TWI718227B - 電鍍矽穿孔之製程和化學作用 - Google Patents
電鍍矽穿孔之製程和化學作用 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI718227B TWI718227B TW106100097A TW106100097A TWI718227B TW I718227 B TWI718227 B TW I718227B TW 106100097 A TW106100097 A TW 106100097A TW 106100097 A TW106100097 A TW 106100097A TW I718227 B TWI718227 B TW I718227B
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- silicon substrate
- metal
- feature
- oxide layer
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 129
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 title description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 123
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 46
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical group O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical group [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000992 sputter etching Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001039 wet etching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910008807 WSiN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- IVHJCRXBQPGLOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynetungsten Chemical compound [W]#N IVHJCRXBQPGLOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WNUPENMBHHEARK-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tungsten Chemical compound [Si].[W] WNUPENMBHHEARK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 102
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 12
- HHLFWLYXYJOTON-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyoxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=O HHLFWLYXYJOTON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 9
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229960001484 edetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane Chemical compound B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000080590 Niso Species 0.000 description 3
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(2+) Chemical class [Sn+2] IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XVWFIMLHNWYMKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino]acetic acid;cobalt Chemical compound [Co].OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O XVWFIMLHNWYMKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N boscalid Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1Cl WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZDHNKYVKNBANP-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) 2,4-dioxopentanoate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC(=O)CC(=O)C([O-])=O.CC(=O)CC(=O)C([O-])=O RZDHNKYVKNBANP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000708 deep reactive-ion etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PEVJCYPAFCUXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J dicopper;phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O PEVJCYPAFCUXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005429 filling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 2
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PGGZKNHTKRUCJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanesulfonic acid;tin Chemical compound [Sn].CS(O)(=O)=O PGGZKNHTKRUCJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000864 peroxy group Chemical group O(O*)* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001020 plasma etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000011112 process operation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910019619 (NH4)4−xHxPO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DIZBQMTZXOUFTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(furan-2-yl)-3h-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound N1C2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C2N=C1C1=CC=CO1 DIZBQMTZXOUFTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXONOEXDSRFORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminoacetic acid;cobalt Chemical compound [Co].NCC(O)=O.NCC(O)=O IXONOEXDSRFORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GHOJYSLSNHICFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-sulfobutanedioate;tin(2+) Chemical