TWI554627B - Sputtering target and high resistance transparent film manufacturing method - Google Patents
Sputtering target and high resistance transparent film manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI554627B TWI554627B TW102104368A TW102104368A TWI554627B TW I554627 B TWI554627 B TW I554627B TW 102104368 A TW102104368 A TW 102104368A TW 102104368 A TW102104368 A TW 102104368A TW I554627 B TWI554627 B TW I554627B
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- Prior art keywords
- sputtering
- target
- zinc oxide
- film
- resistance
- Prior art date
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- 238000005477 sputtering target Methods 0.000 title claims description 38
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 160
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 78
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 70
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910007570 Zn-Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002059 quaternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001552 radio frequency sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010339 dilation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011361 granulated particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001867 inorganic solvent Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003049 inorganic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RNWHGQJWIACOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[Zn+2] RNWHGQJWIACOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/453—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zinc, tin, or bismuth oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. zincates, stannates or bismuthates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C04B35/62655—Drying, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave or supercritical drying
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- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
- C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
- C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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Description
本發明係關於能夠以DC(直流)濺鍍形成高電阻的氧化鋅之透明膜而且具有高的機械強度,適於長時間濺鍍的濺鍍靶及高電阻透明膜以及其製造方法。
近年來,化合物半導體構成的薄膜太陽電池已經實用化,此化合物半導體構成的薄膜太陽電池,具有在鈉鈣玻璃(Soda Lime Glass)基板上形成成為正電極的Mo電極層,於此Mo電極層上形成由Cu-In-Ga-Se四元系合金膜所構成的光吸收層,於此由Cu-In-Ga-Se四元系合金膜構成的光吸收層之上被形成ZnS、CdS、氧化鋅等構成的緩衝層,於此緩衝層上形成成為負電極的透明電極層之基本構造。
前述緩衝層等採用的氧化鋅膜,要求均勻而且緻密的膜組織與高電阻。例如,在專利文獻1,記載著氧化鋅膜的體積電阻率為104Ω.cm以上。作為形成此氧化鋅膜的方法,已知主要為濺鍍法。例如,於專利文獻2,提議了靶中的氧化鋅的平均粒子尺寸為15~100μm,
係可以直流濺鍍的氧化鋅靶。
另一方面,在專利文獻3,揭示了使用純氧化鋅靶,藉由RF(高頻)濺鍍來製作呈現高電阻的i-ZnO膜的技術已普及,另一方面,使用添加鋁等的氧化鋅靶,形成導電性相當低的透明導電氧化物層的方法。此外,作為較佳的實施型態,提出了使被用於太陽電池的高導電性層與低導電性層雙方藉由同一靶材料的濺鍍而產生,高導電性層在惰性氣體氛圍中產生,低導電性層在氧或混合惰性氣體-氧製程氛圍中產生。
又,作為形成太陽電池用高導電性透明導電膜的靶,如專利文獻4所示,一般而言於氧化鋅添加鋁或鎵0.3%~數個原子百分比。
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開2005-123272號公報
[專利文獻2]日本專利特開2011-111642號公報
[專利文獻3]日本專利特開2009-21607號公報
[專利文獻4]日本專利特開2008-110911號公報
前述從前的技術殘留有以下的課題。
亦即,從前,於形成高電阻的氧化鋅膜,使用氧化鋅
靶進行RF濺鍍,但是RF濺鍍與DC濺鍍相比,有成膜速度慢的不良情形。然而,從前的氧化鋅靶,是高電阻,所以要進行DC濺鍍是困難的。
另一方面,於可以進行DC濺鍍的專利文獻2之技術,藉著使構成氧化鋅靶的氧化鋅粒子設定為比從前大幅增大,使粒界變少,藉由比例於粒界數目的絕緣電壓降低而在一定的高電壓下電阻急遽降低,而實現DC濺鍍。然而,由於使氧化鋅靶的結晶組織的增大,靶的緻密化變成不充分,會有靶的機械強度降低的不良情形。進而,長時間濺鍍的場合會發生團塊(nodule),隨著濺鍍時間的增加異常放電也急速增加的問題無法完全解決。
此外,在專利文獻3的技術,使用含有氧化鋅與鋁雙方的陶瓷靶,或者含有數個質量百分比的鋁之Zn-Al所構成的金屬靶,在含有氧的濺鍍製程氛圍中,形成導電性相當低的氧化鋅層之形成方法。但是,以此方法得到的膜的電阻最大也只不過1.64×103Ω.cm而已,無法達成專利文獻1所示的氧化鋅膜的體積電阻率1×104Ω.cm。
本發明係有鑑於前述課題而完成之發明,目的在於提供即使DC濺鍍也可以製作體積電阻率:1×104Ω.cm以上的高電阻之氧化鋅膜而且具有高的機械強度,適於長時間濺鍍的濺鍍靶及高電阻透明膜以及其製造方法。
本案發明人們,進行了藉由長時間的連續直流電濺鍍使用氧化鋅靶製造氧化鋅膜的研究。結果確認了對主成分之氧化鋅添加微量的In,Ga,Al,B之正三價元素群所選擇的1種或1種以上的元素,做成一定值以上的靶密度,可以達成高機械強度,且可進行長時間直流電濺鍍。進而,發現了藉由使用此濺鍍靶,對濺鍍氣體中添加3體積百分比以上的氧,可得高體積電阻率及高透明性的氧化鋅膜。
