TWI228493B - Barium titanate and electronic parts using the same - Google Patents

Barium titanate and electronic parts using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI228493B
TWI228493B TW092135842A TW92135842A TWI228493B TW I228493 B TWI228493 B TW I228493B TW 092135842 A TW092135842 A TW 092135842A TW 92135842 A TW92135842 A TW 92135842A TW I228493 B TWI228493 B TW I228493B
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Taiwan
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barium titanate
patent application
particles
scope
dielectric
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TW092135842A
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TW200420497A (en
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Akihiko Shirakawa
Hitoshi Yokouchi
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Showa Denko Kk
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    • C01F11/02Oxides or hydroxides
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Description

1228493 (1) 玫、發明說明 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於一種作爲介電材料、疊層陶瓷電容、壓 電材料等之介質料材的鈦酸鋇之製造方法。更具體地,係 關於內部無缺陷的鈦酸鋇之製造方法。 【先前技術】 欽酸鋇係作爲介電材料、積層陶瓷電容、壓電材料等 之機能材料而被廣泛應用。由於電子零件的日趨小型化、 輕量化,期望開發出粒徑更小且介電率高的優質鈦酸鋇的 製造方法。 雖然已知利用固相法可獲得介電率高之無缺陷鈦酸 鋇’但無法使粒徑充分變小,然而’利用濕式合成之粒徑 小的鈦酸鋇’具有缺陷且無法充分提高介電率。 作爲製造鈦酸鋇等的鈦酸鋇粒子的方法,例如:以氧 化物及碳酸鹽爲原料,該等粉末以球磨機等混合後,於約 800 °C以上之高溫下反應製造之固相法;以先調製草酸複 合鹽’並將之熱分解以得到鈦酸鋇粒子之草酸鹽法;以金 屬烷氧化物爲原料,將其加水分解,得到前驅物之烷氧基 法(水解法);以及,將原料在水溶劑中置於高溫高壓下 反應,得到前驅物之水熱合成法等。此外,將鈦化合物的 加水分解生成物與水溶性鋇鹽於強鹼水溶液中反應之方法 (例如專利文獻1 )、將氧化鈦溶膠與鋇化合物於強鹼水 溶液中反應之方法(例如專利文獻2)、將氧化鈦溶膠與 -5- (2) 1228493 鋇化合物在密閉容器中反應之方法(例如專利文獻3 ) 等。再者有·使用晶格中的氫氧基含量在lwt%以下之原 料’調整燒成條件,使晶格中的氫氧基含量,減少至 〇 _ 1 W t %之方法(例如專利文獻4 ) c 可是’雖然固相法製造成本低,可得無缺陷的鈦酸 鋇’然而生成的鈦酸鋇粒徑大,不適用於介電材料、壓電 材料等之機能材料。 草酸鹽法’雖然可得比固相法粒徑小之鈦酸鋇粒子, 卻會殘留源自草酸的碳酸基。又殘留有混於內部的水造成 之氫氧基。雖然可利用加熱處理除去氫氧基,但同時亦可 能造成粒子內部產生孔隙(例:非專利參考文獻1 )。因 此’無法得到電氣特性優之鈦酸鋇。 烷氧基法和水熱合成法,雖可得到粒徑細微之鈦酸鋇 粒子,但多會殘留有混於內部的水造成之氫氧基。雖然可 利用加熱處理除去氫氧基,但同時會造成粒子內部產生孔 隙,因此難以製造出電氣特性優之鈦酸鋇。而且烷氧化物 法會殘留碳酸基。 水熱合成法係需在高溫高壓條件下進行,因此需要專 用設備,相對地製造成本也就大幅提高。 專利文獻1、2及3之方法,必須進行水洗步驟。但 在該水洗步驟,會造成鋇的溶解及因此產生的氫氧基的混 入。雖可利用加熱處理除去氫氧基,但同時會造成粒子內 部產生孔隙,因此難以得到電氣特性優的鈦酸鋇。專利文 獻3的方法,因於密閉容器中將粉碎的介質邊攪拌邊加熱 -6 - (3) 1228493 下進行反應,必須有專用設備,有製造成本提高的問題。 針對專利文獻4的方法,係提出顯著減少晶格中之氫 氧基含量的方法,但僅可使原本存在於晶格中的氫氧基含 量減至0.1 w t %左右,但卻無法提昇介電率。 〔專利文獻1〕日本專利第1 84 1 875號公報 〔專利文獻2〕國際公開專利WOOO/35 8 1 1號公報 〔專利文獻3〕日本公開專利特開平第7-291607號
公報 〔專利文獻4〕日本公開專利特開平第1 1 -273986號 公幸g 〔非專利文獻1〕日本陶瓷協會第15屆秋季座談會 演講稿集,第149頁。 【發明內容】 發明所欲解決之課題