compound [Sn+2].OS(=O)(=O)C(C([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O GHOJYSLSNHICFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LMPMFQXUJXPWSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-sulfopropyldisulfanyl)propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCCSSCCCS(O)(=O)=O LMPMFQXUJXPWSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009623 Bosch process Methods 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021577 Iron(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAOSIAYCXKBGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Cu+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Cu+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RAOSIAYCXKBGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- YDZCRUKBEHUJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[W].[Si] Chemical compound [N].[W].[Si] YDZCRUKBEHUJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GJYJYFHBOBUTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-camphorene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(=C)C1CCC(CCC=C(C)C)=CC1 GJYJYFHBOBUTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012935 ammoniumperoxodisulfate Substances 0.000 description 1
- JBANFLSTOJPTFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;boron Chemical compound [B].N JBANFLSTOJPTFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KQNZLOUWXSAZGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylperoxymethylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1COOCC1=CC=CC=C1 KQNZLOUWXSAZGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVMHLYQJPRXKLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane;n,n-dimethylmethanamine Chemical compound B.CN(C)C WVMHLYQJPRXKLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RJTANRZEWTUVMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron;n-methylmethanamine Chemical compound [B].CNC RJTANRZEWTUVMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWTDFICHZKXYAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron;oxolane Chemical compound [B].C1CCOC1 UWTDFICHZKXYAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NNTOJPXOCKCMKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron;pyridine Chemical compound [B].C1=CC=NC=C1 NNTOJPXOCKCMKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JECJVZVHLPZRNM-UHFFFAOYSA-J cobalt(2+);phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [Co+2].[Co+2].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O JECJVZVHLPZRNM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BZRRQSJJPUGBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) bromide Chemical compound Br[Co]Br BZRRQSJJPUGBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VZDIYSNQKUQYHC-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper 2,4-dioxopentanoate Chemical compound [Cu++].CC(=O)CC(=O)C([O-])=O.CC(=O)CC(=O)C([O-])=O VZDIYSNQKUQYHC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940116318 copper carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DOBRDRYODQBAMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(i) cyanide Chemical compound [Cu+].N#[C-] DOBRDRYODQBAMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;carbonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C([O-])=O GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZQLBQWDYEGOYSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;disulfamate Chemical compound [Cu+2].NS([O-])(=O)=O.NS([O-])(=O)=O ZQLBQWDYEGOYSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZOCHARZZJNPSEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron Chemical compound B#B ZOCHARZZJNPSEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTIIJXUACCWYHX-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;carboxylatooxy carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)OOC([O-])=O VTIIJXUACCWYHX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043264 dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940071106 ethylenediaminetetraacetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CPSYWNLKRDURMG-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydron;manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Mn+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O CPSYWNLKRDURMG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005224 laser annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ISPYRSDWRDQNSW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XMEKSAHGDQALJL-UHFFFAOYSA-J manganese;tetrafluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[Mn] XMEKSAHGDQALJL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HDZGCSFEDULWCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N monomethylhydrazine Chemical compound CNN HDZGCSFEDULWCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000159 nickel phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JOCJYBPHESYFOK-UHFFFAOYSA-K nickel(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Ni+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JOCJYBPHESYFOK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- MOOYVEVEDVVKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxaldehydic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC(=O)C=O MOOYVEVEDVVKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003002 pH adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphinate Chemical compound [O-][PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical compound O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007517 polishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNDXKIMMSFCCFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2-sulphonic acid Chemical compound CC(C)S(O)(=O)=O HNDXKIMMSFCCFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940005657 pyrophosphoric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940045872 sodium percarbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium peroxide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][O-] PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum nitride Chemical compound [Ta]#N MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylamine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)N YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDFYFBUWEBINLX-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)C DDFYFBUWEBINLX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- OBBXFSIWZVFYJR-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(2+);sulfate Chemical compound [Sn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OBBXFSIWZVFYJR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FAKFSJNVVCGEEI-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Sn+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O FAKFSJNVVCGEEI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(II) chloride (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sn+2] AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000375 tin(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- UDBAOKKMUMKEGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloromanganese Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Mn+3] UDBAOKKMUMKEGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AQLJVWUFPCUVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO.NC(N)=O AQLJVWUFPCUVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76871—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers
- H01L21/76873—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers for electroplating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/40—Oxides
- C23C16/401—Oxides containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
- C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
- C23C18/1646—Characteristics of the product obtained
- C23C18/165—Multilayered product
- C23C18/1653—Two or more layers with at least one layer obtained by electroless plating and one layer obtained by electroplating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
- C25D5/022—Electroplating of selected surface areas using masking means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/288—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a liquid, e.g. electrolytic deposition
