, iso-propyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, or optionally substituted phenyl
  • R 3 is adamantyl, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OH, optionally substituted —CH(phenyl)CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OH or —CH(phenyl)C( ⁇ O)OH
  • R 4 is —H or iso-butyl.
  • An example of a compound which illustrates this class of VLA-4 inhibitors is that of Formula (0.0.46):
  • VLA-4 inhibitors have been discovered by the Chen group, e.g., as described in Chen et al., “Novel N-Aroylphenylalanine Derivatives As Integrin Antagonists,” WO 99/10312 assigned to F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG.
  • This class of inhibitors may be illustrated by general Formulas (0.0.47) and (0.0.48):
  • a still further class of inhibitors of VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion is that discovered by Hagmann and his co-workers, e.g., as described in Durette and Hagmann, “Heterocyclic Amide Compounds As Cell Adhesion Inhibitors,” WO 98/53814 which is assigned to Merck & Co., Inc.
  • This class of compounds may be illustrated by general Formula (0.0.53):
  • X is —C( ⁇ O)OH or acid isostere
  • Y is —C( ⁇ O) or —S( ⁇ O) 2
  • R 1 through R 8 are selected from a wide variety of well known substituents
  • A, B, and Z are selected so as to afford heterocycles of different types and ring sizes.
  • An example of an inhibitory compound which is representative of this class is that of Formula (0.0.54):
  • X, Y, and R 1 through R 7 have substantially the same meaning as defined above for Formula (0.0.53), except that R 2 and R 3 may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a ring of 4 to 7 members containing 0-2 additional heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N; and R b is optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl.
  • a representative example of a compound falling within the scope of this class of VLA-4 inhibitors is that of Formula (0.0.57):
  • R b and R 1 through R 7 have the same meaning as defined above for Formulas (0.0.55) and (0.0.56).
  • a representative inhibitory compound falling within the above-described class is that of Formula (0.0.59):
  • VLA-4 inhibitory compounds related in structure to those described above has been discovered by the Hagmann group and is disclosed in Delaszlo, “Azapeptide Acids As Cell Adhesion Inhibitors,” WO 99/20272. This class of inhibitors may be illustrated by general Formula (0.0.60):
  • a typical VLA-4 inhibitory compound in this class is that of Formula (0.0.64):
  • R indicates the ring size
  • X, Y, and R 1 through R 7 have the same meaning as defined above for Formulas (0.0.55) and (0.0.56).
  • a representative example of an inhibitory compound within this class is that of Formula (0.0.66):
  • VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion inhibitors differs from those disclosed in WO 98153814 described above only with respect to the terminal amino acid, which is a ⁇ -amino acid. Accordingly, reference may be made to general Formula (0.0.53) above. These ⁇ -amino acids are disclosed in Durette et al., “Substituted ⁇ -Alanine Derivatives As Cell Adhesion Inhibitors,” WO 99/26921 assigned to Merck & Co., Inc. Typical inhibitors of this type are illustrated in Formulas (0.0.67) and (0.0.68):
  • VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion inhibitors related in structure to those described above has been discovered by the Hagmann group and is disclosed in Chang et al., “Substituted Pyrrole Derivates As Cell Adhesion Inhibitors,” WO 99/26922 assigned to Merck & Co., Inc. This class of inhibitors is illustrated by general Formula (0.0.69):
  • VLA-4 inhibitory compounds discovered by the Hagmann group and closely related to those above is that described in Delaszlo and Hagmann, “Para-Aminomethylaryl Carboxamide Derivatives,” WO 99/26923 assigned to Merck & Co., Inc., and which may be represent by general Formula (0.0.71):
  • VLA-4 antagonists which is described in Wattanasin and Von Matt, “VLA-4 Antagonists,” WO 99/37605 assigned to Novartis.
  • the inhibitory compounds in this new class may be represented by general Formula (0.0.73):
  • Y is —C( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, or —P( ⁇ O) 2 —
  • Z is —(CH 2 ) n —, —CHR—, or —NR—
  • W is —CH— or —N—
  • X is —C( ⁇ O)OH or acid isostere
  • R 1 through R 4 are a wide variety of common substituents.
  • a representative example of a VLA-4 inhibitor from this class is illustrated by Formula (0.0.74):
  • VLA-4 inhibitors may be represented by general Formula (0.0.75):
  • X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are —N— or —CR—;
  • Ar 1 is aryl or heteroaryl;
  • L 2 is an optionally substituted alkylene linkage;
  • Y is carboxy, an acid bioisostere, or —C( ⁇ O)NRR; and
  • R 1 is —H, halo, —OH, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy.
  • VLA-4 inhibitors which is closely related in structure to those described immediately above is described in Artles et al. “Biaryl ⁇ -Alanine Derivatives Useful As VLA-4 Antagonists,” WO 99/33789 assigned to Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Ltd. Members of this class of inhibitors may be represented by general Formula (0.0.77):
  • R 4 is aryl or heteroaryl or is optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl.
  • a representative example of an inhibitory compound within this class is illustrated by Formula (0.0.78):
  • a further different group has also discovered a new class of VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion inhibitors, which is described in Lobl et al. “Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion,” WO 96/40781 assigned to Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
  • the inhibitors are cyclic peptides which contain a free acid.
  • VLA-4 inhibitors discovered by the same group is described in Lobl et al. “Inhibitors of ⁇ 1 ⁇ 4 Mediated Cell Adhesion,” WO 98/58902 assigned to Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. and Pharmacia & Upjohn Company. Members of this further class of VLA-4 inhibitors may be represented by general Formula (0.0.79):
  • R 1 is acid or amide
  • X is phenyl
  • Z is amide or methylene ether.
  • a representative example of an inhibitory compound from this class is that of Formula (0.0.80):
  • VLA-4 inhibitors Another class of VLA-4 inhibitors discovered by the same group is described in Sircar et al. “Inhibitors of ⁇ 4 Mediated Cell Adhesion,” WO 99/36393 assigned to Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. Members of this class of VLA-4 inhibitors may be characterized by general Formula (0.0.81):
  • R 1 through R 6 are selected from a wide variety of common substituent groups; R 4 is acid, acid isostere, or amide; A is aryl or heteroaryl; Q is a bond, —C( ⁇ O)—, or substituted alkylene; n is 0 to 2; and W is —O—, —S—, —CH ⁇ CH—, or —N ⁇ CH—.
  • a representative member of this class of VLA-4 inhibitors is illustrated by Formula (0.0.82):
  • VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion inhibitors which is described in Kogan et al. “Process to Inhibit Binding of the Integrin alpha 4 beta 1 to VCAM-1 or Fibronectin,” WO 96/00581 assigned to Texas Biotechnology Corporation.