本發明係提供可用於使電子機器小型化的小型電容所 需的薄膜介電陶瓷或薄膜介電體的形成,粒徑小、雜質 少、電氣特性優的鈦酸鋇及使用其之電子零件。 解決課題之方法 本發明人等,針對上述課題專心檢討的結果,發現於 鹼性化合物存在的鹼性溶液中,使氧化鈦溶膠與鋇化合物 反應,反應後,鹼性化合物以氣體除去,藉由燒成,可得 習知製造方法無法製得、無缺陷細微的鈦酸鋇,而完成本 (4) 1228493 發明。 亦即,本發明係由以下各項發明所構成: (1) 一種鈦酸鋇,係單結晶,其中,粒內不存在1 nm 以上孔洞的粒子佔粒子全部的20%以上。 (2 )如(1)的鈦酸鋇,其中,粒內不存在1 n m以上孔洞 的粒子佔粒子全部的50%以上。 (3 )如(1)的鈦酸鋇,其中,粒內不存在1 n m以上孔洞 的粒子佔粒子全部的80%以上。 (4) 如(1)至(3)項任一項之鈦酸鋇,其中,其BET比表 面積在0.1 m2/g以上。 (5) 如(1)至(4)項任一項之鈦酸鋇,其中,在利用700 °C熱處理後,於紅外光譜分析法中,在3500cnT1附近並 未偵測到陡峭的尖峰訊號。 (6) 如(1)至.(5)項任一項之鈦酸鋇,至少包含一種選自 S η Λ Zr、Ca、Sr、Pb、Ho、Nd、Y、La、Ce、Mg、Bi、 Ni、Al、Si、Zn、B、Nb、W、Mn、Fe、Cu 及 Dy 所成群 中的元素,其相對於 BaTi03,未超過 5 mol%(包含 0 mol%)。 (7) 如(1)至(6)項任一項之鈦酸鋇,係爲粉狀體。 (8) 如(1)至(7)項任一項之鈦酸鋇,係利用濕式合成所 得。 (9) 一種硏漿液,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之鈦酸 鋇。 (10) —種糊狀物,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之鈦酸 1228493 (5)
(11) 一種介電材料,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之鈦 酸鋇。 (12) —種介電體陶瓷,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之 鈦酸鋇。 (13) —種壓電材料,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之鈦 酸鋇。 (14) 一種壓電體陶瓷,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之 鈦酸鋇。 (15) —種介電體薄膜,係包含如(1)至(8)項任一項之 鈦酸鋇。 (1 6 )—種電容,包含如(〗i )之介電林料。 (17) —種電容,包含如(13)之壓電材料。 (18) —種電容,包含如(15)之介電體薄膜。 (19) 一種基板內電容,包含如(15)之介電體薄膜。 (20) —種印刷電路板,包含如(1 5)之介電體薄膜。 (21) —種電子機器,包含如(16)至(19)項任一項之電 容。 發明效果 根據本發明所得的鈦酸鋇爲單結晶,且粒內不存在氫 氧基或因氫氧基脫離所導致之缺陷。該材料係粒徑小且介 電率高,電氣特性優之鈦酸鋇。 藉由使用由此所得之介電體陶瓷粉末等的介電材料, -9- 1228493 (6) 可恰到疊層陶瓷電容、壓電材料等小型電子零件,更進一 步,使用該等小型電子零件,可使電子機器更小型化,更 輕量化。 Μ ’若使用本發明之鈦酸鋇或含本發明鈦酸鋇之硏 漿液’可得到介電性佳之介電體薄膜。 因該介電體薄膜的介電特性優,薄膜化也能發揮優良 的特性’可應用於基板內電容等。該電容若被使用於行動 電話、數位相機上的話’可非常有效地使機器小型化 '輕 量化、高性能化。 【實施方式】 以下’詳細地說明本發明。 本發明之鈦酸鋇是一種以一般式AB 0 3表示之鈣鈦礦 型(PEROVSKITE)化合物,其中A爲Ba、B爲Ti、稱之爲 Ba Ti 03 〇 亦可至少包含一種選自Sn、Zr、Ca、Sr、Pb、Ho、 Nd 、 Y 、 La 、 Ce 、 Mg 、 Bi 、 Ni 、 Al' Si 、 Zn 、 B 、 Nb 、 W、Mn、Fe、Cu及 Dy所成群中的元素,其相對於 BaTi03,未超過 5 mol% 又,本發明之鈦酸鋇的特徵爲粒內不存在氫氧基或因 氫氧基脫離所導致之缺陷。 且本發明之鈦酸鋇更具有單晶體結構之特徵。 存在於鈦酸鋇內之氫氧基,可在紅外光譜的分析中於 3 5 00 cm·1附近出現陡昇之尖峰,除粒內之氫氧基外,若表 -10- (7) 1228493 面上存在氫氧基,亦可同時被檢測出來。但是,已知存在 於表面的氫氧基可於7〇〇°C以下之溫度脫離。因此,預先 以700°C熱處理後,再進行紅外光譜分析的話,可檢測出 使介電率下降之粒子內部的氫氧基。 又,伴隨氫氧基的脫離所產生的缺陷,在透過電子顯 微鏡觀察(最好將粒子薄膜化)時可檢視出直徑1 nm以 上之孔隙(孔洞)。與專利文獻4之圖3中符號22所示 之孔洞相同。於圖1表示以比較例所製成的鈦酸鋇粉末之 TEM(電子顯微鏡)照片(實際上雖以150,000倍數所拍攝而 得之照片,附圖爲其縮小),粒子內部可見如泡沬般之孔 隙(孔洞),即爲伴隨氫氧基的脫離所造成的缺陷。 本發明之鈦酸鋇,因可使粒子內部氫氧基或因氫氧基 脫離所導致之缺陷不存在,介電率變大。 又,該鈦酸鋇粒子係單結晶以致使介電率變大,但也 因爲是單結晶,可利用TEM(電子顯微鏡)晶格圖解析而確 認。 本發明之鈦酸鋇因係爲單結晶,介電率因而變大。 如此之本發明的鈦酸鋇,係粒徑小且介電率高,電氣 特性優之鈦酸鋇。使用由該粒子所得之介電體陶瓷等的介 電材料,可得到疊層陶瓷電容等小型的電子零件,再者藉 由利用該等於電子機器,可使電子機器小型化、輕量化。 一般而言,爲了使電子機器小型化,BET比表面積小 於〇.lm2/g時粒徑大不會有效,而是BET比表面積在 〇.lm2/g以上有效,較佳者爲BET比表面積在lm2/g以 -11 - (8) 1228493 上’更佳者爲BET比表面積在5m2/g以上。 