- H01L21/2885—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a liquid, e.g. electrolytic deposition using an external electrical current, i.e. electro-deposition
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76877—Filling of holes, grooves or trenches, e.g. vias, with conductive material
- H01L21/76879—Filling of holes, grooves or trenches, e.g. vias, with conductive material by selective deposition of conductive material in the vias, e.g. selective C.V.D. on semiconductor material, plating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
茲提供用於處理矽基板的方法和裝置。在某些實施例中,所述方法可包含下列步驟:提供具有孔的矽基板,所述孔的底部處含有被暴露的矽接觸表面;在被暴露的矽接觸表面上沉積金屬種晶層;以及藉由使電流經過矽基板的背側,而將矽基板暴露於電鍍製程,以在金屬種晶層上形成金屬層。
Description
此揭露內容的實施例一般而言係關於在基板上沉積材料的方法,且更特定言之係關於填充具有高深寬比(aspect ratio)的特徵之方法。
多層的45 nm節點金屬化係用於下一代超大型積體電路(very large scale integration; VLSI)的關鍵技術之一。此技術核心所在的多層互連(multilevel interconnect)具有高深寬比特徵,包括觸點(contact)、介層孔(via)、線(line)及其他孔(aperture)。可靠形成該等特徵對於VLSI之成功和為了增加個別基板上的品質及電路密度之持續努力而言至關重要。因此,正在作出諸多努力以形成具有20:1 (高度:寬度)或更大之高深寬比的無空隙特徵(void-free feature)。
銅及鎢係用於填充VLSI特徵的選擇金屬,該等特徵諸如基板上的次微米高深寬比觸點(high aspect ratio contacts; HARC)。可藉由將諸如銅或鎢等導電互連材料沉積至兩個間隔分離的導電層之間所安置之絕緣材料的表面上的孔(例如,介層孔)內,來形成觸點。此開口之高深寬比可抑制用於填充孔的導電互連材料之沉積。儘管銅及鎢為常用互連材料,但沉積此等材料之沉積製程可能遭受在接觸插塞(contact plug)內形成空隙或接縫的問題。
因此,需要一種用導電接觸材料填充特徵的方法,使得沉積接觸材料而無空隙、接縫及其他缺陷。
此揭露內容的實施例一般而言係關於在基板上沉積材料的方法,且更特定言之係關於填充具有高深寬比的特徵之方法。在一個實施例中,提供了用以在基板上沉積材料的方法。所述方法包含下列步驟:在形成於矽基板中之特徵的至少一個側壁和底表面上沉積共形氧化物層。基板包含場區域(field region)及背側,場區域圍繞該特徵,其中該特徵從場區域朝向背側延伸。所述方法還包含下列步驟:從該特徵的底表面選擇性地移除共形氧化物層的一部份,以暴露矽基板的一部份。所述方法還包含下列步驟:在該特徵的底部處,將金屬種晶層沉積在矽基板的被暴露部份上。所述方法還包含下列步驟:藉由使電流經過矽基板的背側,而將矽基板暴露於電鍍製程,以在金屬種晶層上形成金屬層。
在一個實施例中,所述方法包含下列步驟:在該特徵的底部處將金屬種晶層沉積在被暴露的矽基板上之後,在氧化物層上形成共形阻障層。
在一個實施例中,藉由使電流經過矽基板的背側,而將基板暴露於電鍍製程,以在金屬種晶層上形成金屬層包含下列步驟:將基板的背側暴露於濕式接觸溶液(wet contact solution),該濕式接觸溶液包含氫氟酸溶液,並將種晶層暴露於含銅溶液。
在一個實施例中,濕式接觸溶液更包含氟化鉀。
在一個實施例中,阻障層包含氮化鈦(TiN)、氮化鎢(WN)或氮化矽鎢(tungsten-silicon nitride) (WSiN)。在一個實施例中,共形氧化物層為二氧化矽層。
在一個實施例中,金屬種晶層的金屬選自鈷和鎳。在一個實施例中,金屬種晶層的金屬是由無電製程所沉積的鎳。在一個實施例中,金屬種晶層的金屬是由無電製程或化學氣相沉積製程所沉積的鈷。在一個實施例中,金屬層包含銅。
在一個實施例中,特徵是孔(aperture),該孔選自觸點(contact)、介層孔(via)及線(line)。
在一個實施例中,藉由使電流經過基板的背側,而將基板暴露於電鍍製程,以在金屬種晶層上形成金屬層包含下列步驟:將基板的背側暴露於氫氧化鉀溶液,並將種晶層暴露於含銅溶液。
在另一個實施例中,提供了用以在基板上沉積材料的方法。所述方法包含下列步驟:將氧化物層沉積在特徵的至少一個側壁和底表面上,該特徵形成於矽基板中。基板包含:場區域及背側,場區域圍繞特徵,且具有氧化物層設置於場區域上,其中該特徵從場區域朝向背側延伸。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:從該特徵的底表面選擇性地移除氧化物層的一部份,以暴露矽基板的部份。氧化物層的至少一部份留在所述至少一個側壁上。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:在特徵的底部處,將金屬種晶層沉積在矽基板的被暴露部份上。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:於留在至少一個側壁上之氧化物層的部份上形成阻障層。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:藉由使電流經過矽基板的背側,而將矽基板暴露於電鍍製程,以在金屬種晶層上形成金屬層。
在又一個實施例中,提供了用以在基板上沉積材料的方法。所述方法包含下列步驟:將氧化物層沉積在特徵的至少一個側壁和底表面上,該特徵形成於矽基板中。基板包含場區域和背側,場區域圍繞該特徵,並具有氧化物層設置於場區域上,其中該特徵從場區域朝向背側延伸。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:從特徵的底表面選擇性地移除氧化物層的一部份,以暴露矽基板的一部份,其中選擇性地移除共形氧化物層的一部份包含下列步驟:將共形氧化物層暴露於氬系濺射蝕刻製程(argon-based sputter etching process)接著濕式蝕刻製程。氧化物層的至少一部份留在至少一個側壁上。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:在特徵的底部處,將金屬種晶層沉積在矽基板的被暴露部份
上。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:於留在至少一個側壁上之氧化物層的該部份上形成阻障層。所述方法進一步包含下列步驟:藉由使電流經過矽基板的背側,而將矽基板暴露於電鍍製程,以在金屬種晶層上形成金屬層。
此揭露內容的實施例一般而言係關於在基板上沉積材料的方法,且更特定言之係關於填充具有高深寬比的特徵之方法。本文所述的實施例特別有利於矽穿孔(through silicon via;TSV)應用。本文所述之方法的實施例也適合用於在標準基板上的電鍍應用。TSV應用包括完全穿過矽基板的電氣連接,諸如在3D封裝及3D積體電路中。TSV應用通常包括安置於彼此上的多個積體電路。舉例而言,3D積體電路可包括彼此垂直堆疊的多個矽基板。
本文所述的某些實施例關於TSV之銅電鍍。習知電鍍製程不足以用於在高深寬比(如,AR~20-50)TSV中電鍍銅,因為剛沉積之銅材料缺乏共形性。為了部分改良銅電鍍共形性並激發自下而上的電鍍(bottom-up plating),通常將各種添加劑添加到銅電鍍化學品中。然而,此類添加劑之添加急劇減小了電鍍速率。因此,希望用具有最少添加劑的簡單含銅化學品來電鍍,以便最大化銅電鍍速率。
在本文所述的某些實施例中,使用濕式晶圓背側接觸之自下而上的介層孔電鍍方法可用於實現高電鍍速率下的共形銅沉積。在某些實施例中,可將金屬薄膜或銀膏塗覆於基板的背側,以允許電流流過基板。然而,使用銀膏或金屬薄膜增加了製程複雜性。
可在分別耦接至整合處理工具(諸如群集工具)或作為整合處理工具之一部分的個別腔室中執行本文所描述之方法及結構。整合工具之實例包括CENTURA®
及ENDURA®
整合工具,兩者皆可購自美國加州聖大克勞拉市的應用材料公司。在一個實施例中,群集工具可具有處理腔室,處理腔室可經配置以執行眾多基板處理操作,諸如循環層沉積、化學氣相沉積(CVD)、物理氣相沉積(PVD)、原子層沉積(ALD)、蝕刻、預清潔、脫氣、退火、定向及其它基板製程。