  • This class of VLA-4 antagonists comprises cyclic peptides of from 5 to 13 residues modeled after a portion of the CS1 peptide, that also contain a free acid.
  • VLA-4 antagonists which is described in Dutta, “Fibronectin Adhesion Inhibitors,” WO 96/20216 assigned to Zeneca Limited.
  • This class of VLA-4 antagonists comprises cyclic peptides that contain a free acid.
  • VLA-4 antagonists A related class of VLA-4 antagonists discovered by the same group is described in Dutta, “Cyclic Tetrapeptide Dimers Useful As Fibronectin Inhibitors,” WO 97/02289 assigned to Zeneca Limited.
  • This class of VLA-4 antagonists comprises cyclic dimeric peptides in which a peptide 1 and peptide 2 independently representing a tetrapeptide, are juxtaposed in parallel or antiparallel orientation by means of two linking moieties L1 and L2.
  • VLA-4 antagonists Another related class of VLA-4 antagonists discovered by the same group is described in Dutta, “Cyclic Octapeptide Derivatives That Are Integrin Antagonists,” WO 97/49731 assigned to Zeneca Limited.
  • This class of VLA-4 antagonists comprises a variety of cyclic octapeptides containing a free acid.
  • VLA-4 antagonists which is described in Brittain and Johnstone, “Chemical Compounds,” WO 99/24398 assigned to Zeneca Limited. Members of this class may be represented by general Formula (0.0.83):
  • VLA-4 antagonists that are non-peptidal, i.e., that may be regarded as small molecules, are thereby able to avoid the liabilities of peptidal agents as discussed above.
  • the small molecule VLA-4 antagonists known in the art as described in detail above, have not yet been established to possess sufficiently high levels of the desired potency with low levels of acceptable side effects, together with adequately workable pharmacokinetic and adsorption profiles, such as would enable such compounds to become suitable therapeutic agents for use in treating the diseases and conditions discussed herein. Accordingly, there still exists in the art a need for non-peptidyl or semi-peptidyl therapeutic agents which can effectively treat or prevent such pathological conditions.
  • the present invention is concerned with compositions which inhibit VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion in a mammal.
  • the present invention thus relates to a compound of Formula (1.0.0):
  • A is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl as defined herein; where said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 0 to 3 R 9 ; or is a member selected from the group consisting of the following radicals: A 1 -NHCNHC( ⁇ O)NH-A 2 -; A 1 -NHC( ⁇ O)O-A 2 -; A 1 -OC( ⁇ O)NH-A 2 -; A 1 -NHSO 2 NH-A 2 -; A 1 -NHC( ⁇ O)-A 2 -; A 1 -C( ⁇ O)NH-A 2 -; A 1 -NHSO 2 -A 2 -; A 1 -SO 2 NH-A 2 -; A 1 -(CH 2 ) r -A 2 -; A 1 -CH(R 1 )—O
  • B is a member independently selected from the group consisting of the following:
  • E is a single bond; —O—; —NR 10 —; —CH ⁇ CH—; —C ⁇ —C—; —S( ⁇ O) q ; —CR 11 R 12 NR 10 —; or —CR 11 R 12 —;
  • X is —O—; —C( ⁇ O)—; —S( ⁇ O) q —; or —NR 10 —;
  • X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CH, CR 9 or N;
  • Y is a single bond; —C( ⁇ O)—; —C( ⁇ S)—; or —S( ⁇ O) 2 —;
  • k is an integer independently selected from 0, 1 and 2;
  • m is an integer independently selected from 0 and 1;
  • n is an integer independently selected from 0, 1 and 2;
  • p is an integer independently selected from 0 and 1, provided that p must be selected as 1 where B is selected as partial formula (1.1.0) through (1.1.11);
  • q is an integer independently selected from 0, 1 and 2;
  • r is an integer independently selected from 0, 1 and 2;
  • R 1 is (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl substituted with 0 or 1 of F; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; or cyano;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; a (C 3 -C 14 ) carbocyclic ring system substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; a heterocyclyl ring as defined herein, substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl-OR 5 substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl-SR 5 substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl-SO 2 R 5 substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; a heteroaryl ring as defined herein, substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; an aryl ring as defined herein, substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each defined as above; or they are taken together as defined below; or one of them is taken together with R 4 as defined below, in which case the other has the meaning of hydrogen or methyl;
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form either a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; or
  • R 2 or R 3 is taken together with R 4 and the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are respectively attached to form a heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group as defined herein, substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ;
  • R 4 is hydrogen; or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl optionally substituted with R 13 ; or R 4 may be taken together with either R 2 or R 3 to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl; CF 3 ; aryl; cycloalkyl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is substituted by 0 to 3 R 13 ;
  • R 7 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (CH 2 ) k OR 5 ; (CH 2 ) k C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; (CH 2 ) k C( ⁇ O)NR 6 R 5 ; (CH 2 ) k NR 6 C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; (CH 2 ) k NR 6 C( ⁇ O)OR 5 ; (CH 2 ) k NR 6 SO 2 R 5 ; (CH 2 ) k NR 6 R 5 ; F; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; aryl, substituted with 0 to 3 R 9 ; heterocyclyl, substituted with 0-3 R 9 ; heteroaryl, substituted with 0-3 R 9 ; cycloalkyl, substituted with 0 to 3 R 9 ; or R 7 may be taken together with R 8 to form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring; or R 7 may be taken together with R 11 to form a cycloalkyl
  • R 8 is hydrogen; F; CN; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy;
  • R 9 is halogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkyl; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy; cyano; (CH 2 ) k OH; C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; (CH 2 ) k C(O)NR 5 R 6 ; (CH 2 ) k NR 5 R 6 ; (CH 2 ) k NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; SO 2 NR 5 R 6 ; (CH 2 ) m C( ⁇ O)OR 5 ; when R 9 is attached to a saturated carbon atom R 9 may be ⁇ O or ⁇ S; when R 9 is attached to a sulphur atom R 9 may be ⁇ O;
  • R 10 is hydrogen; C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; C( ⁇ O)OR 5 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; or SO 2 R 5 ;
  • R 11 and R 12 are independently hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; hydroxy; cyano; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; NR 6 C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; NR 6 SO 2 R 5 ; NR 6 R 5 ; CF 3 ; F; aryl; heterocyclyl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkoxy; or R 11 may be taken together with R 12 to form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring;
  • R 13 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; CF 3 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; heterocyclyl; hydroxy; cyano; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkyl; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl; —NR 6 R 5 ; —C( ⁇ O)NR 5 R 6 ; SO 2 R 5 ; C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; NR 5 C( ⁇ O)R 6 ; C( ⁇ O)NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; NR 5 C( ⁇ O)OR 6 ; and SO 2 NR 6 R 5 .