亦即,本發明係由前述見解所得到者,為解決前述課題而採用了以下的構成。亦即,相關於第1發明的濺鍍靶,特徵係由對所有金屬成分量,具有0.005~0.1原子百分比In,Ga,Al,B之元素群選擇的1種或2種以上的元素,其餘為Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的成分組成之氧化物燒結體所構成,前述氧化物燒結體的密度為5.3g/cm3以上。
在此濺鍍靶,由對所有金屬成分量,具有0.005~0.1原子百分比In,Ga,Al,B之元素群選擇的1種或2種以上的元素,其餘為Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的成分組成之氧化物燒結體所構成,前述氧化物燒結體的密度為5.3g/cm3以上,所以即使直流電濺鍍也可得體積電阻率:1×104Ω.cm以上的高電阻之氧化鋅膜,同時具有可長時間濺鍍之高機械強度。
相對於專利文獻2的技術,係使構成氧化鋅靶的氧化鋅粒子設定為比從前大幅增大而實現直流電濺
鍍,在本發明的濺鍍靶,則是藉由微量添加IIIb族元素之In,Ga,Al,B,減低在氧化鋅粒子的粒界產生的導電障壁之Schottky障壁,即使於比較低的濺鍍電壓也會有直流電流流動,而使直流電濺鍍成為可能。進而,藉由在燒結中這些添加元素固溶於氧化鋅,使靶密度為5.3g/cm3以上,減低靶中的氣孔比率,增加成為電流流動通路的氧化鋅結晶粒與結晶粒接觸的介面的面積,而實現安定的直流電濺鍍。亦即,藉由對靶微量地添加可以改質氧化鋅粒子的粒界層特性的IIIb族元素,促進靶的緻密化,可以提高粒界的導電性,實現安定的直流電濺鍍。在本發明,比起專利文獻2之單純增大氧化鋅粒子的方法,更大幅減少靶組織中的氣孔發生,提高靶的抗折強度,而可以實現異常放電很少的長時間安定的直流電濺鍍。
由IIIb族元素群所選擇的前述元素(以下,亦簡稱為IIIb族元素群),添加0.005原子百分比以上的理由,是對氧化鋅粒子的粒界供給充分的供體,減低Schottky障壁的緣故。IIIb族元素群,於靶的燒結過程中,會在粒界移動。藉由此舉動集中到粒界的氣孔被排出至燒結體的外部,提高燒結體的密度,結果對於靶的直流電濺鍍安定性有所貢獻。又,比0.005原子百分比還少的話,無法充分得到粒界的導電性,異常放電的發生次數會增加。
另一方面,前述IIIb族元素群添加超過0.1原子百分比的話,即使對濺鍍條件再加以微調,所得到的膜的電阻
也變低,而無法實現104Ω.cm以上的體積電阻率。
又,本發明的靶之IIIb族元素群的添加機制,與專利文獻3所記載的技術之機制是不同的。亦即,在專利文獻3,雖然揭示了使用添加鋁等的氧化鋅靶或者含有數個質量百分比的鋁的Zn-Al所構成的金屬靶形成導電性相當低的透明導電氧化物層的方法,但作為其較佳的實施型態,把使用於太陽電池的高導電性層與低導電性層雙方藉由同一靶材料的濺鍍來產生,高導電性層在惰性氣體氛圍中產生,而低導電性層在氧或混合惰性氣體-氧的製程氣體氛圍中產生。
使用於太陽電池的高導電性層形成用濺鍍靶,一般如專利文獻4所揭示的,為添加0.3原子百分比以上鋁、鎵等元素之氧化鋅燒結體。此外,如在專利文獻3所揭示的,使用含有數個質量百分比的鋁之Zn-Al所構成的金屬靶以反應濺鍍來製作。
然而,以鋁為代表的這些IIIb族元素添加0.3原子百分比以上的話,於濺鍍膜中會發生正三價元素之Zn位置的置換,藉由伴此產生的載體,在膜產生導電性。即使例如在濺鍍時添加大量的氧,也無法阻止IIIb族元素導致的Zn位置的置換與載體的生成,結果,無法得到具有104Ω.cm以上的體積電阻率的氧化鋅膜。
對此,在本發明,把IIIb族元素的添加量限制在0.1原子百分比以下。如此在添加量少的場合,於膜中變成位於氧化鋅的粒界,對於載體形成的貢獻非常少,
所以可實現104Ω.cm以上的體積電阻率。
又,IIIb族元素群的添加量為0.1原子百分比以下的場合,在粒界含有多數氣孔的低密度靶,導電性會變成不充分而無法安定地進行長時間直流電濺鍍。因此,在本發明,規定靶密度為5.3g/cm3以上。
被添加於本發明的靶中的IIIb族元素,全部固溶於ZnO中為最佳,一部分以IIIb族的氧化物或複合氧化物存在於ZnO粒子的粒界亦可。
相關於第2發明的濺鍍靶,特徵係於第1發明,前述氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑為8~50μm。
亦即,在此濺鍍靶,氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑,為8~50μm,所以施加比較低的濺鍍電壓時,在氧化鋅粒子的粒界產生的絕緣障壁會絕緣破壞而使電流流過,直流電濺鍍變成可能,進而可以大幅減低起因於粒界氣孔的異常放電或團塊(nodule)的形成。