第1A至1H圖繪示在基板100上執行處理序列200之各個處理操作(第2圖)時的特徵102之橫截面示意圖。於操作210,在基板100中形成特徵102,如第1A圖所描繪。第1A圖繪示基板100的橫截面圖,基板100具有場區域105、背側106及特徵102,特徵102被形成進入基板100的表面。特徵具有開口107。可藉由至少一個側壁108和底表面110界定特徵102。在某些實施例中,底表面110可為暴露的矽或含矽表面(例如,單晶矽表面)。在某些實施例中,底表面110可為暴露的鍺或含鍺表面。在某些實施例中,可藉由基板100的暴露表面界定底表面110。
特徵102可包括具有5:1或以上(例如,6:1或以上、7:1或以上、8:1或以上、9:1或以上、10:1或以上、11:1或以上、12:1、16:1或以上、或約10:1至約20:1、或在約30:1至約50:1的範圍內;或在約70:1至約100:1的範圍內之深寬比)之高的高對寬深寬比(裸孔的高度除以所述孔的寬度之比率)的特徵。示例性特徵界定包括介層孔、溝槽、間隙、線、觸點孔(contact-hole)、貫孔(through-hole),或在半導體、太陽能或其它電子裝置中所用的其它特徵界定,如高比率觸點插塞(contact plug)。特徵102可包括孔,如觸點孔、介層孔(via)或溝槽(trench)。在孔為介層孔的某些實施例中,所述介層孔具有高深寬比(例如,AR~20-50)。
可使用反應性離子蝕刻技術或其它非等向性蝕刻技術來形成特徵102。在一個實施例中,可將蝕刻氣體的電漿或離子束導向基板100,以形成特徵102。蝕刻氣體可包括SF6、C3F8、CF4、BF3、BI3、N2、Ar、PH3、AsH3、B2H6、H2、Xe、Kr、Ne、He、SiH4、SiF4、GeH4、GeF4、CH4、AsF5、PF3、PF5或前述氣體的組合。在一個實施例中,可對基板100進行濺射蝕刻,以形成特徵102。可用氬電漿進行濺射蝕刻。在一個實施例中,可使用電漿佈植工具來形成特徵102,電漿佈植工具可具有大於8kV的電壓偏壓。
基板100可包含半導體材料,諸如(例如)矽、鍺或矽鍺。可使用習知微影及蝕刻技術在基板100中形成特徵102。在某些實施例中,可使用脈衝或時間多工蝕刻製程(諸如Bosch製程)來形成特徵102。
在某些實施例中,如第1A圖所描繪,可在形成特徵102之前,在場區域105上形成氧化物層112。氧化物層112可為厚度範圍在約500 Å與約1,000 Å之間的薄氧化物層。氧化物層112可為含氧之矽層(例如,SiO2
、SiO)。可藉由將基板100暴露於淨化製程,而在場區域105上形成氧化物層112。在某些實施例中,可選的淨化製程可包含:將基板100暴露於標準清潔1 (Standard Clean-1)(「SC-1」)化學品(例如,NH4
OH (氫氧化銨) + H2
O2
(過氧化氫) + H2
O (水)的1:1:5溶液,在攝氏75或80度下,通常達10分鐘)。可選的淨化製程可進一步包含以下至少一種:暴露於含氫氟酸溶液及標準清潔2 (「SC-2」)化學品(例如,HCl + H2
O2
+ H2
O的1:1:6溶液,在攝氏75或80度下)。在某些實施例中,可使用諸如化學氣相沉積(CVD)等沉積技術將氧化物層112形成於場區域105上。
於操作220,如第1B圖所描繪,可在氧化物層112、特徵102的底表面110及特徵102的至少一個側壁108上形成氧化物層120。氧化物層120可為共形氧化物層。在至少一個側壁108上的氧化物層120可比在底表面110上的氧化物層120更厚。氧化物層120所具有的厚度可在約100 Å與約3,000 Å之間的範圍(例如,約500 Å與約1,000 Å之間;1,000 Å與約2,000 Å之間;2,000Å與約3,000Å;2,500Å與約3,000Å之間)。在一個實施例中,在至少一個側壁108上之氧化物層120的部分自約2,000Å至約3,000Å,且在底表面110上之氧化物層120的部分自約500Å至約1,200Å。
氧化物層120可為含氧之矽層(例如,SiO2、SiO)。氧化物層120可為含氧化矽或含二氧化矽層。氧化矽或二氧化矽層可作為絕緣層。可使用CVD製程來沉積氧化矽或二氧化矽層。二氧化矽可衍生自四乙氧基矽烷(tetraethyl orthosilicate;TEOS)。
在一個實施例中,可使用低溫CVD製程(例如,範圍自約攝氏250至約攝氏300度的溫度)來沉積氧化物層120。在一個實施例中,可藉由帶有低偏壓之PVD來沉積氧化物層120。
於操作230,如第1C圖所描繪,從特徵102的底表面110移除氧化物層120的一部份,以暴露基板100。在操作230期間,可從場區域105移除氧化物層120的一部份,以暴露氧化物層112。可使用蝕刻製程(例如,反應性離子蝕刻製程或濺射蝕刻製程)從底表面110和場區域105移除氧化物層120。在某些實施例中,可指向性蝕刻(directionally etch)氧化物層120的被暴露表面,以從特徵102的底表面110移除氧化物層120而暴露基板100的矽材料。在指向性蝕刻製程期間,基板100的場區域105上之氧化物層112可被薄化或完全移除。
箭頭124'代表肇因於處理期間基板的基板表面附近產生的電場,所造成之氣體離子移動的方向,這導致氬氣體在指向性蝕刻製程期間撞擊氧化物層120的頂部(平坦)表面。箭頭124”以類似方式顯示特徵102的底表面110處之氣體離子移動的方向。沿著至少一個側壁108的氧化物層120可以被薄化,但是基本上不受蝕刻製程的影響,且因此沉積在至少一個側壁108上的氧化物層120在蝕刻製程完成之後可保持完整。儘管在操作230期間,至少一個側壁108上的氧化物層120可被薄化,但是該氧化物層120不會被去除。雖然剩餘的經薄化氧化物層120可提供導電路徑,但是經薄化氧化物層120的電阻通常非常高,且因此在場區域105及/或至少一個側壁108上不會有大量的電鍍,因而提供了自下而上的填充(bottom-up fill)。沿著至少一個側壁108及場區域105的氧化物層120可防止銅或鎳電鍍在至少一個側壁108和場區域105上。電鍍發生在形成有金屬種晶層130之特徵102的底部110處。
在蝕刻製程為濺射蝕刻製程的實施例中,製程可為伴隨高偏壓的氬系濺射蝕刻製程,所述製程是指向性的並且主要蝕刻來自場區域105的氧化物和來自底表面110的氧化物。在某些實施例中,在蝕刻製程之後,可藉由濕式蝕刻製程移除底表面110上的任何殘存氧化物。可使用濕式蝕刻溶液來進行濕式蝕刻製程,濕式蝕刻溶液包括2%的H2
O2
+ 3%的氫氟酸在80%的乙酸溶液(15%的DI水)中。
於操作240,如第1D圖所描繪,於特徵102的底表面110處將金屬種晶層130沉積於被暴露的矽上。可使用物理氣相沉積(PVD)、化學氣相沉積(CVD)、電鍍沉積、無電沉積(electroless deposition)或原子層沉積(ALD)等沉積製程將金屬種晶層130沉積於底表面110上。在某些實施例中,可在與阻障層沉積製程(如下文所述)相同的沉積腔室中執行金屬種晶層130沉積製程。在某些實施例中,金屬種晶層130可為銅(Cu)層、釕(Ru)層、鈀(Pd)層、鎳(Ni)層、鈷(Co)層,或為含有一或多種這些元素之合金的層。在某些實施例中,金屬種晶層130的厚度在約10 nm至約250 nm的範圍內。在某些實施例中,金屬種晶層130的厚度在約100 nm至約200 nm的範圍內。
在某些實施例中,當金屬種晶層130為鎳層,可使用無電電鍍製程來沉積該鎳層。矽表面的製備可包括氫氟酸蝕刻及SC-1浸鍍(dip)中的至少一者,以再生長化學氧化物,咸信此化學氧化物可產生較佳的附著性。無電鎳電鍍溶液可包含鎳源(例如,NiSO4
)、還原劑(例如,NH4
OH)及DI水。還原劑有助於將無電鎳電鍍溶液維持在大於8的pH值。在特徵102的底部110處被暴露的矽可具有還原劑的功能。無電電鍍溶液可具有自約5至約6的pH值。可在攝氏95度或更高的溫度下進行無電鎳沉積製程,伴隨著可選的攪動,如突刺攪拌(impalement stirring)或音波震盪(sonication)。
在一個實施例中,無電鎳-電鍍製程為鎳位移製程(nickel displacement process)。在一個實施例中,無電鎳電鍍溶液包括將0.5 M的NiSO4
加入100 ml的水中,並將此混合物加熱至攝氏90度以上。接著將200 ml的30% NH4
OH加入此混合物。將混合物的溫度維持在攝氏70度。將基板100浸沒在電鍍溶液中達約20分鐘,接著以DI水清洗並以N2
乾燥。
於操作250,視情況,可將金屬種晶層130退火,以在特徵102之底表面110處形成金屬矽化物層(未圖示)。金屬矽化物層可包含金屬晶種層130的至少一部份及含矽基板100的至少一部份。範例退火製程包括熱退火製程(例如,RTP)、雷射退火製程(諸如毫秒退火製程、奈秒退火製程及微秒退火製程)及閃光燈退火製程。可藉由在自約攝氏400度至低於攝氏1,200度之範圍內的溫度下退火,以形成金屬矽化物層。可藉由在自約攝氏700度至低於攝氏1,000度之範圍內的溫度下退火,以形成金屬矽化物層。
於操作260,視情況,為了防止銅擴散進入基板100,可在特徵102的剩餘氧化物層120上形成阻障層140,如第1G圖所示。阻障層140可為共形層或非共形層。可使用合適的沉積製程形成阻障層140,沉積製程可包括原子層沉積(ALD)、化學氣相沉積(CVD)、物理氣相沉積(PVD)或前述製程的組合。可藉由ALD或CVD製程形成共形阻障層。可藉由PVD製程形成非共形阻障層。在一個實施例中,可藉由帶有低偏壓之PVD製程來沉積阻障層140。在一個實施例中,可藉由叢集工具的腔室來形成阻障層140。在一個實施例中,可將基板100置入電漿增強ALD(PE-ALD)、電漿增強CVD(PE-CVD)或高密度電漿CVD(HDP-CVD)腔室,如可購自位於加州聖大克勞拉市的應用材料公司之ULTIMA HDP-CVDTM、Centura iSprintTM或Endura iLBTM系統。