  • the present invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the compounds of the present invention as described above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for said compound(s), wherein the amount of said compound(s) present is effective for preventing, inhibiting, suppressing or reducing cell adhesion and consequent or associated pathogenic processes subsequently mediated by VLA-4.
  • the present invention is further concerned with pharmaceutical compositions which in addition to containing a compound of the present invention, additionally comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting essentially of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, bronchodilators, anti-asthmatic agents, and immunosuppressant agents.
  • the present invention is still further concerned with a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory, autoimmune or respiratory diseases by inhibiting cell adhesion and consequent or associated pathogenic processes subsequently mediated by VLA-4, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be used in the treatment of many inflammatory, autoimmune and respiratory diseases, including but not limited to asthma, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, host rejection following organ transplantation, atherosclerosis, and other diseases mediated by or associated with VLA-4.
  • the present invention relates to compounds which inhibit cell adhesion and subsequent pathogenic processes mediated by VLA-4. These compounds, which are thus useful in the treatment of many inflammatory, autoimmune and respiratory diseases, may be illustrated by Formula (1.0.0):
  • the terminal group identified as A has the meaning alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl substituted with 0 to 3 R 9 ; or is a member selected from the group consisting of the following radicals: A 1 -NHC( ⁇ O)NH-A 2 -, A 1 -NHC( ⁇ O)O-A 2 -, A 1 -OC( ⁇ O)NH-A 2 -, A 1 -NHSO 2 NH-A 2 -, A 1 -NHC( ⁇ O)-A 2 -, A 1 -C( ⁇ O)NH-A 2 -, A 1 -NHSO 2 -A 2 -, A 1 -SO 2 NH-A 2 -, A 1 -(CH 2 ) r O-A 2 -, A 1 -O(CH 2 ) r -A 2 -, A 1 -(CH 2 ) r -A 2 -, where A 1 -NHC( ⁇ O)NH-A
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched chain alkyl radical containing the indicated number of carbon atoms, usually from 1 to 6 but often from 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
  • examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, and hexyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic alkyl radical containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • examples of such cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • aryl as used with reference to “A”, as well as in other contexts throughout the instant specification, is intended to refer to a carbocyclic aromatic group which is a member selected from the group consisting essentially of phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, and fluorenyl. It is preferred, however, that where “A” is “aryl”, that it is phenyl.
  • heteroaryl as used with reference to “A”, as well as in other contexts throughout the instant specification, is intended to refer to a heterocyclic aromatic group which is a member selected from the group consisting essentially of furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, pyranyl, parathiazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzo[b]thioph
  • A is “heteroaryl” that it is furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzimidazolyl, or quinolinyl. More preferably, “A” is pyridyl.
  • heterocyclylic and “heterocyclyl” as used with reference to “A”, as well as in other contexts throughout the instant specification, are both intended to refer to a non-aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocyclic ring in which at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring has been replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O or S.
  • a heteroatom selected from N, O or S.
  • the heterocyclyl group may comprise one or two fused rings, and further may include an aryl-fused ring.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a member selected from the group consisting essentially of oxiranyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, tetrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and benzodioxolane, especially 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl.
  • A is “heterocyclyl” that it is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl.
  • A is defined as a moiety selected from the above-defined alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl groups, said moiety may be substituted with 0 to 3 R 9 .
  • the choice of “0” merely denotes that there are no substituents, substitution being optional. Where substitution occurs, preferably there are two substituents, and more preferably there is only one substituent.
  • R 9 substituent R 9
  • R 9 it will be independently selected from the group consisting essentially of halogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkyl; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy; cyano; hydroxy; C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; C(O)NR 5 R 6 ; NR 5 R 6 ; NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; SO 2 NR 5 R 6 ; C( ⁇ O)OR 5 ; when R 9 is attached to a saturated carbon atom R 9 may be ⁇ O or ⁇ S; when R 9 is attached to a sulfur atom R 9 may be ⁇ O; where R 5 and R 6 are as further defined herein.
  • there is a single substituent and it is F, Cl, OH, methyl, methoxy, cyclohexyl, ace
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
  • suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy.
  • cycloalkoxy refers to an cycloalkyl ether radical, wherein the term “cycloalkyl” is as defined above.
  • suitable cycloalkoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, and cyclohexyloxy.
  • a preferred meaning of “A” is that of a divalent radical which is a member selected from the group consisting of the following radicals: A1-NHC( ⁇ O)NH-A2-, A1-NHC( ⁇ O)O-A2-, A1-OC( ⁇ O)NH-A2-, A1-NHSO2NH-A2-, A1-NHC( ⁇ O)-A2-, A1-C( ⁇ O)NH-A2-, A1-NHSO2-A2-, A1-SO2NH-A 2 -, A1-(CH2) r O-A2-, A1-O (CH2)r-A2-, A1-(CH2)r-A2-, where A 1 and A 2 is each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; where said aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is substituted with
  • the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group which is bonded to one or both sides of the ureido radical is selected in accordance with the definitions set out above, as are the 0 to 3 substituents R 9 . It is preferred that an aryl group be covalently bonded to the both sides of the ureido radical, and it is further preferred that this aryl group be phenyl. It is most preferred that said phenyl group have a single substituent which is preferably F, Cl, methyl, methoxy, or F 3 C—. Examples of the preferred meanings of “A” are shown in partial Formulas (4.0.0) though (4.0.11):
  • the following most preferred termini which include the component “A” may be represented by the following partial Formulas (4.1.0) through (4.1.23): 4-hydroxyphenyl- (4.1.0) 3-methoxy-4-(N′-phenylurea)- phenylmethyl- (4.1.1) 4-(N′-phenylurea)-phenylmethyl- (4.1.2) 4-[N′-(2-methylphenyl)-urea]- phenylmethyl- (4.1.3) 4-[N′-(2-methoxyphenyl)-urea]- phenylmethyl- (4.1.4) 3-methoxy-4-[N′-(2-methylphenyl)-urea]- phenylmethyl- (4.1.5) 4-[N′-(2-pyridyl)-urea]-phenylmethyl- (4.1.6) 6-methoxy-5-[N′-(2-methylphenyl)-ure
  • the preferred methylene bridge is also preferably attached to the N,N′-diphenylureido group in a para relationship to the point of attachment of the divalent ureido group to the phenyl group involved.