又,前述氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑未滿8μm的話,直流電濺鍍容易變得不安定,超過50μm的話,粒成長導致粒界氣孔變大,靶的抗折強度變低,變得容易破裂。
在前述第1發明,具有減低Schottky障壁的效果,但添加量很少,所以無法如專利文獻4所記載的那樣使粒界完全導電化,氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑比8μm還小的話,要使氧化鋅靶可以濺鍍的濺鍍電壓變成非常大,很難進行
安定的異常放電很少的直流電濺鍍。
相關於第3發明的濺鍍靶,特徵係於第1或第2發明,比電阻為0.01Ω.cm以上。
亦即,在此濺鍍靶,比電阻為0.01Ω.cm以上,所以容易得到具有104Ω.cm以上的膜體積電阻率的氧化鋅膜。
相關於第4發明的高電阻透明膜,特徵係使用相關於第1至第3之任一發明的濺鍍靶藉由直流電(DC)濺鍍成膜,體積電阻率為1×104Ω.cm以上。
相關於第5發明的高電阻透明膜之製造方法,係製造相關於第4發明的高電阻透明膜之方法,特徵為使用前述濺鍍靶進行直流電濺鍍時之製程氛圍中,對所有氣體成分含有3體積百分比以上的氧。
亦即,在此高電阻透明膜的製造方法,使用濺鍍靶進行直流電濺鍍時之製程氛圍中,對所有氣體成分含有3體積百分比以上的氧,所以可安定地得到具有104Ω.cm以上的體積電阻率的高電阻氧化鋅膜。
又,對所有氣體成分之氧含量未滿3體積百分比的話,形成的膜中的氧缺陷導致的載體無法完全除去,只能得到未滿103Ω.cm之體積電阻率的氧化鋅膜。又,此處所說的直流電(DC)濺鍍,包含單純的DC濺鍍、脈衝DC濺鍍、來自雙重陰極的MF濺鍍以及重疊RF之DC濺鍍。
根據本發明,可達到以下之效果。
亦即,根據相關於本發明的濺鍍靶,由對所有金屬成分量,具有0.005~0.1原子百分比In,Ga,Al,B之元素群選擇的1種或2種以上的元素,其餘為Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的成分組成之氧化物燒結體所構成,前述氧化物燒結體的密度為5.3g/cm3以上,所以即使直流電電鍍也可得體積電阻率:1×104Ω.cm以上的高電阻之氧化鋅膜,同時具有可長時間濺鍍之高機械強度。
圖1係於相關於本發明的濺鍍靶及高電阻透明膜以及其製造方法之實施例6(a)及比較例1(b),顯示以燒結溫度1400℃燒成的濺鍍靶的剖面之影像品質地圖之影像。
圖2係於相關於本發明的實施例6(a)及比較例1(b),顯示在燒結溫度140℃燒成的靶之氧化鋅粒子的粒徑分布之圖。
圖3係於相關於本發明的實施例6(a)及比較例1(b),顯示6小時連續濺鍍之異常放電次數之累積值的變化之圖。
以下,說明相關於本發明的濺鍍靶及高電阻透明膜以及其製造方法之一實施型態。
本實施型態之濺鍍靶,係高電阻透明膜用,由對所有金屬成分量,具有0.005~0.1原子百分比In,Ga,Al,B之元素群(IIIb族元素群)選擇的1種或2種以上的元素,其餘為Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的成分組成之氧化物燒結體所構成,前述氧化物燒結體的密度被設定為5.3g/cm3以上。
此外,此高電阻透明膜用濺鍍靶,氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑為8~50μm,進而,比電阻為0.01Ω.cm以上。又,前述元素群之中,In,Ga,Al作為氧化物含有於燒結體中。此外,含有的B至少表面成為氧化物。這些元素以氧化物的形式含有的情形,可以藉由根據EPMA(電子線微分析儀)的分析而確認。
進而,本實施型態的高電阻透明膜係使用前述濺鍍靶藉由直流電濺鍍成膜,體積電阻率為1×104Ω.cm以上。
此高電阻透明膜,在使用前述濺鍍靶進行DC濺鍍時之製程氛圍中,使對所有氣體成分含有3體積百分比以上的氧而進行成膜而得。
又,靶密度(氧化物燒結體的密度),由燒結體的重量與尺寸來計算。此外,氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑,使用SEM觀察靶剖面,藉由影像品質地圖在使氧化鋅粒子或固溶IIIb族元素群的氧化鋅粒子