在一個實施例中,可使用物理氣相沉積(PVD)、化學氣相沉積(CVD)或原子層沉積(ALD)等沉積製程來形成阻障層140。阻障層140可為單一沉積層或多重沉積層,阻障層140可含有釕(Ru)、鈦(Ti)、氮化鈦(TiN)、鎢(W)、氮化鎢(WN)、氮化矽鎢(WSiN)、鉭(Ta)、氮化鉭(TaN)或含有這些材料的其它合金。在某些實施例中,單一沉積層或多重沉積層堆疊可含有氧化物層。在某些實施例中,氧化物層可為氧化物層120。氧化物層可為含氧化矽層或含二氧化矽層。氧化矽或二氧化矽層可作為絕緣層。可使用CVD製程來沉積氧化矽或二氧化矽層。在一個實施例中,多重沉積層堆疊可具有第一層和第二層,所述第一層含有二氧化矽,且所述第二層含有TiN。二氧化矽可衍生自四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)。在某些實施例中,阻障層140的厚度可自約500Å至約2,000
Å(例如,自約1,000Å至約1,500Å;自約1,000Å至約2,000Å)。
於氧化物層112存在的某些實施例中,可將阻障層140沉積在氧化物層112上。於氧化物層112不存在的某些實施例中,可將阻障層140直接沉積在場區域105上。
於操作270,如第1F圖和第1H圖所描繪,藉由使電流經過基板100的背側106的電鍍製程,用金屬層150自下而上填充特徵102。在某些實施例中,較佳地自特徵102底部處之金屬種晶層130開始填充特徵102,直至該層與場區域105大致齊平(例如,自下而上填充)。在某些實施例中,金屬層150可為銅(Cu)層、鈷(Co)層、鎳(Ni)層、銀(Ag)層或含有該等元素中的一或更多者之合金層。在某些實施例中,可使用多層填充製程來填充特徵102,在多層填充製程中依序沉積兩個或兩個以上的層來填充特徵102。下文參照第3圖和第4圖描述範例自下而上填充電鍍製程。一般而言,可使用電鍍沉積溶液來沉積金屬層150,電鍍沉積溶液含有一或更多個金屬離子源,以容許含有一或更多種金屬的層之沉積。在一個實施例中,金屬離子之一為銅離子,而其它金屬離子可選自由以下組成之群組中的金屬:鋁(Al)、銦(In)、鉬(Mo)、鎢(W)、錳(Mn)、鈷(Co)、錫(Sn)、鎳(Ni)、鎂(Mg)、錸(Re)、鈹(Be)、磷(P)、硼(B)、鎵(Ga)或釕(Ru)。在某些實施例中,可使用自約0.5安培至2安培的電流。
在某些實施例中,沉積偏壓大體上具有自約0.0005A/cm2至約0.01A/cm2或更小之電流密度。
在處理序列200的某些實施例中,可藉由材料移除製程的使用而從場區域105移除氧化物層112,所述材料移除製程如電化學製程或化學機械研磨製程(CMP)。在某些實施例中,可在操作230的製程期間從場區域105移除氧化物層120。在某些實施例中,此製程操作可包括:在進行金屬層150的沉積之後,移除任何過量電鍍殘餘物的製程。也可將基板100暴露於清潔製程,以移除任何電鍍溶液及/或濕式接觸溶液。清潔製程可包含旋轉(spin)、清洗及乾燥中之至少一者。
第3圖繪示可用於進行本文所述之沉積製程之電鍍單元300的橫截面示意圖。第4圖繪示可用於進行本文所述之沉積製程的電鍍單元300的另一橫截面示意圖。除了所使用的濕式接觸溶液之外,第3圖的電鍍單元300和第4圖的電鍍單元300相同。亦應理解,第3圖及第4圖中所描繪的濕式接觸溶液為示例性質。電鍍單元300包含濕式接觸溶液隔間310及電鍍溶液隔間320,而基板100位於濕式接觸溶液隔間310與電鍍溶液隔間320之間。儘管第3圖中所描繪的電鍍單元300具有垂直定向(即,基板具有垂直定向),但亦應理解,電鍍單元300可具有水平定向,其中將濕式接觸溶液隔間310安置於電鍍溶液隔間320下方。
可溶性陽極330可安置於電鍍溶液隔間320內。可溶性陽極330通常包含待電鍍於基板100上的材料。舉例而言,在將銅電鍍至基板100上的某些實施例中,可溶性陽極330包含銅及將銅離子供應至電鍍溶液隔間320中的電鍍溶液。
不可溶電極340位於濕式接觸溶液隔間內。不可溶電極340通常包含相對於濕式接觸溶液隔間內的製程化學品而言為惰性的材料。在某些實施例中,不可溶電極340包含摻雜硼的碳(boron doped carbon;BDC)。
可將電鍍單元300耦接電源360,以供應電力至電鍍單元300的各個隔間。電源360可為RF或DC源。電源360可與控制器370耦接。控制器370可與電鍍單元300耦接,以控制電鍍單元300的操作。控制器370可包括一或更多個微處理器、微電腦、微控制器、專用硬體或邏輯及彼等之組合。
可將電鍍溶液隔間320與第一流體供應器364耦接,以將預混合的電鍍溶液,或將用於形成電鍍溶液的前驅物供應至電鍍溶液隔間320。可將濕式接觸溶液隔間310與第二流體供應器366耦接,以將濕式接觸溶液及任何額外的添加劑供應至濕式接觸溶液隔間310。
在某些實施例中,濕式接觸溶液包含導電溶液,該導電溶液能夠將電流傳遞至基板100的背側106。在某些實施例中,濕式接觸溶液包含電解質。在某些實施例中,濕式接觸溶液包含導電酸(conductive acid)。咸信,導電酸可自基板100的背側106移除矽,並提供晶圓與電極之間的電流。一種示例性導電酸為氫氟酸。氫氟酸可來自約10% (w/w)水性溶液至約49% (w/w)水性溶液。為了增加溶液的導電率,濕式接觸溶液可包含額外的鹽類。示例性的額外鹽類包括氟化鉀。在一個實施例中,濕式接觸溶液包含氫氟酸溶液、水性溶液(49%)及氟化鉀。
在某些實施例中,濕式接觸溶液包含導電鹼(conductive base)。在某些實施例中,導電鹼為氫氧化鉀(KOH)。如KOH之導電鹼通常不會引發多孔矽形成,並展示出就111晶向之矽的低蝕刻速率(46 Å/min)。如KOH之導電鹼也可在升高的溫度下用足以提供濕式接觸的~15A/分鐘下蝕刻SiO2
。實驗結果證實了在KOH系濕式接觸溶液情況下隨時間變化之改良的電鍍電流穩定性。咸信,使用導電鹼(例如,KOH)可避免當使用導電酸時,因為在基板100的背側106上形成多孔矽而導致的電鍍電流損失。
電鍍溶液:
在一個實施例中,電鍍溶液含有金屬離子源及至少一或更多種酸性溶液。在某些實施例中,電鍍溶液係帶電電鍍溶液。在其他實施例中,電鍍溶液係無電電鍍溶液。適宜的酸性溶液可包括,例如,無機酸,諸如硫酸、磷酸、焦磷酸、鹽酸、高氯酸、乙酸、檸檬酸、上述之組合,以及包括上述之銨及鉀鹽的酸性電解質衍生物。
在某些實施例中,電鍍溶液內的金屬離子源係銅離子源。可用銅源包括硫酸銅(CuSO4
)、硫化銅(I) (Cu2
S)、硫化銅(II) (CuS)、氯化銅(I) (CuCl)、氯化銅(II) (CuCl2
)、醋酸銅(Cu(CO2
CH3
)2
)、焦磷酸銅(Cu2
P2
O7
)、氟硼酸銅(Cu(BF4
)2
)、醋酸銅((CH3
CO2
)2
Cu)、乙醯基丙酮酸銅((C5
H7
O2
)2
Cu)、磷酸銅、硝酸銅、碳酸銅、胺基磺酸銅、磺酸銅、焦磷酸銅、氰化銅、上述之衍生物、上述之水合物或上述之組合。一些銅源通常可用作水合物衍生物,諸如CuSO4
5H2
O、CuCl2
2H2
O及(CH3
CO2
)2
CuH2
O。電解質組成亦可基於鹼性銅電鍍浴(例如,氰化物、甘油、氨等)。在一個實施例中,電解質中的銅離子濃度可為自約0.1 M至約1.1 M之範圍。在一個實施例中,電解質中的銅離子濃度可為自約0.4 M至約0.9 M之範圍。
在一個實施例中,電鍍溶液可為無添加劑的(additive-free)電鍍溶液。在一個實施例中,無添加劑的電鍍溶液僅含有硫酸銅。
視情況,電鍍溶液可包括一或更多種添加劑化合物。在某些實施例中,電鍍溶液含有氧化劑。如本文所使用,氧化劑可用於將金屬層氧化成對應氧化物,例如將銅氧化成氧化銅。適宜的氧化劑之實例包括過氧化合物(例如,可經由羥自由基分解的化合物,諸如過氧化氫及其加合物,包括尿素過氧化氫(urea hydrogen peroxide))、過碳酸鹽及有機過氧化物(包括,例如,烷基過氧化物、環或芳基過氧化物、過氧化苯甲醯、過乙酸及二叔丁基過氧化物(di-t-butyl peroxide))。亦可使用硫酸鹽及硫酸鹽衍生物(諸如單過硫酸鹽及二過氧硫酸鹽),包括例如過二硫酸銨、過二硫酸鉀、過硫酸銨及過硫酸鉀。亦可使用過氧化合物之鹽,諸如過碳酸鈉及過氧化鈉。在某些實施例中,氧化劑可以範圍介於約0.001體積或重量%與約90體積或重量%之間的量存在於電鍍溶液中。在另一實施例中,氧化劑可以範圍介於約0.01體積或重量%與約20體積或重量%之間的量存在於電鍍溶液中。在又一實施例中,氧化劑可以範圍介於約0.1體積或重量%與約15體積或重量%之間的量存在於電鍍溶液中。
在某些實施例中,期望添加低成本的pH調節劑(諸如氫氧化鉀(KOH)或氫氧化鈉(NaOH)),以形成具有理想的pH值之便宜電解質,來降低形成能量裝置的所有權的成本。在某些實施例中,期望使用氫氧化四甲銨(tetramethylammonium hydroxide; TMAH)來調節pH。