  • the “Y” component of Formula (1.0.0) may be —C( ⁇ O)—; —C( ⁇ S)—; or —S( ⁇ O) 2 —. Overall, however, it is most preferred that “Y” be a carbonyl moiety, i.e., that “Y” is the moiety —C( ⁇ O)—.
  • the next component of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) is —NR 4 CR 2 R 3 —.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; a (C 3 -C 14 ) carbocyclic ring system substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; a heterocyclyl ring as defined herein, substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl-OR 5 substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl-SR 5 substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl-SO 2 R 5 substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; a heteroaryl ring as defined herein, substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 ; and an
  • R 2 and R 3 may also be taken together in accordance with an optional definition of R 2 and R 3 , in which case they form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a spirocyclic cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl group
  • the resulting compounds of the present invention will include moieties such as those of partial Formulas (1.2.0) through (1.2.2):
  • Another preferred sub-group of compounds of the present invention is that formed when either R 2 or R 3 is taken together with R 4 and the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are respectively attached to form a heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group as defined herein.
  • Said heteroaryl or heterocyclycl group may, in turn, be substituted with 0 to 3 R 13 .
  • R 2 or R 3 when either R 2 or R 3 is taken together with R 4 , the other must be hydrogen or methyl.
  • the sub-group may be represented by partial Formula (1.3.0) as follows:
  • R 2 or R 3 it will have the meaning of hydrogen, alkyl or methyl.
  • this sub-group of the group “—NR 4 CR 2 R 3 B—” represented by partial Formula (1.3.0) includes, but is not limited to, the embodiments which are represented by partial Formulas (1.3.1) through (1.3.20):
  • R 13 is absent when “0” is selected. It is preferred that R 13 either be absent or be present as a single substituent selected from halogen; CF 3 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; heterocyclyl; hydroxy; cyano; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; (C 3 -C 14 ) carbocyclic ring system; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkynyl; (C 2 -C 6 ) alkenyl; —NR 6 R 5 ; —C( ⁇ O)NR 5 R 6 ; SO 2 R 5 ; C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; NR 5 C( ⁇ O)R 6 ; C( ⁇ O)NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; NR 5 C( ⁇ O)NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; NR 5 C( ⁇ O)NR 5 SO 2 R 6 ; NR 5 C
  • alkynyl alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl radical containing from 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (acetylenyl), propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, hexynyl, decynyl and the like.
  • alkenyl alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkenyl radical containing from 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, E- and Z-propenyl, iso-propenyl, E- and Z-butenyl, E- and Z-iso-butenyl, and E- and Z-pentenyl.
  • (C 3 -C 14 )carbocyclic ring system as used with reference to R 2 and R 3 , as well as in other contexts throughout the instant specification, used alone or in combination, is intended to refer to cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups consisting of one, two or three fused rings containing a total of from three to fourteen carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl in turn, means a cyclic alkyl radical containing from 3 to 8, preferably from 3 to 6, carbon atoms. Examples of such cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to a cyclic carbocycle containing from 4 to 8, preferably 5 or 6, carbon atoms and one or more double bonds.
  • examples of such cycloalkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cyclopentadienyl.
  • one of the rings may be a cycloalkyl ring system while the other one or two rings may be cycloalkenyl ring systems.
  • R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen that the other be selected from the group consisting essentially of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and iso-butyl; hydroxymethyl, methoxymethyl; allyl, propenyl, E- and Z-iso-butenyl, and E- and Z-pentenyl; cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl and cyclohexylmethyl; cyclohexenylmethyl, benzyl, benzyloxymethyl and phenoxymethyl; 2-(methylthio)ethyl; 3-(hydroxypropylthio)methyl; 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl; 4-(acetylamino)butyl; 4-(methylsulfonylamino)butyl; and 4-ethoxycarbonylamino)butyl.
  • the next component, the “B” group of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) is one of the more important portions of the molecule and is a key element in providing the unexpectedly good biological properties possessed by the compounds of the present invention.
  • the “B” group comprises a member selected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.1.0) through (1.1.22):
  • R 10 substituent R 10
  • R 10 it will be independently selected from the group consisting essentially of hydrogen, C( ⁇ O)R 5 ; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; aryl; heterocyclyl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; or SO 2 R 5 .
  • R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from the group consisting essentially of hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; hydroxy; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; NR 6 COR 5 ; NR 6 SO 2 R 5 ; NR 5 R 5 ; CF 3 ; F; aryl; heterocyclyl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; and cycloalkoxy.
  • R 11 may be taken together with R 12 to form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; CF 3 ; aryl; cycloalkyl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl.
  • R 11 and R 12 be independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, methoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclopropyl, phenyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl and pyridyl.
  • the substituent R 7 is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; hydroxy; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy; NHC( ⁇ O)R 5 ; NHSO 2 R 5 ; NR 6 R 5 ; F; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; aryl; heterocyclyl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; or R 7 may be taken together with R 8 to form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • the substituent R 8 is selected from hydrogen; F; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl or (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy.
  • the final component of Formula (1.0.0) is the “—C( ⁇ O)OR 1 ” group wherein R 1 is hydrogen.
  • the component represented by partial Formula (1.4.0) includes, but is not limited to, the embodiments which are represented by partial Formulas (1.4.1) through (1.4.20):
  • compositions of Formula (1.0.0 include the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable derivative as used in the instant specification denotes any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • Such compounds are recognized as prodrugs, and a number of established procedures are available for preparing such prodrug forms of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).
  • patient refers to mammals, including humans.
  • cell refers to mammalian cells, including human cells, unless otherwise specified.
  • metabolites or residues of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) which possess biological activity such that they are able to inhibit cell adhesion and consequent or associated pathogenic processes subsequently mediated by VLA-4.
  • the inhibitory activities and VLA-4 specificities of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) according to this invention may be determined using in vitro and in vivo assays which are described in detail further below.
  • the desirable biological activity of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) may also be improved by appending thereto appropriate functionalities which will function to enhance existing biological properties of the compound, improve the selectivity of the compound for the existing biological activities, or add to the existing biological activities further desirable biological activities.
  • Such modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system, e.g., blood, the lymphatic system, and central nervous system; increase oral availability; increase solubility to allow administration by injection; alter metabolism; and alter the rate of excretion of the compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • Such well-known pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, besylate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecysulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, gluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisuccinate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, maleate, mandelate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate,
  • Base salts of the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to ammonium salts; alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium; alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium; salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, meglumine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methylamine (tromethamine), and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, etc.