本發明之鈦酸鋇的製造方法,無特別限制,採用濕式 法較佳’於該情況,以氧化鈦溶膠爲原料較佳。 用於本發明之氧化鈦溶膠雖無特別限制,期望爲包含 具板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦。若爲包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化 鈦者’單獨使用板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦或亦可包含有金紅 石型和銳鈦礦型的氧化鈦。在包含金紅石型與銳鈦礦型氧 化鈦的情況,氧化鈦中板鈦礦型氧化鈦的比例並無特別限 制’通常爲1〜100質量%,較佳者爲10〜100質量%,更佳 者爲50〜100質量%,最佳者爲70〜100質量%。這是爲了 使溶劑中的氧化鈦粒子的分散性更好,由於具結晶性比不 定形更容易單粒化,因此較佳,特別是因爲板鈦礦型氧化 鈦的分散性優之緣故。該理由雖不明顯,但一般認爲板鈦 礦型係比金紅石型、銳欽礦型’則塔電位(Z e t a ρ 〇 t e n t i a 1) 尚有關。 包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦之製造方法,係將銳鈦礦 型的氧化鈦粒子熱處理,得到包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦 粒子的製造方法。而且,藉由將四氯化鈦、三氯化鈦、烷 氧化鈦、硫酸鈦等鈦化合物的溶液中和、加水分解,以獲 得液相的氧化鈦粒子分散之氧化鈦溶膠的製造方法。 以包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦粒子爲原料,作爲製造 鈦酸鋇粒子的製造方法,因該粒子的粒徑小、分散性佳, 將鈦鹽在酸性溶液中加水分解,成爲氧化鈦溶膠之取得的 方法較佳。亦即,在75〜100 °C的熱水中添加四氯化鈦, -12- (9) 1228493 在75 °C以上、溶液的沸點以下的溫度’一邊控制氯離子 濃度,一邊加水分解四氯化鈦,得到成爲氧化鈦溶膠之包 含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦粒子(日本公開專利特開平1 1 -(M33 27號公報),或在 75〜100 °C的熱水中添加四氯化 鈦,在硝酸離子與磷酸離子任一或兩者皆存在下,在75 °C以上、溶液的沸點以下的溫度’一邊控制氯離子 '硝酸 離子及磷酸離子的總濃度,一邊加水分解四氯化鈦,得到 成爲氧化鈦溶膠之包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦粒子(國際 公開專利WO 9 9/5 845 1號公報)較佳。 如此所得之包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化鈦粒子的大小, 係初級粒徑通常爲5〜50nm。該粒徑超過50nm時,以此 爲原料所製造之鈦酸鋇粒子的粒徑大,不適用於介電材 料、壓電材料等的機能材料。該粒徑小於5 nm時,則在 氧化欽粒子製造過程中很難處理。 在本發明的製造方法中,若使用在酸性溶液中加水分 解鈦鹽所得之氧化鈦溶膠的情況,所得溶膠中的氧化鈦粒 子的結晶型並無限制,不限定爲板鈦礦型結晶。 四氯化鈦、硫酸鈦等的鈦鹽在酸性溶液中加水分解 時’比在中性與鹼性的溶液中進行,因反應速度受抑制, 粒徑爲單粒化,可得到分散性優之氧化鈦溶膠。又因氯離 子、硫酸離子等陰離子,難以佔據生成之氧化鈦粒子內 部,因此在鈦酸鋇粒子製造時,可降低朝該粒子的陰離子 混入。 另一方面,在中性與鹼性的溶液中加水分解時,反應 -13- (10) 1228493 速度會變大、初期會有很多的晶核產生。因此,易形成粒 徑小、分散性差之氧化鈦溶膠,且粒子呈蔓草狀集結。以 如此之氧化鈦溶膠爲原料,製造鈦酸鋇粒子的情況,所得 粒子變爲粒徑小、分散性差。又,因陰離子容易混入氧化 鈦粒子的內部,造成後續步驟中難以除去該等陰離子。 鈦鹽在酸性溶液中加水分解得到氧化鈦溶膠的方法, 雖然溶液保持酸性的方法無特別限制,但以四氯化鈦爲原 料,在裝有回流冷卻器的反應器內加水分解,抑制此時產 生之氯氣的外洩,保持溶液爲酸性的方法較佳(日本公開 專利特開平1 1 - 4 3 3 2 7號公報)。 而且,酸性溶液中鈦鹽原料的濃度爲0.01〜5 mol/L較 佳。因爲,濃度若超過5mol/L,則加水分解的速度會變 大,而得到粒徑小、分散差之劣質氧化鈦溶膠,反之,若 濃度小於0.01 mol/L的話,則所得氧化鈦的濃度會變小、 生產性也會變差。 用於本發明的製造方法的鋇化合物,係具水溶性較 佳’通常爲氫氧化物、硝酸鹽、醋酸鹽、氯化物等。可使 用該等的單獨一種,或以任意比率混合2種以上化合物使 用。具體而言,例如使用氫氧化鋇、氯化鋇、硝酸鋇、醋 酸鋇等。 本發明的鈦酸鋇,可利用將包含板鈦礦型結晶的氧化 鈦粒子與鋇化合物反應的方法,或將鈦鹽在酸性溶液中加 水分解得到的氧化鈦溶膠與鋇化合物反應的方法製造而 得。 -14- (11) 1228493 作爲反應條件,期望在鹼性化合物存在的鹼性溶液中 反應。溶液的pH値在11以上較佳,更佳者在13以上, 特別佳者在14以上。pH値在14以上,可製造粒徑更小 的鈦酸鋇粒子。反應溶液,例如添加有機鹼化合物,期望 保持pH値在1 1以上的鹼性。pH値若低於1 1,因氧化鈦 溶膠與鋇化合物的反應率下降,難以得到介電率高的鈦酸 鋇。 作爲添加之有機鹼化合物雖無特別限制,在鈦酸鋇的 燒成溫度以下,且在大氣壓下或減壓下,蒸發、昇華,以 及/或因熱分解成爲氣體的物質較佳,使用如TMAH (氫 氧化四甲銨)、膽鹼等較佳。