的粒界成為明確的狀態系,由粒內的像素數來計算的面積換算相同面積之圓的直徑而求出的,排除測定範圍周邊相關的結晶粒而進行計算。進而,靶的比電阻以四探針法進行測定。
如前所述,燒結體密度必須為5.3g/cm3以上,進而以5.35g/cm3以上更佳。又,若為5.3g/cm3以下的話,無法充分排出粒界中的氣孔,因粒界的導電不足而無法實現長時間安定的直流電濺鍍。要使燒結密度為5.3g/cm3以上,藉由進行原料粉的粒徑的最佳化、提供用於燒結的成型體的密度之提高,燒成溫度與燒成溫度剖面條件的最佳化等而得。進而,為了確實實現氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑:8~50μm,分別設定氧化鋅原料粉末之一次粒徑為0.3~5μm、成形密度為3.3g/cm3以上、燒成溫度為1250~1450℃、燒成時間為1~10小時為較佳。
又,靶比電阻,大幅受到IIIb族元素群的添加量,燒結體的密度及燒結方法的影響。使用石墨模的真空熱壓那樣使氧化鋅中的氧大量缺損的方法,雖可以製作比電阻未滿0.01Ω.cm的靶,但在使用此靶之前述高電阻透明膜的成膜方法,在長期進行大量成膜時,要使膜的體積電阻率安定化於1×104Ω.cm以上是有困難的。亦即,要使靶的比電阻為0.01Ω.cm以上,在含有氧的氛圍下之燒結為較佳。
本實施型態之濺鍍靶之製造方法,具有在一次粒子的平均粒徑0.1~3μm的氧化鋅粉末,均勻地混入
例如一次粒子的平均粒徑為0.001~1μm之前述IIIb族元素群的氧化物粉末,成形而成為成形體的步驟,以及將該成形體,在1250~1450℃的燒結溫度燒結而成為燒結體的步驟。
亦即,在此濺鍍靶的製造方法,藉由使氧化鋅之一次粒子的平均粒徑為0.1~3μm,前述IIIb族元素群的氧化物粉末之一次粒子的平均粒徑為0.001~1μm,可以安定地使在指定溫度燒結的氧化鋅燒結體的平均粒徑為8~50μm,可以製作異常放電很少的高品質的直流濺鍍用的氧化鋅靶。
供製作前述濺鍍靶之原料用氧化鋅之一次粒子的平均粒徑,藉由把分散於水中的該原料,藉由雷射繞射.散射光式粒子分析裝置(例如日機裝(Nikkiso)公司製造的Microtrac particle size analyzer)來分析、計算。使用添加IIIb族元素群的氧化物粉末的場合之該氧化物的一次平均粒徑,也可以藉由同樣的方法進行測定。
此外,前述IIIb族元素群的氧化物,可以在氧化鋅粉末或者容易分散於其漿的溶膠液或者其前驅體之溶膠液(例如,川研Fine Chemical(股)製造之氫氧化鋁溶膠液AlumiSol-10A)的型態,於燒結過程中分解的目的氧化物的前驅體物質(例如,IIIb族元素群的碳酸化物)的型態,或前述前軀體的水溶液型態等來添加。在本實施型態,前述IIIb族元素群的添加量非常少,往氧化鋅粉末之均勻混入很難,特別是含有IIIb族元素群的溶膠液
等,以容易均勻地分散於氧化鋅粉末所構成的漿的型態來添加是較佳的。
對於B,替代氧化物而以單體構成的粉末來添加也可以得到同樣的效果。
作為前述製造方法之一例,可以採用對氧化鋅粉末透過溶媒均勻地混合特定的IIIb族元素群的氧化物之後,添加結合劑,以噴霧乾燥法造粒,將該造粒粉以模具沖壓機加壓成形製作成形體之有結合劑成型法。以此有結合劑成型法成型的成形體,脫模後,以150~550℃之熱處理溫度進行脫結合劑處理,進而在高溫(1250~1450℃)燒結特定時間(1~6小時)的話,可以得到本實施型態之氧化鋅靶。
作為前述結合劑,可以使用聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯丁縮醛、甲基纖維素或者丙烯酸樹脂。此外,作為有機溶媒,可以使用乙醇或丙酮,作為無機溶媒可以使用純水。進而,藉由添加溶媒稀釋結合劑,可以使粉末均勻地分散。
前述加壓成形時之成形壓,例如被設定為50(500kg/cm2)MPa。
此外,脫模後,燒成得到氧化物燒結體時的燒成溫度,在1250~1450℃之範圍內,燒成時間為1~10小時為適切。又,燒成時間,較佳為3~6小時。又,燒結氛圍,可以是大氣、氧、惰性氣體與氧之混合氣體之任一種。
進而,燒成步驟,作為以除去溶媒及水分等
為目的之預備乾燥進行50~150℃下5~46小時的處理,作為以燒掉結合劑為目的之脫結合劑處理在150~550℃進行5~20小時之處理。
其次,說明使用如此製作的本實施型態的濺鍍靶藉由直流電濺鍍製作氧化鋅膜(高電阻透明膜)的方法。
首先,把加工至直徑125mm、厚度5mm後的前述濺鍍靶,使用In焊料結合於無氧銅製造的背板(back plate)。此結合的靶供濺鍍使用。