  • Compounds of the present invention which comprise basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl halides, e.g., methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and tert-butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; di(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl sulfate, e.g., dimethyl, diethyl and diamyl sulfates; (C 10 -C 18 ) alkyl halides, e.g., decyl, dodecyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; and aryl-(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl halides, e.g., benzyl chloride and phenethyl bromide.
  • Such salts permit the preparation of both water-soluble and oil-soluble compounds of the present invention.
  • salts those which are preferred include, but are not limited to acetate, mesylate, citrate, fumarate, gluconate, hemisuccinate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, isothionate, mandelate, meglumine, nitrate, oleate, phosphonate, pivalate, sodium phosphate, stearate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, thiomalate, tosylate, and trimethylamine.
  • Multiple salts forms are included within the scope of the present invention where a compound of the present invention contains more than one group capable of forming such pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • Examples of typical multiple salt forms include, but are not limited to bitartrate, diacetate, difumarate, dimeglumine, diphosphate, disodium, and trihydrochloride.
  • compositions of the present invention comprise any one or more of the above-described inhibitory compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as also above-described, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in accordance with the properties and expected performance of such carriers which are well-known in the pertinent art.
  • carrier includes acceptable diluents, excipient, adjuvants and vehicles.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include but are not limited to, ion exchange compositions; alumina; aluminum stearate; lecithin; serum proteins, e.g., human serum albumin; phosphates; glycine; sorbic acid; potassium sorbate; partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids; water; salts or electrolytes, e.g., prolamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, and zinc salts; colloidal silica; magnesium trisilicate; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; cellulose-based substances; e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose; polyethylene glycol; polyacrylates; waxes; polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers; and wool fat.
  • the diluents, excipient, adjuvants and vehicles used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise members selected from the groups consisting essentially of the following: acidifying and alkalizing agents added to obtain a desired or predetermined pH comprise acidifying agents, e.g., acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, malic acid, and propionic acid, and alkalizing agents, e.g., edetol, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide; aerosol propellants required where the pharmaceutical composition is to be delivered as an aerosol under significant pressure, e.g., acceptable halogenated hydrocarbons; nitrogen; or a volatile hydrocarbon such as butane, propane, isobutane or mixtures thereof; antimicrobial agents including antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal agents added where the pharmaceutical composition is topically applied, e.g., antimicrobial agents such as benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol
  • Dermatologically active agents are added to the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention to be applied topically, e.g., wound healing agents such as peptide derivatives, yeast, panthenol, hexylresorcinol, phenol, tetracycline hydrochloride, lamin and kinetin, glucocorticosteroids for treating inflammation, e.g., hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, fluocinolone and methylprednisolone, retinoids for treating acne, psoriasis, cutaneous aging, and skin cancer, e.g., retinol, tretinoin, isotretinoin, etretinate, acitretin, and arotinoid, immunosuppressive agents for treating inflammation, e.g., dapsone and sulfasalazine; mild antibacterial agents, e.g.,
  • diluents, excipient, adjuvants and vehicles used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise members selected from the groups consisting essentially of the following: dispersing and suspending agents, e.g., poligeenan, povidone, and silicon dioxide; emollients, e.g., hydrocarbon oils and waxes, triglyceride esters, acetylated monoglycerides, methyl and other alkyl esters of C 10 -C 20 fatty acids, C 10 -C 20 fatty acids, C 10 -C 20 fatty alcohols, lanolin and derivatives, polyhydric alcohol esters such as polyethylene glycol (200-600), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, wax esters, phospholipids, and sterols; emulsifying agents used for preparing oil-in-water emulsions; excipients, e.g., laurocapram and polyethylene glycol monomethyl
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as do natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Rh, HCIX or similar alcohol.
  • compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
  • carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
  • aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • Suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
  • Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation, as described above, or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically active transdermal patches may also be used.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspension in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation through the use of a nebulizer, a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler.
  • a nebulizer a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, hydrofluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, and the particular mode of administration. It should be understood, however, that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of active ingredient may also depend upon the therapeutic or prophylactic agent, if any, with which the ingredient is co-administered.
  • the dosage and dose rate of the compounds of this invention effective for preventing, inhibiting, suppressing or reducing cell adhesion and consequent or associated pathogenic processes subsequently mediated by VLA-4 will depend on a variety of factors, such as the nature of the inhibitor, the size of the patient, the goal of the treatment, the nature of the pathology to be treated, the specific pharmaceutical composition used, and the observations and conclusions of the treating physician.
  • suitable dosage levels of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) will be between about 1.0 ⁇ g and about 10.0 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 5.0 ⁇ g and about 5.0 mg/kg body weight per day, more preferably between about 10.0 ⁇ g and about 1.0 mg/kg of body weight per day, and most preferably between about 20.0 ⁇ g and about 0.5 mg/kg of body weight per day of the active ingredient.
  • suitable dosage levels of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) will be between about 0.1 ⁇ g and about 1.0 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.5 ⁇ g and about 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day, more preferably between about 1.0 ⁇ g and about 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day, and most preferably between about 2.0 ⁇ g and about 0.05 mg/kg of body weight per day of the active ingredient.
  • suitable dosage levels of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) will be between about 1.0-10.0 ⁇ g and 10.0-100.0 mg per day, preferably between about 5.0-50.0 ⁇ g and 5.0-50.0 mg per day, more preferably between about 10.0-100.0 ⁇ g and 1.0-10.0 mg per day, and most preferably between about 20.0-200.0 ⁇ g and about 0.5-5.0 mg per day of the active ingredient comprising a compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • These ranges of dosage amounts represent total dosage amounts of the active ingredient per day for a given patient.
  • the number of times per day that a dose is administered will depend upon such pharmacological and pharmacokinetic factors as the half-life of the active ingredient, which reflects its rate of catabolism and clearance, as well as the minimal and optimal blood plasma or other body fluid levels of said active ingredient attained in the patient which are required for therapeutic efficacy
  • compositions which contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention as active ingredient, additional therapeutic agent active ingredients selected from the group consisting essentially of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids; bronchodilators; antiasthmatics; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; immunosuppressants; immunostimulants; antimetabolites; antipsoriatics and antidiabetics.
  • additional therapeutic agent active ingredients selected from the group consisting essentially of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids; bronchodilators; antiasthmatics; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; immunosuppressants; immunostimulants; antimetabolites; antipsoriatics and antidiabetics.