添加氫氧化鋰、氫氧化鈉, 氫氧化鉀等鹼金屬氫氧化物時,所得之鈦酸鋇粒子中會殘 留鹼金屬,在成形、燒結成爲介電材料、壓電材料等的機 能材料時,其特性可能不佳,故添加氫氧化四甲銨等的上 述驗性化合物較佳。 再者,藉由控制反應溶液中的碳酸基(包含C〇2、 H2co3、HC〇3·、及C032·作爲碳酸來源)濃度,可以穩定 地製造出介電率大的鈦酸鋇粒子。 反應溶液中碳酸基的濃度(co2換算値。以下若無特 別說明時與其相同。)爲500質量ppm以下較佳,更佳 者爲1〜200質量ppm,特別佳者爲1〜1〇〇質量ρρΐΏ。碳酸 基的濃度若在此範圍外,無法得到介電率大的鈦酸鋇粒 子。 而且,在反應溶液中,氧化鈦粒子或者氧化鈦溶膠的 -15- (12) 1228493 濃度爲0 ·1 ~ 5 m ο 1 / L ;含鋇之金屬鹽的濃度,以金屬氧化 物換算’調製成〇·1〜5 mol/L較佳。 再者,添加至少一種選自 Sn、Zr、Ca、Sr、Pb、
Ho 、 Nd 、 Y 、 La 、 Ce 、 Mg 、 Bi 、 Ni 、 Al 、 Si 、 Zn 、 B 、
Nb、W、Mn、Fe、Cu及Dy所構成群的元素與化合物, 使反應後的鈦酸鋇中該等元素,相對於B a T i Ο 3,未超過5 mol%。該等元素亦可傾向存在粒子表面。該等元素,亦 可例如在製造電容的情況,爲使達成所期望之溫度特性等 的特性’而調整其種類與添加量。 如此所調製的鹼性溶液,一邊攪拌,一邊於常壓下加 熱保持在通常4〇°C〜溶液的沸點溫度,較佳者爲8〇1~溶 液的沸點溫度,使其反應。反應時間通常爲1小時以上, 較佳爲4小時以上。 一般而言,反應終了後的硏漿液,雖可使用電透析、 離子交換、水洗、酸洗淨、浸透膜等方法除去不純物離 子,不純物離子同時與包含於鈦酸鋇的鋇亦離子化而一部 分溶解,對所期望組成比例的控制性差,且在結晶上產生 缺陷,介電率因而變小。作爲鹼性化合物等的不純物的除 去步驟,不使用如此的方法,期望使用後述之方法。 反應終了後的硏漿液,可藉由燒成得到本發明之粒 子。於燒成時,使鈦酸鋇粒子的結晶性提高的同時,成爲 不純物殘存的氯離子、硫酸離子、磷酸離子等陰離子,以 及氫氧化四甲銨等的鹼性化合物等,可藉由蒸發、昇華、 以及/或因熱分解成爲氣體而除去’通常在300〜1,200°C下 -16- 1228493 (13) 進行。燒成的環境並無特別限制,通常在大氣中進行即 可。燒成後,進行粉碎或混合後,藉由反覆進行燒成的步 驟’可使結晶性更提升較適合。 燒成前,相對必要之處理等,亦可進行固液分離。作 爲固液分離,例如包含沉澱、濃縮、過濾以及/或乾燥等 步驟。在沉澱、濃縮、過濾步驟,爲改變沉澱速度或過濾 速度,亦可使用凝集劑、分散劑。乾燥步驟,係將液體成 Θ蒸發或昇華之步驟,可使用如減壓乾燥、熱風乾燥、凍 結乾燥等方法。 再者,在室溫〜燒成溫度的溫度範圍內,於大氣壓下 或減壓下,先將鹼性化合物成爲氣體除去後,進行燒成亦 可。 如此製造之鈦酸鋇,係粒子內部不存在氫氧基或因氫 氧基脫離所導致之缺陷,且電特性優。如上述,氫氧基會 在紅外光譜的分析中於3500cm·1附近出現陡昇之尖峰而 被檢測出來,預先以70(TC熱處理後,再進行紅外光譜分 析,可檢測出使介電率降低之粒子內部的氫氧基。而且, 伴隨氫氧基的脫離所產生的缺陷,藉由電子顯微鏡觀察, 可檢測出直徑1 nm以上之孔隙(孔洞)。 將習知的鈦酸鋇粒子薄膜化仔細觀察時,幾乎全部的 粒子上存在著孔隙,但亦有在1 00個中約5個以下程度的 粒子不存在孔隙的情況。但是,於本發明的實施例的鈦酸 鋇,檢查數百個,完全觀察不到有伴隨氫氧基的脫離所產 生的缺陷(孔隙)。亦即,本發明之鈦酸鋇粉末,不含伴 -17- (14) 1228493 隨氫氧基的脫離所產生的缺陷(孔隙)的粒子,個數佔 20%以上,較佳爲50%,更佳爲80%,進一步更佳爲90% 以上,特別佳爲98 %以上,實質上是全部。 而且,鈦酸鋇粒子係單結晶且介電率較高,本發明之 鈦酸鋇係爲單結晶,可透過電子顯微鏡觀察,從晶格圖的 解析可得到確認。 包含本發明之鈦酸鋇的充塡材料,藉由分散於選自熱 硬化性樹脂或熱可塑性樹脂所成群中至少一種或一種以 上’可得介電率高之薄膜。 包含除鈦酸鋇以外之充塡材料,可使用選自氧化鋁、 二氧化鈦、氧化鉻、氧化鉅等所成群中的一種以上。 熱硬化性樹脂或熱可塑性樹脂並無特別限制,雖可使 用常用之樹脂,但作爲熱硬化性樹脂,以環氧樹脂、聚醯 亞胺樹脂、聚醯胺樹脂、雙三(哄)等較適合。而作爲熱 可塑性樹脂,則以聚烯烴樹脂、苯乙烯樹脂、聚醯胺等較 適合。 爲使包含本發明鈦酸鋇之充塡材料分散於熱硬化性樹 脂或熱可塑性樹脂中的至少一種以上,預先將充塡材料分 散於溶劑或上述樹脂組成物與溶劑的混合物而得到硏漿液 較佳。 將充塡材料分散於溶劑或上述樹脂組成物與溶劑的混 合物而得到硏漿液之方法並無特別限制,但期望包含濕式 解碎步驟。 作爲溶劑並無特別限制,雖可使用任何通常所用的溶 -18- (15) 1228493 劑,例如使用2 - 丁酮、甲苯、醋酸乙酯、甲醇、乙醇、 N’N —甲基甲薩fee、N,N -一甲基乙醒胺、N -甲基卩比咯院 酬、2-甲氧基乙醇單獨或混合二種以上來。 爲了彳守到充塡材料分散於溶劑或上述樹脂組成物與溶 劑的混合物的硏漿液,期望配合使用偶合劑。作爲偶合劑 並無特別限制,舉例如矽烷偶合劑、鈦鹽系偶合劑、鋁鹽 系偶合劑。因偶合劑的親水基與含有鈦酸鋇充塡材料表面 的活性氫反應而包覆於表面,對溶劑的分散性變好。偶合 劑的疏水基係藉由選擇,可提高對樹脂的相溶性。例如, 使用環氧樹脂作爲樹脂的情況,具有單胺基、二胺基、陽 離子苯乙烯基、環氧基、氫硫基、苯胺基、脲基等之中任 一官能基的矽烷偶合劑、或具有亞磷酸基、胺基、二胺 基' 環氧基、氫硫基等之中任一官能基的鈦鹽系偶合劑較 佳。使用聚醯亞胺樹脂的情況,具有單胺基、二胺基、苯 胺基等之中任一官能基的矽烷偶合劑、具有單胺基、二胺 基等之中任一官能基的鈦鹽系偶合劑較佳。該等之中可以 一種單獨使用,亦可混合二種以上使用。 