此濺鍍靶,用直流濺鍍電源,作為濺鍍氣體在氬氣與氧氣之混合氣體中進行。此時的氣體壓力例如被設定為0.67Pa。氬氣與氧氣之混合氣體中O2/(Ar+O2)的體積比係以氣體流量計的流量設定來進行設定。此外,濺鍍時的投入電力密度,例如被設定為2W/cm2。此外,以前述濺鍍靶成膜的膜的厚度,例如為100nm。此處,所謂投入電力密度,是把對靶施加的電力(W)除以靶的面積(cm2)之值。
又,藉由改變前述濺鍍氣體之氬氣與氧之混合比率,可以改變氧化鋅膜(高電阻透明膜)的膜電阻。例如,將濺鍍氣體設定為Ar:90體積百分比、O2:3體積百分比以上的比率的話,可以形成膜電阻:104~1010Ω.cm(測量電壓10V)程度之高電阻氧化鋅膜。此外,使前述濺鍍氣體為不加入氧而僅有氬氣而進行濺鍍的話,成為膜電阻:10-2Ω.cm(測量電壓10V)程度之低電阻
氧化鋅膜。
在這樣的實施型態的濺鍍靶,由對所有金屬成分量,具有0.005~0.1原子百分比In,Ga,Al,B之元素群選擇的1種或2種以上的元素,其餘為Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的成分組成之氧化物燒結體所構成,前述氧化物燒結體的密度為5.3g/cm3以上,所以即使直流電電鍍也可得體積電阻率:1×104Ω.cm以上的高電阻之氧化鋅膜,同時具有可長時間濺鍍之高機械強度。
此外,氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑,為8~50μm,所以施加比較低的濺鍍電壓時,在氧化鋅粒子的粒界產生的絕緣障壁會絕緣破壞而使電流流過,直流電濺鍍變成可能,進而可以大幅減低起因於粒界氣孔的異常放電或團塊(nodule)的形成。
進而,比電阻為0.01Ω.cm以上,所以容易得到具有104Ω.cm以上的膜體積電阻率的氧化鋅膜。
此外,在本實施型態之高電阻透明膜的製造方法,使用前述濺鍍靶進行直流電濺鍍時之製程氛圍中,對所有氣體成分含有3體積百分比以上的氧,所以可安定地得到具有104Ω.cm以上的體積電阻率的高電阻氧化鋅膜。
參照圖1至圖4針對根據前述實施型態製作的高電阻透明膜用濺鍍靶的實施例,說明對氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑等的評估結果。
本實施例的製造,以如下的條件來進行。
把表1所示的平均一次粒徑的氧化鋅100kg,與純水35kg、分散氧化鋅二次粒子之用的分散劑1.5kg(例如:高分子量的聚酯酸之醯胺胺鹽、楠本化成(股)製造),與表1所示的平均一次粒徑之IIIb族元素群之氧化物粉末或其溶膠液,填充於內容積500L之球磨機。進而,於此球磨機添加直徑φ 10mm之氧化鋯球500kg,以30rpm之轉速進行了24小時之球磨。其後,添加聚乙烯醇系結合劑10kg(例如,變性PVA,Japan Vam & Poval Co.製造),進而進行1小時的球磨。
球磨結束後,把所得到的漿使用噴霧乾燥器進行乾燥造粒。噴霧乾燥機使用可以設定為熱風溫度250℃,排氣溫度100℃程度者(例如,大川原加工機FOC-
35)。藉由調整噴嘴吐出條件,熱風溫度,可以得到造粒顆粒的平均粒徑為50±20μm程度之顆粒。
把製作的顆粒,沒有不均地均勻填充於直徑200mm厚度50mm的模具,投入機械沖壓機,以表1所示的壓力加壓,沖壓成行。加壓的保持時間為1分鐘。
把成型之成形體裝入可以控制氛圍的燒成爐,以下列的燒成條件進行了燒成。又,燒成時的氛圍,燒成溫度及燒成時間顯示於表2。
STEP1:室溫→150℃(6小時)
STEP2:150℃→550℃(36小時)
STEP3:550℃→1000℃(3小時)
STEP4:1000℃→燒成溫度(200℃/小時)
STEP5:在燒結溫度之保持
STEP6:燒結溫度→室溫(15小時)
把燒成的燒結體,藉由濕式研削機加工為直徑125mm、厚度5mm之靶,使用重量與尺寸計算體積密度之後,以四探針法測定了體積電阻。接著,把測定的靶使用In焊料結合於銅製的背板。進而,針對這些實施例,測定了靶剖面之氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑。又,氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑,以前述之方法求出。此外,被添加於靶中的IIIb族元素的含量以ICP(高頻誘導耦合電漿法)進行了測定。