  • Specific compounds within each of these classes may be selected from those listed under the appropriate headings in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry , Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, pp. 970-986 (1990); and Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed., Hardman, J. G.
  • Especially preferred active ingredients to be included for use in combination with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are anti-inflammatory compounds such as theophylline, sulfasalazine and aminosalicylates; immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin, FK-506, and rapamycin; antimetabolites such as cyclophosphamide and methotrexate; and immunomodulators such as the interferons.
  • anti-inflammatory compounds such as theophylline, sulfasalazine and aminosalicylates
  • immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin, FK-506, and rapamycin
  • antimetabolites such as cyclophosphamide and methotrexate
  • immunomodulators such as the interferons.
  • Still further embodiments of the present invention relate to a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory, autoimmune or respiratory disease by inhibiting cell adhesion and consequent or associated pathogenic processes subsequently mediated by VLA-4.
  • VLA-4-associated cell adhesion plays a central role in a variety of inflammatory, immune and autoimmune diseases.
  • inhibition of cell adhesion by the compounds of this invention may be utilized in methods of treating or preventing inflammatory, immune and autoimmune diseases.
  • the diseases to be treated with the methods of this invention are selected from asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, transplantation rejection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • the above-described methods of treatment of the present invention may employ the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) in the form of monotherapy, but said methods may also be used in the form of multiple therapy in which one or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are coadministered in combination with a known anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, immunostimulating or immunosuppressive agent.
  • coadministered or “coadministration” as used herein are intended to mean therapeutic utilization of one or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0) in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, including but not limited to, administration of the combination of therapeutic active agents in a single dosage form or in multiple dosage forms representing the same or different routes of administration, said multiple dosage forms being administered at substantially the same time or at different times.
  • the biological activities relating to the VLA-4 specificities of said compounds may be determined using one or more of the numerous in vitro and in vivo assays which have been described heretofore in the technical literature pertinent to the art.
  • some of the now very-well established assay methods and models concern measurement of VLA-4 activity by determining the concentration of a test candidate inhibitor required to block the binding of VLA-4-expressing cells to fibronectin- or CS-1 coated plates.
  • microtiter wells are coated with either fibronectin (containing the CS-1 sequence), CS-1 peptide or soluble VCAM-1.
  • test compound may be added first and allowed to incubate with the coated wells prior to the addition of the cells. The cells are allowed to incubate in the wells for at least 30 minutes. Following incubation, the wells are emptied and washed. Inhibition of binding is measured by quantitating the fluorescence or radioactivity bound to the plate for each of the various concentrations of test compound, as well as for controls containing no test compound.
  • the assay just described is less preferred than other assays mentioned further below in determining the VLA-4 activity of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).
  • VLA-4-expressing cells that may be utilized in this assay include Ramos cells, Jurkat cells, A375 melanoma cells, as well as human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).
  • the cells used in this assay may be fluorescently or radioactively labelled.
  • integrins i.e., ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3
  • ⁇ 1 integrins such as VLA-5, VLA-6 and ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7
  • assays may be similar to the adhesion inhibition and direct binding assays described above, substituting the appropriate integrin-expressing cell and corresponding ligand.
  • PMNs polymorphonuclear cells express ⁇ 2 integrins on their surface and bind to ICAM; while ⁇ 3 integrins are involved in platelet aggregation and inhibition may be measured in a standard platelet aggregation assay.
  • VLA-5 binds specifically to Arg-Gly-Asp sequences
  • VLA-6 binds to laminin.
  • ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 is a recently discovered homologue of VLA-4, which also binds fibronectin and VCAM as well as MAdCAM-1. Specificity with respect to ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 is determined in a binding assay that utilizes CS-1, VCAM or MAdCAM-1 and a cell line that expresses ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 , but not VLA-4, such as RPMI-8866 cells.
  • VLA-4-specific inhibitors may be further characterized in in vivo assays.
  • One such assay tests the inhibition of allergen induced airway hyperresponsiveness and cell influx, such as described by Henderson et al., “Blockade of CD49d ( ⁇ 4 integrin) on intrapulmonary but not circulating leukocytes inhibits airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma”, J. Clin. Invest., 100(12), pp. 3083-92 (1997).
  • mice are sensitized by ip exposure to an irritant, such as ovalbumin. Following a recovery period, the mice are challenged by aerosol exposure to the allergen.
  • mice are given various doses of the VLA-4 inhibitor by intratracheal injection.
  • In vivo inhibition of cell adhesion associated inflammation is assessed by measuring the number of cells and cytokines in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. In this manner, one may identify those inhibitors of this invention which are best suited for inhibiting inflammation.
  • Another in vivo assay that may be employed is the primate asthma assay.
  • This assay is performed essentially as described in Turner, C. R., et al., “Characterization of a primate model of asthma using anti-allergy/anti-asthma agents”, Inflammation Research, 45(5), pp. 239-45 (1996), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • This assay measures inhibition of Ascaris antigen-induced late phase airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic primates following administration of anti-allergy/anti-asthma agents.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions that may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation (metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler or nebulizer), topically, rectally, nasally, intraocularly, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) may be prepared in accordance with well-known procedures for carrying out the synthesis of organic compounds which are non-peptidyl or semi-peptidyl in nature. A number of different procedures are available which are fully disclosed in the technical literature and with which the skilled artisan will be familiar. The description which follows of several such synthesis schemes is merely representative and not intended to be in any way limiting. A number of abbreviations are used in said description in order to conserve space.
  • the amine (2.0.0) may be converted to its corresponding sulfonamide by the reaction of 2.0.0 with an alkyl or aryl sulfonyl chloride.
  • the carbamate product (2.0.1), where R 5 is alkoxy or aryloxy is prepared from amine 2.0.0 in accordance with procedures described by Paik, Yi Hyon; Dowd, Paul; J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51(15), 2910-2913; and Kawai, Masao; Nyfeler, Rolf; Berman, Judd M.; Goodman, Murray; J. Med. Chem., 1982 25(4), 397-402.
  • Step B the intermediate 2.0.3 is prepared from the oxime 2.0.2.
  • Oxime 2.0.2 is prepared from its corresponding aldehyde by procedures well known to those skilled in the art (e.g. Chung, Yong Jun; Ryu, Eun Jung; Keum, Gyochang; Kim, Byeang Hyean; Bioorg. Med. Chem.; 1996, 4(2) 209-226; and Kim, Byeang Hyean; Chung, Yong Jun; Keum, Gyochang; Kim, Jaheon; Kim, Kimoon; Tetrahedron Lett.; 1992, 33(45); 6811-6814).