偶合材料的調配量並無特別限制,包覆鈦酸鋇粒子的 一部分或全部皆可,過多的話有未反應殘留的不良影響的 情況’過少的話有偶合效果低的情況。因此,根據包含鈦 酸鋇的充塡材料的粒徑與比表面積、偶合劑的種類,選擇 可均勻分散充塡材料的調配量較佳,包含鈦酸鋇的充塡材 料的0.05〜20質量%程度的調配量較佳。 爲了使偶合劑的親水基與包含鈦酸鋇的充塡材料的活 •19- 1228493 (16) 性氫的反應完成,期望成爲硏漿液後包含加熱處理步驟。 加熱溫度與時間雖無特別限制,以100 ~15〇°C 1至3小時 的加熱處理較佳。而且,溶劑的沸點在100°C以下時,加 熱溫度在溶劑的沸點以下以及加熱時間相對增長較佳。 若使用本發明之鈦酸鋇或包含本發明之鈦酸鋇的硏漿 液,可得具介電性優的介電體薄膜。 因該介電體薄膜的介電性優,薄膜化亦可發揮其優良 的介電特性,可應用於基板內電容等。若將使用本發明的 介電體薄膜之基板內電容,用於行動電話或數位相機等的 電子機器,可有效地使機器小型化、輕量化、高性能化。 以下,以實施例及比較例,具體地說明本發明,但本 發明不限於該等實施例。 (介電率的測定方法) 所得的I太酸鋇的介電率,可由以下之方法測定之。 金太酸鋇與 Mgo (協和化學工業製之高純度氧化鎂 5 00-04R ) 、Ho2〇3 (日本釔公司製之微粉末氧化鈥)、
BaSi03 (添川理化學公司製)以莫耳比100 : 〇.5 : 0.75 : 1.0混合。將混合粉末〇.3g以直徑13mm的模具,一軸成 形後’在氮氣狀態下於i 3 〇。(:保持2小時燒成。如此所得 之燒結體的大小精密地測量後,藉由塗布電鍍用銀電極, 在大氣環境下資在800它、10分鐘燒成,形成電極成爲單 板電容。 該電容的靜電容量以惠普公司製LF阻抗分析儀4 1 92 -20- 1228493 (17) 測定’測定頻率1 kHz、從測定溫度由一 5 5 °C至1 25 °C變化 時的靜電容量與燒結體的大小算出介電率。 實施例1 : 濃度〇.25mol/L的四氯化鈦(住友鈦公司製:純度 99.9% )水溶液投入於裝有回流冷卻器的反應器內,抑制 氯離子的逸出,邊維持酸性邊加熱至溶液沸點附近爲止。 於該溫度維持60分鐘,加水分解四氯化鈦可得氧化鈦溶 膠。所得之氧化鈦溶膠的一部份在1 1 0 °C下乾燥,並以理 學電機製之X射線繞射裝置(RAD-B、RoterFlex )檢測其 結晶型態,結果可知得到板鈦礦型80 %、銳鈦礦型20 %之 氧化鈦。 添加將二氧化碳灌入氫氧化鋇八水合物(Baryte貝萊 工業製)126g與氫氧化四甲銨20質量%水溶液(Sachem 昭和公司製),使碳酸基濃度成爲60質量ppm的水溶液 456g ( C02換算値。以下若無特別說明,視爲相同情 況),於pH値14、在裝有回流冷卻器的反應器內於95 °C加熱。沉澱濃縮上述溶膠得到氧化鈦濃度1 5質量%的 溶膠213克,於反應器以7克/分的速度滴下。 將液溫上升到11 〇 °C,持續攪拌,維持4小時進行反 應,將反應所得硏漿液冷卻至5 0 °C後,進行過濾。過濾 殘渣於300 °C下、持續5小時乾燥可得微粒子粉末。相對 從用於反應的氧化鈦的量與氫氧化鋇的量所算出的理論產 量,實際產量的比例爲9 9.8 %。 -21 - (18) 1228493 所得到之微粒子粉末在藉由TEM觀察爲單結晶。將 該粉末5g置於陶瓷盤,於烘箱中以201 /分昇溫,在表1 所示的溫度維持2小時(燒成)後,使其自然冷卻。 以理學電機製 X 射線繞射裝置(RAD-B、 RoterFlex )檢測該粉末之結晶型態,結果得知該粉末爲 鈣鈦礦型的 BaTi03。X射線繞射強度根據Rietvelt分析 求得c/a比。而且,該粉末的比表面積藉由BET法求得。 由此所得之結果表示於表1以及圖2、圖3、圖4、圖5。 再者,關於在 95 (TC燒成之樣品中所含有碳酸基的 量,使用百瑞(BIORAD )製紅外光譜分析裝置 (FTS 6 000 )定量。碳酸基若全部成爲碳酸鋇時,相當於 約1質量%的量。同時對應晶格內的氫氧基之3500 cnr1附 近並沒出現陡峭的吸收尖峰。在25 °C的介電率爲3200。 此時溫度特性係滿足El A (美國電子機械工業協會規格) 規格中等級II(CLASSII)(高介電率系)分類編碼X7R 特性。由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及 電容、壓電材料接具優良的特性。 實施例2 : 與實施例1同樣地得到鈣鈦礦型的BaTi03。但在600 °C下維持2小時使其結晶化。與實施例〗進行同樣的檢 測,得到比表面積爲25m2/g,c/a比爲1.0032。該樣品, 除了以700 °C熱處理外,也與實施例1同樣進行紅外光譜 分析。結果顯示對應晶格內的氫氧基之3500 cm_]附近並 -22- 1228493 (19) 未出現陡峭尖峰。在25 °C的介電率爲1100。此時溫度特 性係滿足EIA規格的X7R特性。由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電 體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及電容、壓電材料皆具優良的特 性。 實施例3 : 與實施例1同樣地得到鈣鈦礦型的B a T i Ο 3。但在9 5 0 °C下維持2小時使其結晶化。與實施例1進行同樣的檢 測,得到比表面積爲4· lm2/g,c/a比爲1.0092。該樣品, 與實施例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格內 的氫氧基之3500 cm·1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25 °C的 介電率爲3600。