在某些實施例中,可能期望將第二金屬離子添加至含有第一金屬離子的電解質浴(例如,含有銅離子的浴)中,該等金屬離子將析出(plate out)或被併入生長中的電化學沉積層中或電化學沉積層之顆粒邊界(grain boundary)上。形成含有一定百分比之第二元素的金屬層可用於減小所形成層之本質應力及/或改良所形成層之電氣及電遷移特性。在一個實施例中,電解質溶液內的金屬離子源係選自一群組的離子源,該群組包含銀、錫、鋅、鈷、鎳離子源及上述之組合。在一個實施例中,電解質中的銀(Ag)、錫(Sn)、鋅(Zn)、鈷(Co)或鎳(Ni)離子之濃度可在自約0.1 M至約0.4 M之範圍內。
適宜的鎳源之實例包括硫酸鎳、氯化鎳、醋酸鎳、磷酸鎳、上述之衍生物、上述之水合物或上述之組合。
適宜的錫源之實例包括可溶錫化合物。可溶錫化合物可為四價錫鹽或二價錫鹽。四價錫鹽或二價錫鹽可為硫酸、烷磺酸(alkane sulfonate)或烷醇磺酸(alkanol sulfonate)。舉例而言,浴可溶錫化合物可為具有如下化學式之一或多種二價錫烷磺酸鹽: (RSO3
)2
Sn 其中R係包括一個至十二個碳原子的烷基。二價錫烷磺酸可為具有如下化學式之二價錫甲烷磺酸:且浴可溶錫化合物亦可為具有如下化學式之硫酸錫:SnSO4
。
可溶錫化合物之實例亦可包括有機磺酸(諸如甲磺酸、乙磺酸、2-丙磺酸、對-苯酚磺酸及類似者)之錫(II)鹽、氟硼化錫(II)、磺基琥珀酸錫(II)、硫酸錫(II)、氧化錫(II)、氯化錫(II)等等。可單獨使用或以兩種或更多種之組合使用該等可溶錫(II)化合物。
適宜的鈷源之實例可包括鈷鹽,鈷鹽可選自:硫酸鈷、硝酸鈷、氯化鈷、溴化鈷、碳酸鈷、醋酸鈷、乙二胺四乙酸鈷(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid cobalt)、乙醯丙酮酸鈷(II)、乙醯丙酮酸鈷(III)、甘胺酸鈷(III)、焦磷酸鈷及上述之組合。
電鍍溶液亦可含有濃度在約20ppm至約600ppm之範圍內的錳或鐵。在另一實施例中,電鍍溶液可含有濃度處於自約100ppm至約400ppm之範圍內的錳或鐵。可能的鐵源可包括氯化鐵(II)(FeCl2)(包括水合物)、氯化鐵(III)(FeCl3)、氧化鐵(II)(FeO)、氧化鐵(II,III)(Fe3O4)及氧化鐵(III)(Fe2O3)。可能的錳源可包括氧化錳(IV)(MnO2)、硫酸錳(II)單水合物(MnSO4.H2O)、氯化錳(II)(MnCl2)、氯化錳(III)(MnCl3)、氟化錳(MnF4)及磷酸錳(Mn3(PO4)2)。
在某些實施例中,電鍍溶液可含有游離銅離子替代銅源化合物及錯合銅離子。
在某些實施例中,電鍍溶液亦可包含至少一種錯合劑或螯合劑以與銅離子形成錯合物,同時在沉積製程期間提供穩定性及控制。錯合劑亦提供對於無電銅溶液的緩衝特徵。錯合劑大體上具有官能基,諸如羧酸、二羧酸、多聚羧酸、胺基酸、胺、二胺或多元胺。針對無電銅溶液的可用錯合劑之特定實例可包括乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid; EDTA)、乙二胺(ethylene diamine; EDA)、檸檬酸、檸檬酸鹽、乙醛酸鹽、甘胺酸、胺基酸、上述之衍生物、上述之鹽或上述之組合。在一個實施例中,電鍍溶液可具有濃度在約50 mM至約500 mM之範圍內的錯合劑。在另一實施例中,電鍍溶液可具有濃度在約75 mM至約400 mM之範圍內之錯合劑。在又一實施例中,電鍍溶液可具有濃度在約100 mM至約300 mM之範圍內(諸如約200 mM)之錯合劑。在一個實施例中,將EDTA源用作電鍍溶液內的錯合劑。在一個實例中,電鍍溶液含有約205 mM之EDTA源。EDTA源可包括EDTA、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetate)、上述之鹽、上述之衍生物或上述之組合。
在某些實施例中,電鍍溶液含有至少一種還原劑。還原劑提供電子,以如本文所描述般在形成和沉積銅材料的同時誘發銅離子之化學還原。還原劑可包括有機還原劑(例如,乙醛酸或甲醛)、聯胺(hydrazine)、有機聯胺(例如,甲基聯胺)、次磷酸鹽源(例如,次磷酸(H3
PO2
)、次磷酸銨((NH4
)4-xHxPO2
)或上述之鹽)、硼烷源(例如,二甲胺硼烷錯合物(dimethylamine borane) ((CH3
)2
NHBH3
), DMAB)、三甲胺硼烷錯合物(trimethylamine borane) ((CH3
)3
NBH3
), TMAB)、第三丁胺硼烷錯合物(tBuNH2
BH3
)、四氫呋喃硼烷錯合物(THFBH3
)、吡啶硼烷錯合物(C5H5NBH3)、氨硼烷錯合物(NH3BH3)、硼烷(BH3)、二硼烷(B2H6))、上述之衍生物、上述之錯合物、上述之水合物或上述之組合。在一個實施例中,電鍍溶液可具有濃度在約20mM至約500mM之範圍內的還原劑。在另一實施例中,電鍍溶液可具有濃度在約100mM至約400mM之範圍內的還原劑。在又一實施例中,電鍍溶液可具有濃度在約150mM至約300mM之範圍內(諸如約220mM)的還原劑。較佳地,在電鍍溶液內使用有機還原劑或含有有機物的還原劑,諸如乙醛酸或乙醛酸源。乙醛酸源可包括乙醛酸、乙醛酸鹽、上述之鹽、上述之錯合物、上述之衍生物或上述之組合。在一個實例中,在無電銅溶液內含有約217mM之濃度的乙醛酸單水合物(glyoxylic acid monohydrate)(HCOCO2H.H2O)。
電鍍溶液可含有其他添加劑,該等添加劑可例如為均勻劑(leveler)、抑制劑(inhibitor)、遏止劑(suppressor)、增亮劑(brightener)、加速劑(accelerator)或本案所屬技術領域中已知的其它添加劑,該等添加劑通常為吸附於正經電鍍之基板表面上的有機材料。可用的遏止劑通常包括聚醚,諸如聚乙烯、乙二醇或其他聚合物(諸如聚氧化丙烯),遏止劑可吸附於基板表面上,從而減緩所吸附區域內的銅沉積。可用的加速劑通常包括硫化物或二硫化物,諸如雙(3-磺丙基)二硫化物,加速劑可與遏止劑競爭吸附位點(adsorption site),從而加速所吸附區域內的銅沉積。可用的抑制劑通常包括苯甲酸鈉及亞硫酸鈉,抑制劑可抑制基板上的銅沉積之速率。在電鍍期間,在基板表面處消耗添加劑,但由電鍍溶液不斷補充該等添加劑。然而,各種添加劑之擴散速率的差異在特徵之頂部及底部處產生不同表面濃度,因而產生特徵中的不同電鍍速率。理想情況下,對於自下而上的填充而言,特徵之底部處的所述電鍍速率應較高。因此,可使用電鍍溶液中的添加劑之適宜組成實現特徵之無空隙填充。
電鍍溶液也可具有界面活性劑。界面活性劑充當濕潤劑以減小含銅溶液與基板表面之間的表面張力。在一個實施例中,電鍍溶液大體上含有濃度約1,000 ppm或以下的界面活性劑。在另一實施例中,電鍍溶液大體上含有約500 ppm或以下之濃度的界面活性劑,該濃度諸如在約100 ppm至約300 ppm之範圍內。界面活性劑可具有離子或非離子特徵。示例性界面活性劑可包括乙二醇醚系界面活性劑,諸如聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol; PEG)、聚丙二醇(polypropylene glycol; PPG)等等。由於具有有益特徵,可將PEG及PPG用作界面活性劑、抑制劑及/或遏止劑。在一個實例中,乙二醇醚系界面活性劑可含有聚氧化乙烯單元(polyoxyethylene unit),諸如可購自陶氏化學公司之TRITON® 100。可在無電銅溶液內使用之其它界面活性劑包括十二烷基硫酸鹽,諸如十二烷基硫酸鈉(sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS)。界面活性劑可為單一化合物或具有含不同長度烴鏈的分子之化合物之混合物。
上文所描述之電鍍溶液之其餘物(balance)或剩餘物可為溶劑,諸如極性溶劑(包括水(諸如去離子水))及有機溶劑(例如,乙醇或乙二醇)。
在一個實施例中,電鍍溶液包含220 g/L之CuSO4
、27 ml/L之H2
SO4
、一滴HCl及剩餘為DI水,總共1L。
實例
以下非限制性實例進一步闡述本文所述之實施例。然而,這些實例並不欲包括全部也不欲限制本文所述之實施例的範疇。
實例
1:
將量測為8 x 8 cm的矽試片暴露於無電鎳電鍍溶液。藉由將0.5 M的NiSO4
加入100 ml的水,並將該混合物加熱至大於攝氏90度來形成鎳電鍍溶液。接著將200 ml的30% NH4
OH加入該混合物。將混合物的溫度維持在攝氏70度。將基板100浸沒於無電電鍍溶液中達將近20分鐘,接著以DI水清洗並以N2
乾燥。
在類似於第3圖中的電鍍單元300的電鍍單元中安置量測之矽試片。將矽試片之前側曝露於電鍍溶液,該電鍍溶液包含220 g/L之CuSO4
、27 ml/L之H2
SO4
、一滴HCl及剩餘為DI水,總共1L。將矽試片之背側曝露於濕式接觸溶液,該濕式接觸溶液包含氫氟酸溶液、水性溶液(49%)及氟化鉀。施加0.005安培/平方公分(A/cm2
)之電流密度及介於1.24至1.3伏特之間的電位,經歷約四分鐘的時間。在矽試片上成功沉積薄銅層,證實了可使用濕式背側接觸在矽上電鍍銅。