  • Oxime 2.0.2 is converted to the isoxazole 2.0.3 by oxidation with a suitable oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite, tert-butyl hypochlorite, or N-chlorosuccinimide in a suitable solvent such as THF, chloroform or methylene chloride; and reacting the resulting nitrile N-oxide in situ with propargyl bromide.
  • a suitable oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite, tert-butyl hypochlorite, or N-chlorosuccinimide in a suitable solvent such as THF, chloroform or methylene chloride
  • a suitable solvent such as THF, chloroform or methylene chloride
  • Step C the bromide intermediate 2.0.3 is converted to the isoxazole containing component 2.0.4.
  • the bromide 2.0.3 is reacted with an optionally substituted malonate (2.0.1) in a suitable solvent such as DMF, DMSO or methylene chloride, in the presence of a base such as triethlyamine or cesium carbonate.
  • a suitable solvent such as DMF, DMSO or methylene chloride
  • a base such as triethlyamine or cesium carbonate.
  • the reaction is performed at a temperature between 0 and 30° C. for a period of 1 to 16 hours.
  • step C is not limited to 2-amino malonates, but can be expanded to include malonates of the formula [EtOC( ⁇ O)CHR 7 C( ⁇ O)OEt], where R 7 is defined above in the definition of Formula 1.0.0.
  • This half-ester intermediate is subsequently transformed to mono ester 2.0.5 in situ by heating it in a suitable solvent such as benzene, toduene or dioxane at a temperature between 0 and 200° C. for a time period of between 1 and 16 hours. Heating at 125° C. for 3 hours in dioxane is preferred.
  • a suitable solvent such as benzene, toduene or dioxane
  • the carboxylic acid product is prepared from ester intermediate 2.0.7 as illustrated in scheme 1, step G.
  • the ester intermediate 2.0.7 is reacted with a suitable aqueous base, such as lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a solvent such as tert-butanol, methanol, and / or THF.
  • a suitable aqueous base such as lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a solvent such as tert-butanol, methanol, and / or THF.
  • the reaction is conducted at a temperature between 0 and 50° C. for a time period between 0.5 and 24 hours.
  • Aqueous lithium hydroxide in a mixture of THF and methanol at ambient temperature for 1 hour are the preferred conditions.
  • the starting material A 1 -NCO is an isocyanate in which “A 1 ” has the same definition as the A component of Formula (1.0.0) regarding the aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties substituted with 0 to 3 R 9 .
  • Isocyanate starting materials for making component A such as phenyl isocyanate, otolyl isocyanate, 2-fluorophenyl isocyanate and 2-chlorophenyl isocyanate are commercially available, e.g., from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis. 53233.
  • isocyanate starting materials can be readily prepared from their corresponding amines using the methods described in the literature (e.g. March, J.
  • the final acid product (2.0.13) is prepared from ester 2.0.12 as illustrated in the above scheme.
  • the intermediate is reacted with a suitable aqueous hydroxide base, such as lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a solvent system comprised of tert-butanol, methanol or THF and methanol.
  • a suitable aqueous hydroxide base such as lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a solvent system comprised of tert-butanol, methanol or THF and methanol.
  • the reaction is conducted at a temperature between 0 and 50° C. for 0.5 to 16 hours.
  • Lithium hydroxide in THF, methanol, and water at ambient temperature for 1 hour are the preferred conditions.
  • tert-butyloxycarbonyl group serves as a protecting group for the amine and that other suitable protecting groups can be employed. It will be further recognized that methods for removal of these protecting groups must be compatible with all of the functionality present in R 5 . These methods are well-known in the technical literature of the relevant art. For example, see Greene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Group in Organic Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1991.
  • step B the amine 2.0.14 is reacted with acid 2.0.15 under the same conditions as synthesis Scheme 2, step B.
  • the final acid product (2.0.17) is prepared from ester 2.0.16 as illustrated in the above scheme.
  • the intermediate is reacted with a suitable aqueous hydroxide base, such as lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a solvent system comprised of tert-butanol, methanol or THF and methanol.
  • a suitable aqueous hydroxide base such as lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a solvent system comprised of tert-butanol, methanol or THF and methanol.
  • the reaction is conducted at a temperature between 0 and 50° C. for 0.5 to 16 hours.
  • Lithium hydroxide in THF, methanol, and water at ambient temperature for 1 hour are the preferred conditions.
  • Step A the oxime 2.0.2 is converted to the isoxazole 2.0.18 by oxidation with a suitable oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite, tert-butyl hypochlorite, or N-chlorosuccinimide in a suitable solvent such as THF, chloroform or methylene chloride; and reacting the resulting nitrile N-oxide in situ with a 2,2-disubstituted methyl pent-4-ynoate.
  • a suitable oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite, tert-butyl hypochlorite, or N-chlorosuccinimide
  • a suitable solvent such as THF, chloroform or methylene chloride
  • step C the amine 2.0.19 is reacted with acid 2.0.15 under the same conditions as synthesis Scheme 2, step B.
  • This reaction may be illustrated in the above schematic synthesis diagram which provides a generalized preparation process for the compounds of Formulas (1.0.0).
  • the bromide 2.0.22 is available commercially from, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis. 53233. Bromide 2.0.22 is converted into the desired diester containing component 2.0.23, as shown in the above scheme. The bromide is reacted with an amino malonate under the conditions described in scheme 1, step C.
  • nitrile 2.0.23 is converted to the desired amine 2.0.24 as illustrated in the above reaction scheme.
  • the nitrile 2.0.23 is reduced to the corresponding amine 2.0.24 by hydrogenation as described in the literature (e.g. March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 3 rd edition, 1985).
  • the synthesis of the amine intermediate 2.0.26 is illustrated in the above reaction scheme.
  • the starting material is a mixture of the tert-butyloxycarbamate intermediates 2.0.24 and 2.0.25.
  • Intermediates 2.0.24 and 2.0.25 are reacted with an acid such as hydrochloric acid or acetic acid with or without a suitable solvent such as dioxane.
  • the reaction is conducted at a temperature between 0 and 100° C. for 1 to 16 hours.
  • Acetic acid in the absence of additional solvent at 800 for 1.5 hours is preferred. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that these conditions accomplish both the cyclization to form the desired bicyclic ring system and removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group.
  • tert-butyloxycarbonyl group serves as a protecting group for the amine and that other suitable protecting groups can be employed. It will be further recognized that methods for removal of these protecting groups must be compatible with all the functionality present in intermediate 2.0.26. These methods are well-known in the technical literature of the relevant art. For example, see Greene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Group in Organic Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1991.