粒子的觀察使用具有電子後方散射圖案(Electron Back Scattering Pattern:EBSP)解析功能的SEM(Carl Zeiss公司製造之Ultra55)來進行。
又,此條件,被設定為測定範圍W500×H650μm、測定步幅1.5μm、取入時間30msec/point。此外,SEM條件設定為加速電壓15kV、束電流2.5nA、WD15mm。進
而,資料處理條件,設定為最小粒界角度5°,Clean up type Grain Dilation,Grain Tolerance Angle 5°,Minimum Grain Size 5 pixels,Single Iteration On。
以上的結果顯示於表3。
針對本發明的比較例,以如下的條件來製作。
在此比較例的製作,與實施例同樣進行了用於靶的燒結之原料的混合。又,比較例之添加材料的添加量等,如表4所示進行了調整。
此外,於比較例的製作,與實施例同樣進行了球磨結束後的造粒或成形。又,燒成時的燒成方法、氛圍,燒成溫度及燒成時間顯示於表5。
其次,與實施例同樣加工、評估了燒成後的燒結體。這些結果顯示於表6。
此外,針對靶剖面之影像品質地圖之例,把代表性的實施例6的場合顯示於圖1之(a),同時比較
例1的場合顯示於圖1之(b)。進而,針對氧化鋅粒子的粒徑分布圖,把實施例6的場合顯示於圖2之(a),同時比較例1的場合顯示於圖2之(b)。
此外,針對藉由前述實施例及比較例之靶進行直流濺鍍時之氧化鋅膜(高電阻透明膜)的膜電阻進行了測定。此時的直流濺鍍條件設定如下。
濺鍍測試,使用前述直徑125mm,厚度5mm之靶來實施。濺鍍,係使用MKS公司製造的直流電源RPG-50,僅以直流(DC)來成膜。成膜時的投入電力為200W(3W/cm2)、到達真空度為5×10-4Pa、濺鍍全壓為0.67Pa。成膜氣體為氬氣與氧之混合氣體,流量為50sccm。
首先,於表7及表8所示的O2/(Ar+O2)體積百分比,使用實施例及比較例之各靶在玻璃基板上(康寧公司製造,1737#)形成100nm之膜,所得到的膜的體積電阻率,使用三菱化學製電阻測定器Loresta(薄片電阻106Ω/□以下的低電阻之場合)、Hiresta(薄片電阻107Ω/□以上的高電阻之場合)進行了測定。進而,將該靶以被指定的投入電力實施了6小時的連續濺鍍,評估異常放電的發生次數。這些試驗的結果整理於表7及表8。進而,為了比較,針對6小時連續濺鍍中的異常放電累計發生數量,把實施例6的場合顯示於圖3之(a),同時比較例1的場合顯示於圖3之(b)。
結果,在本實施例之靶,確認了沒有異常放電而可長時間進行直流電濺鍍。另一方面,一部分之比較例之靶發生異常放電。進而,本實施例之靶所製成的膜的體積電阻率全部達成104Ω.cm以上。另一方面,一部分比較例之膜體機電阻率比104Ω.cm還要低。又,於實施例3、8、10,無法進行單純的直流電濺鍍,使用脈衝直流電實施了濺鍍。比較例4、7也無法進行直流電濺鍍,在以脈衝直流電進行濺鍍時,比較例4之靶在短時間的放電後靶表面發生破裂,比較例7則為無法放電。
又,為了把本發明作為濺鍍靶來利用,以金屬系不純物濃度0.1原子百分比以下,抗折強度:150MPa以上,靶各部位間的密度差在10%以下,濺鍍面的表面粗糙度Ra為3μm以下是較佳的。前述各實施例均滿足這些條件。
此外,本發明之技術範圍並不以前述實施型態及前述實施例為限定,在不逸脫本發明的趣旨的範圍可加以種種變更。
Claims (3)
- 一種濺鍍靶,其特徵係由對所有金屬成分量,具有0.005~0.095原子百分比之選自In,Ga,Al,B之元素群的1種或2種以上的元素,其餘為Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的成分組成之氧化物燒結體所構成,前述氧化物燒結體的密度為5.3g/cm3以上,比電阻為0.01Ω.cm以上。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之濺鍍靶,其中前述氧化物燒結體中的氧化鋅粒子的平均粒徑為8~50μm。
- 一種高電阻透明膜之製造方法,其特徵為藉由使用了申請專利範圍第1或2項之濺鍍靶進行的直流電濺鍍,形成體積電阻率為1×104Ω.cm以上之高電阻透明膜。
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