此時溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的x7R特 性。由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及電 容、壓電材料皆具優良的特性。以25萬倍率進行TEΜ觀 察,無法觀察到因氫氧基脫離所造成之缺陷。 實施例4 : 與實施例 1同樣地得到鈣鈦礦型的BaTi03。但在 1 2〇〇 °C下維持2小時使其結晶化。與實施例1進行同樣的 檢測,得到比表面積爲0.5m2/g,c/a比爲1.0110。該樣 品,與實施例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶 格內的氫氧基之3500 cnT1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25 。(:的介電率爲4000。此時溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的 X 7 R特性。由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、 -23- (20) 1228493 以及電容、壓電材料皆具優良的特性。以25萬倍率 TEM觀察,無法觀察到因氫氧基脫離所造成之缺陷。 實施例5 : 減少TMAH添加量,除pH爲1 1外,使用與實施 同樣的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理論產量的 爲98%。以TEM觀察係爲單結晶。藉由在880 °C保 小時使其結晶化所得樣品,與實施例1進行同樣的檢 得到比表面積爲7.3m2/g,c/a比爲1.0090。該樣品, 施例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格內 氧基之3500 cm·1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25 °C的 率爲2600。此時溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的X7R特 由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及電 壓電材料皆具優良的特性。 實施例6 : 除使用碳酸基濃度爲75質量ppm的膽鹼水溶液 TMAH水溶液外,使用與實施例1同樣的操作合成 鋇。實際產量相對於理論產量的比例爲99.9%。以 觀察係爲單結晶。藉由在880 °C保持2小時使其結晶 得樣品,與實施例1進行同樣的檢測,得到比表面 7m2/g,c/a比爲1.0091。該樣品,與實施例1同樣進 外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格內的氫氧基之3500 附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25 °C的介電率爲2700。 進行 例1 比例 持2 測, 與實 的氫 介電 性。 容、 取代 鈦酸 TEM 化所 積爲 行紅 cm ·1 此時 -24· (21) 1228493 溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的X7R特性。由該鈦酸鋇所得 的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及電容、壓電材料皆具優 良的特性。 實施例7 : 除使用市售的銳鈦礦型氧化鈦溶膠(石原產業製 S T S · 0 2 )取代實施例1合成的鈣鈦礦型氧化鈦溶膠外,使 用與實施例1同樣的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理 論產量的比例爲99.8%。以ΤΕΜ觀察係爲單結晶。藉由 在8 8 0 °C保持2小時使其結晶化所得樣品,與實施例1進 行同樣的檢測,得到比表面積爲 7.7m2/g,c/a比爲 1·〇〇71。該樣品,與實施例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結 果顯示對應晶格內的氫氧基之3500 cm·1附近並未出現陡 峭尖峰。在25 °C的介電率爲2400。此時溫度特性係滿足 EIA規格的X7R特性。由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、 介電體薄膜、以及電容、壓電材料皆具優良的特性。 實施例8 : 除使用碳酸基含量爲110質量ppm的TMAH取代碳 酸基含量爲60質量ppm的TMAH外,使用實施例1同樣 的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理論產量的比例爲 99.8%。以TEM觀察係爲單結晶。藉由在880°C保持2小 時使其結晶化所得樣品,與實施例1進行同樣的檢測,得 到比表面積爲7.3m2/g,c/a比爲1.0090。該樣品,與實施 -25- (22) 1228493 例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格內的氫氧 基之3500 cm·1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25。(:的介電率 爲2 7 0 0。此時溫度特性係滿足EI A規格的X 7 R特性。由 該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及電容、壓 電材料皆具優良的特性。 