  • bromide intermediate 2.0.29 was described in Synthesis Scheme 1 Step A.
  • the intermediate bromide 2.0.29 was reacted with the commercially available imine 2.0.30 in a suitable solvent such as toluene, methylene chloride or DMF with a base such as cesium carbonate, cesium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in the presence of an additive such as tertabutyl ammonium bromide, tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, or tetraphenylammonium bromide.
  • the reaction was performed at a temperature between ⁇ 78 and 50° C. for a period of 1 to 16 hours.
  • the reaction of the bromide intermediate 2.0.29 with the imine 2.0.30 in toluene at ambient temperature in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide for 1 hour was preferred.
  • the synthesis of the amine intermediate 2.0.32 is illustrated in the above reaction scheme.
  • the imine intermediate 2.0.31 can be transformed to the amine 2.0.32 by a variety of methods well known to those skilled in the art and described in the literature. For examples, Wolfe, John P.; Ahman, Jens; Sadighi, Joseph P.; Singer, Robert A.; Buchwald, Stephen L.; Tetrahedron Lett.; 1997, 38(36); 6367-6370; and Corey, E.J.; Xu, Feng,; Noe, Mark C.; J. Am. Chem, Soc., 1997, 119, 12414-12415.
  • intermediate imine 2.0.31 is treated with a mixture of ethyl acetate and hydrochloric acid for three hours at ambient temperature.
  • 4-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (1.40 g, 10.4 mmol) for 10 minutes.
  • 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimde hydrochloride (1.86 g, 9.72 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred until all 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimde hydrochloride had dissolved.
  • N-Chlorosuccinimide (5.80 g, 43.4 mmol, 1.00 equivalents), [1-(hydroxyimino-methyl)-3-methyl-butyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (10.00 g, 43.4 mmol, 1.00 equivalents) and pyridine (0.70 mL) were stirred in chloroform (70 mL) at room temperature for 1 hour.
  • Propargyl bromide (4.83 mL, 54.3 mmol, 1.25 equivalents) was added and the reaction was heated to 45° C.
  • Triethylamine (6.35 mL, 45.6 mmol, 1.05 equivalents) was added dropwise over 20 minutes at 45° C.
  • Tetrakis triphenyphosphine palladium (65 mg, 7.4 mol %) was added to a dimethoxyethane (5.4 mL) solution of (4-Trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (447 mg, 1.5 mmol), 2-naphthaleneboronic acid (286 mg, 1.67 mmol) and cesium fluoride (505 mg, 3.33 mmol).
  • the reaction was flushed with nitrogen and heated in an oil bath to 100° C. while stirring for 3 hours.
  • the reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with water, 1M sodium hydroxide, water and brine.
  • Trifluoromethane sulfonic anhydride (32.2 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes to a ⁇ 40° C. pyridine (70 mL) solution of (4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (5.35 g, 32.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred at ⁇ 40° C. for 10 minutes and then at 0° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was diluted with diethyl ether and washed with water and 2N hydrochloric acid. The organic portion was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
  • the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic portion was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in diethyl ether and extracted with water (3 ⁇ ) and 1N hydrochloric acid (3 ⁇ ). The organic portion was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent removed in vacuo. The resulting yellow solid (1.7 g) was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Acetylchloride (2 mL) was added and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. After the reaction stirred for 18 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in diethyl ether. The solution was extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate, water, and brine.
  • VLA-4/bCS-1 receptor ligand binding assay tests the ability of a compound to specifically inhibit VLA-4 dependent binding.
  • VLA-4 coated plates were prepared the day before the assay was carried out.
  • the VLA-4-expressing stock was isolated from Jurkat cells according to the protocol of Makarem et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269, 4005-4011 (1994) and was diluted in 50 mM NaHCO 3 (pH 8.8) to a final concentration of 0.4 mg/ml. Aliquots of 100 ml of this stock solution were then added to each well of a 96 well Microfluor “B” U-bottom plate (Dynatech No. 0010107205) and incubated overnight at 4° C.
  • the coating solution was removed by aspiration and the wells were quenched for 0.5 hour with PBS plus 1 mM MnCl containing 1% non-fat dry milk (200 ml/well, 37° C.).
  • the dry milk was removed by aspiration immediately before addition of the biotinylated CS-1.
  • the biotinylated CS-1 peptide (bCS-1) was prepared. This peptide was diluted with PBS plus 1 mM MnCl containing 0.1% non-fat dry milk (PBSB) to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. Aliquots of 200 ml are added to the wells of a 96 well polypropylene transfer plate containing compounds (32, 10, 3.2, 1, 0.32 and 0.1 mM), vehicle or antibodies (0.5 mg/ml) in PBSB containing 0.1% DMSO for 60 min (37° C.). The plate is washed three times with 200 ml/well of PBSB to remove unbound bCS-1.
  • PBSB non-fat dry milk
  • the THP1 baculovirus sVCAM cell binding assay tests the ability of a compound to inhibit VLA-4 dependent binding to sVCAM.
  • the baculovirus sVCAM coated plates were prepared the day before the experiment was carried out.
  • the baculovirus sVCAM stock from PanVera was diluted in 50 mM NaHCO 3 (pH 8.8) to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. Aliquots of 50 ml of this stock solution were then added to each well of a 96 well Microfluor “B” U bottom plate (Dynatech No. 0010107205) and incubated overnight (4° C.).
  • the coating solution was removed by aspiration and the wells were quenched for 1 hour with PBS containing 5% non-fat dry milk (150 ml/well, 4° C.).
  • the dry milk is removed by shock dumping immediately before addition of the biotinylated CS-1.
  • THP1 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md.) and grown in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% 1 mM MnCl 2 for 20 min (37° C.). Following MnCl 2 activation, the cells were spun down (approximately 500 g for 5 min) and resuspended twice in serum free basal media (EBM, 37° C.). The cells in serum free media (2 ⁇ 10 6 /ml) were then incubated with 5 mM Calcein AM for 30 min at 37° C.
  • the next 150 ml (100,000 cells) were removed from each well and transferred into appropriate wells of a quenched baculovirus sVCAM coated plate for 45 min (37° C.). Unbound cells were removed by aspiration and the plate was washed three times with DPBSB (100 ml/well). Following the final wash, 100 ml of DPBSB was added to each well and the plate was read on a Cytoflour II fluorescent plate reader. Three readings were taken per well at an excitation of 480 and emission of 530. The results were based on the mean of duplicate determinations. The average background fluorescence of blank wells was subtracted from each sample to give a corrected fluorescence intensity value for each sample.

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