綜上所述,本揭露內容的某些實施例的某些益處提供了用導電接觸材料填充特徵的方法,使得所沉積的接觸材料沒有空隙、接縫和其它缺陷。本文所述的改良方法對於填充高深寬比特徵特別有利。本文所述的實施例特別有利於矽穿孔(TSV)應用。在某些實施例中,為了最大化銅電鍍速率,可藉由自下而上的電鍍用含有最少添加劑的簡單含銅化學物來達成無缺陷沉積。在本文所述的某些實施例中,使用濕式晶圓背側接觸之自下而上的介層孔電鍍方法可用來達成高電鍍速率的共形銅沉積。如本文所用,「基板」可以是在基板上形成或不形成層的支撐基板。圖案化基板可以是絕緣體或各種摻雜濃度和輪廓的半導體,且可為,例如,在積體電路製造中使用的半導體基板類型。圖案化基板的被暴露的「矽(silicon)」主要是Si,但可包括少量濃度的其它元素組分,如氮、氧、氫、碳等等。圖案化基板的被暴露的「氮化矽(silicon nitride)」主要是Si3
N4
,但可包括少量濃度的其它元素組分,如氧、氫、碳等等。圖案化基板的被暴露的「氧化矽(silicon oxide)」主要是SiO2
,但可包括少量濃度的其它元素組分,如氮、氫、碳等等。
隨著諸多實施例的公開,本案所屬技術領域中具通常知識者將認識到,在不脫離所公開的實施例的精神的情況下,可以使用各種修改,替代構造和等效物。另外,許多已知製程和元件沒有被描述,以避免不必要地模糊本揭露內容。因此,前文之描述不應被視為限制本揭露內容之範圍。
當介紹本揭露內容或範例態樣或(多個)實施例的元件時,冠詞「一(a、an)」和「該(the、said)」欲表示有一個或多個該元件。
術語「包含(comprising)」、「包括(including)」和「具有(having)」欲為包括性的,並且表示可以存在除所列出的元件之外的附加元件。
除非另有說明,所有的量、比率、比例和其它測量都是以重量計。除非另有說明,所有百分比是指基於根據本揭露內容的實施的總組合的重量百分比。
儘管前述內容指向本揭露內容的實施例,但是在不脫離本揭露內容的基本範圍的情況下可以設計本揭露內容的其它和進一步的實施例,並且本揭露內容的範圍由隨附之申請專利範圍確定。
100‧‧‧基板102‧‧‧特徵105‧‧‧場區域106‧‧‧背側107‧‧‧開口108‧‧‧側壁110‧‧‧底表面112‧‧‧氧化物層120‧‧‧氧化物層124’‧‧‧箭頭130‧‧‧金屬種晶層140‧‧‧阻障層150‧‧‧金屬層200‧‧‧處理序列210~270‧‧‧操作300‧‧‧電鍍單元310‧‧‧濕式接觸溶液隔間320‧‧‧電鍍溶液隔間330‧‧‧陽極340‧‧‧不可溶電極360‧‧‧電源364‧‧‧流體供應器366‧‧‧流體供應器370‧‧‧控制器
因此,為了可詳細理解本揭露內容之上文所敍述的特徵,可參考實施例更具體描述上文簡要概述之本揭露內容,一些實施例圖示於隨附圖式中。然而,應注意,隨附圖式僅圖示出本揭露內容之典型實施例,且因此該等圖式不應被視為本揭露內容的範疇之限制,因為本揭露內容可允許其他等效實施例。
第1A至1H圖繪示根據本文所述之實施例的矽穿孔(through silicon via;TSV)製程之橫截面示意圖;第2圖繪示流程圖,該流程圖描繪根據本文所述之實施例的沉積製程;第3圖繪示可用於執行本文所述之沉積製程的電鍍單元之橫截面示意圖;及第4圖繪示可用於執行本文所述之沉積製程的電鍍單元之另一橫截面示意圖。
為了促進理解,在可能的情況下,相同元件符號已用於代表諸圖共有之相同元件。可預期到,一個實施
例之元件及/或製程操作可有益地併入其它實施例中,而無需贅述。
國內寄存資訊 (請依寄存機構、日期、號碼順序註記) 無
國外寄存資訊 (請依寄存國家、機構、日期、號碼順序註記) 無
(請換頁單獨記載) 無
100‧‧‧基板
105‧‧‧場區域
106‧‧‧背側
108‧‧‧側壁
110‧‧‧底表面
112‧‧‧氧化物層
120‧‧‧氧化物層
130‧‧‧金屬種晶層
140‧‧‧阻障層
150‧‧‧金屬層
Claims (19)
- 一種用以在一基板上沉積一材料的方法,包含下列步驟:將一共形氧化物層沉積在一特徵的至少一個側壁和底表面上,該特徵形成於一矽基板中,其中該矽基板包含:一場區域(field region)圍繞該特徵;以及一背側,其中該特徵從該場區域朝向該背側延伸;從該特徵的該底表面選擇性地移除該共形氧化物層的一部份,以暴露該矽基板的一部份;在該特徵的該底表面處,將一金屬種晶層沉積在該矽基板的被暴露部份上;在該特徵的該底表面處將該金屬種晶層沉積在該矽基板的被暴露部份上之後,在該共形氧化物層上形成一共形阻障層;以及藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的該背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的該背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層之步驟包含下列步驟:將該矽基板的該背側暴露於一濕式接觸溶 液(wet contact solution),該濕式接觸溶液包含一氫氟酸溶液,並將該金屬種晶層暴露於一含銅溶液。
- 如請求項2所述之方法,其中該濕式接觸溶液進一步包含氟化鉀。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該共形阻障層包含氮化鈦(TiN)、氮化鎢(WN)或氮化矽鎢(tungsten-silicon nitride)(WSiN)。
- 如請求項4所述之方法,其中該共形氧化物層係一二氧化矽層。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該金屬種晶層之金屬選自鈷及鎳。
- 如請求項6所述之方法,其中該金屬種晶層之金屬係藉由一無電製程(electroless process)所沉積之鎳。
- 如請求項6所述之方法,其中該金屬種晶層之金屬係藉由一無電製程或一化學氣相沉積製程所沉積之鈷。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該金屬層包含銅。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該特徵係一孔(aperture),該孔選自觸點(contact)、介層孔(via)及線(line)。
- 如請求項1所述之方法,其中藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的一背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層之步驟包含下列步驟:將該矽基板的該背側暴露於一氫氧化鉀溶液,並將該金屬種晶層暴露於一含銅溶液。
- 一種用以在一基板上沉積一材料的方法,包含下列步驟:將一氧化物層沉積在一特徵的至少一個側壁和底表面上,該特徵形成於一矽基板中,其中該矽基板包含:一場區域,該場區域圍繞該特徵,並具有該氧化物層設置於該場區域上;以及一背側,其中該特徵從該場區域朝向該背側延伸;從該特徵的該底表面選擇性地移除該氧化物層的一部份,以暴露該矽基板的一部份,其中該氧化物層的至少一部份留在該至少一個側壁上;在該特徵的該底表面處,將一金屬種晶層沉積在該矽基板的被暴露部份上;於留在該至少一個側壁上之該氧化物層的該部份上形成一阻障層;以及藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的該背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層。
- 如請求項12所述之方法,其中該阻障層包含氮化鈦(TiN)、氮化鎢(WN)或氮化矽鎢(tungsten-silicon nitride)(WSiN)。
- 如請求項13所述之方法,其中藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的該背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層之步驟包含下列步驟:將該矽基板的該背側暴露於一濕式接觸溶液,該濕式接觸溶液包含一氫氟酸溶液,並將該金屬種晶層暴露於一含銅溶液。
- 如請求項13所述之方法,其中藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的一背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層之步驟包含下列步驟:將該矽基板的該背側暴露於一氫氧化鉀溶液,並將該金屬種晶層暴露於一含銅溶液。
- 如請求項12所述之方法,其中該金屬種晶層之金屬係藉由一無電製程所沉積之鎳。
- 如請求項16所述之方法,其中該金屬層包含銅。
- 如請求項12所述之方法,其中該特徵係一孔,該孔選自觸點、介層孔及線。
- 一種用以在一基板上沉積一材料的方法,包含下列步驟: 將一氧化物層沉積在一特徵的至少一個側壁和底表面上,該特徵形成於一矽基板中,其中該矽基板包含:一場區域,該場區域圍繞該特徵,並具有該氧化物層設置於該場區域上;一背側,其中該特徵從該場區域朝向該背側延伸;從該特徵的該底表面選擇性地移除該氧化物層的一部份,以暴露該矽基板的一部份,其中選擇性地移除該氧化物層的一部份之步驟包含:將該氧化物層暴露於一氬系濺射蝕刻製程(argon-based sputter etching process)接著一濕式蝕刻製程,且該氧化物層的至少一部份留在該至少一個側壁上;在該特徵的該底表面處,將一金屬種晶層沉積在該矽基板的被暴露部份上;於留在該至少一個側壁上之該氧化物層的該部份上形成一阻障層;以及藉由使一電流經過該矽基板的該背側,而將該矽基板暴露於一電鍍製程,以在該金屬種晶層上形成一金屬層。
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