實施例9 : 除使用碳酸基含量爲215質量ppm的TMAH取代碳 酸基含量爲60質量ppm的TMAH外,使用實施例1同樣 的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理論產量的比例爲 99.7%。以TEM觀察係爲單結晶。藉由在880 °C保持2小 時使其結晶化所得樣品,與實施例1進行同樣的檢測’得 到比表面積爲7.5 m 2/g,c/a比爲1.0087。該樣品,與實施 例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格內的氫氧 基之35 00 cm·1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25 °C的介電率 爲25 00。此時溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的X7R特性。由 該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及電容、壓 電材料皆具優良的特性。 實施例1 0 : 除使用碳酸基含量爲490質量ppm的TMAH取代碳 酸基含量爲60質量ppm的TMAH外,使用實施例1同樣 的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理論產量的比例爲 99.4%。以TEM觀察係爲單結晶。藉由在880°C保持2小 -26- (23) 1228493 時使其結晶化所得樣品,與實施例1進行同樣的 到比表面積爲8.1 m2/g,c/a比爲1.006 1。該樣品 例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格 基之35 00 cm·1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。在25°C 爲2000。此時溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的X7R 該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、介電體薄膜、以及 電材料皆具優良的特性。 實施例11 : 除使用市售的銳鈦礦型氧化鈦溶膠(石原產 )取代實施例1合成的鈣鈦礦型氧化鈦溶膠外 實施例1同樣的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對 量的比例爲 99.8%。以 TEM觀察係爲單結晶 88〇°C保持2小時使其結晶化所得樣品,與實施> 同樣的檢測,得到比表面積爲7.7m2/g,c/a比爲 _樣品,與實施例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結 應晶格內的氫氧基之3500 cm·1附近並未出現陡 在25 °C的介電率爲2200。此時溫度特性係滿足 的X7R特性。由該鈦酸鋇所得的介電體陶瓷、 膜 '以及電容、壓電材料皆具優良的特性。 實施例1 2 : 與實施例1同樣地得到鈣鈦礦型的BaTi03。 °C下維持2小時使其結晶化。與實施例1進行 檢測,得 ,與實施 內的氫氧 的介電率 特性。由 電容、壓 業製ST- ,使用與 於理論產 。藉由在 列1進行 1 · 0 0 6 6 〇 果顯示對 峭尖峰。 EIA規格 介電體薄 但在300 问樣的檢 -27- (24) 1228493 測,得到比表面積爲4 5 m2 / g,c / a比爲1 . Ο Ο 〇 0。該樣品, 與實施例1同樣進行紅外光譜分析。結果顯示對應晶格內 的氫氧基之3500 cm·1附近並未出現陡峭尖峰。 比較例1 : 一邊攪拌草酸水溶液一邊於80°C加熱,滴入BaCl2和 TiCl4的混合水溶液,得到草酸鈦鋇,所得的樣品以水洗 除去氯後,在950°C加熱分解可得BaTi03。和實施例1進 行同樣的檢測,得到比表面積爲 4m2/g,c/a比爲 1.00 80。以紅外光譜裝置,定量包含於該樣品的碳酸基的 量時,換算成碳酸鋇時,得知存在8質量%。因作爲不純 物作用碳酸基大量生成,正方晶化率無法提高,同時對應 晶格內的氫氧基之3500 cnT1附近出現陡峭尖峰。在25 °C 的介電率爲2000。此時溫度特性係滿足EIA規格的X7R 特性。 比較例2 = 將實施例1合成的鈣鈦礦型氧化鈦溶膠667g以及氧 氧化鋇八水合物5 92g (鋇/鈦莫耳比爲1.5 )與經過離子 交換的水1升置入3升之高壓壓熱器(autoclave)後,利 用於15(TC維持1小時,在飽和蒸氣壓下進行水熱處理。 所得樣品中所含過剩的鋇經過水洗後,於800 °C下維持2 小時使其結晶化。和實施例1進行同樣的檢測,得到比表 面積爲6.9m 2/g,c/a比爲1.0033。該樣品以紅外光譜分析 -28· (25) 1228493 裝置評價,在3500 cnT1附近可見對應於格子內氫 在的陡峭吸收尖峰。在25 °C的介電率爲1 200。此 特性,無法滿足EIA規格的X7R特性。結晶性低 係MgO、H〇 2 0 3、BaSi03擴散到鈦酸鋇的內部。 比較例3 : 除不添加TMAH外,使用與實施例1同樣的 成鈦酸鋇。此時的pH値爲10.2,而實際產量相對 產量的比例爲8 6 %,得知p Η値下降時產率亦下降 實用。 比較例4 : 除使用ΚΟΗ (氫氧化鉀)代替ΤΜΑΗ外,使 施例1同樣的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理 的比例爲 99.9 %。過濾後的樣品水洗,使紳 lOOppm。藉由在880°C保持2小時使其結晶化所得 與實施例1進行同樣的檢測,得到比表面積爲9m2 比爲1 · 〇 〇 3 0。該樣品以紅外光譜分析裝置評價,^ cnT]附近可見對應於格子內氫氧基存在的陡峭吸收 在25 °C的介電率爲900。此時溫度特性,無法滿足 格的X7R特性。結晶性低的原因係MgO、H〇203、 擴散到鈦酸鋇的內部。而且,因爲鋇/鈦莫耳比, 前小0·007,暗示鉀與鋇同時溶出。 氧基存 時溫度 的原因 操作合 於理論 ,無法 用與實 論產量 濃度爲 樣品' :/g,c/a ϊ 3500 尖峰。 EIA規 BaSi03 比洗淨 •29- (26) 1228493 比較例5 : 除使用碳酸基濃度爲1000質量ppm的TMAH取代碳 酸基濃度爲60質量ppm的TMAH外,使用與實施例1同 樣的操作合成鈦酸鋇。實際產量相對於理論產量的比例爲 99.4%。藉由在880°C保持2小時使其結晶化所得樣品, 與實施例1進行同樣的檢測,得到比表面積爲8.3 m2/g, c/a比爲1.0058。在25 t:的介電率爲1400。此時溫度特 性,無法滿足EIA規格的X7R特性。結晶性低的原因係 M g Ο、Η ο 2 Ο 3、B a S i Ο 3擴散到鈦酸鋇的內部。
燒成溫度 (°c ) BET (m2/g) 換算粒徑 (μηι) a軸長 (nm) c軸長 (nm) c/a 300 4 2.0 0.024 0.40102 0.40222 1.0030 500 40.3 0.025 0.40087 0.40230 1.0036 600 32.5 0.031 0.40068 0.40197 1.0032 700 20.2 0.049 0.40037 0.40170 1.0033 800 13.6 0.074 0.39986 0.40225 1.0060 900 6.4 0.157 0.39944 0.40295 1.0088 1000 2.1 0.471 0.39943 0.40286 1.0086 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1表示鈦酸鋇粉末的TEM照片,觀察因氫氧基脫 -30- (27) 1228493 離所造成之孔隙。 圖2表示BET比表面積的處理溫度的關聯性圖。 圖3表不c / a的處理溫度的關聯性圖。 圖4表示c/'a的初級粒子的粒徑的關聯性圖。 圖5表示晶格軸長的處理溫度的關聯性圖。 -31 -

Claims (1)

  1. (1) 1228493 拾、申請專利範圍 1 · 一種欽酸鋇,其係單結晶’其特徵爲粒內不存在 1 nm以上孔洞的粒子佔粒子全部的20 %以上。 2.如申請專利範圍第1項之鈦酸鋇,其中,粒內不 存在1 n m以上孔洞的粒子佔粒子全部的5 0 %以上。 3 ·如申請專利範圍第1項之鈦酸鋇,其中,粒內不 存在1 n m以上孔洞的粒子佔粒子全部的8 0 %以上。 4.如申請專利範圍第1項至第3項中任一項之鈦酸 鋇,其中,其BET比表面積在0.1 m2/g以上。 5 ·如申請專利範圍第1項至第4項中任一項之鈦酸 鋇,其中,在利用 700 °C熱處理後,於紅外光譜分析法 中,在3500cm·1附近並未偵測到陡峭的尖峰訊號。 6 ·如申請專利範圍第1項至第5項任一項之欽酸 鋇,至少包含一種選自 Sn、Zr、Ca、Sr、Pb、Ho、Nd、 Y、La、Ce、Mg、Bi、Ni、A1、Si、Zn、B、Nb、W、 Mn、Fe、Cii及Dy所成群中的元素,其相對於BaTi03, 未超過5 mol % (包含0 mol%)。 7 ·如申請專利範圍第1項至第6項中任一項之鈦酸 鋇,係爲粉狀體。 8 ·如申請專利範圍第1項至第7項中任一項之鈦酸 鋇,係利用濕式合成所得。 9 · 一種硏漿液,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項至第 8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 10· —種糊狀物,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項至第 •32- (2) 1228493 8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 11. 一種介電材料,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項至 第8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 12. 一種介電體陶瓷,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項 至第8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 13. 一種壓電材料,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項至 第8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 14. 一種壓電體陶瓷,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項 至第8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 15. —種介電體薄膜,係包含如申請專利範圍第1項 至第8項中任一項之鈦酸鋇。 16. —種電容,包含如申請專利範圍第1 1項之介電 材料。 17. 一種電容,包含如申請專利範圍第13項之壓電 材料。 ' :18. —種電容,包含如申請專利範圍第15項之介電 體薄膜。1 \ 19. 一種基板內電容,包含如申請專利範圍第15項 之介電體薄膜。 20. 一種印刷電路板,包含如申請專利範圍第15項 之介電體薄膜。 2 1. —種電子機器,包含如申請專利範圍第1 6項至 第1 9項中任一項之電容。 -33-
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