NO315165B1 - Stiv eller halvstiv PVC stabilisert med N,N-dimetyl-6- aminouraciler, anvendelse derav samt fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av stabilisert,stil eller halvstiv PVC - Google Patents
Stiv eller halvstiv PVC stabilisert med N,N-dimetyl-6- aminouraciler, anvendelse derav samt fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av stabilisert,stil eller halvstiv PVC Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO315165B1 NO315165B1 NO19974416A NO974416A NO315165B1 NO 315165 B1 NO315165 B1 NO 315165B1 NO 19974416 A NO19974416 A NO 19974416A NO 974416 A NO974416 A NO 974416A NO 315165 B1 NO315165 B1 NO 315165B1
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- tert
- compounds
- butyl
- acid
- rigid
- Prior art date
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- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004707 phenolate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphonous acid Chemical class OPO XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068886 polyethylene glycol 300 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006077 pvc stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical class [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004274 stearic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC[14C](O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940072958 tetrahydrofurfuryl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(S)C(O)=O NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBOMNTLFRHMDEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiosalicylic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1S NBOMNTLFRHMDEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010384 tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001295 tocopherol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001147 triclofos Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FICPQAZLPKLOLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexyl phosphite Chemical compound C1CCCCC1OP(OC1CCCCC1)OC1CCCCC1 FICPQAZLPKLOLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- INNSFNJTGFCSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecyl 2-[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylsulfanyl]acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CSCC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 INNSFNJTGFCSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005691 triesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JNXDCMUUZNIWPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctyl benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OCCCCCCCC)C(C(=O)OCCCCCCCC)=C1 JNXDCMUUZNIWPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QOQNJVLFFRMJTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCC QOQNJVLFFRMJTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGKLOLBTFWFKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-nonylphenyl) phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)CCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1CCCCCCCCC WGKLOLBTFWFKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDRCVXGINNJWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(6-methylheptyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OCCCCCC(C)C)C(C(=O)OCCCCCC(C)C)=C1 WDRCVXGINNJWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQBLOZGVRHAYGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris-decyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCC QQBLOZGVRHAYGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRELFWHHEKNWEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tritetradecyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IRELFWHHEKNWEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013799 ultramarine blue Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BOXSVZNGTQTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC.CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC BOXSVZNGTQTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;octanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
- C08K5/34—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring
- C08K5/3442—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring having two nitrogen atoms in the ring
- C08K5/3462—Six-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
- C08K5/005—Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light, ozone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/37—Thiols
- C08K5/378—Thiols containing heterocyclic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/04—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
- C08L27/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/18—Applications used for pipes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører stiv eller halvstiv PVC stabilisert med N,N-dimetyl-6-aminouraciler, anvendelse derav samt fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av stabilisert, stiv eller halvstiv PVC.
DE 1694873 beskriver å stabilisere PVC med spesifikke uracilforbindelser mot termisk og oksydativ belastning. Imidlertid beskriver denne publikasjonen bare fleksible PVC-sammensetninger innbefattende slike aminouraciler. Andre aminouracil- og aminotio-uracilforbindelser er også beskrevet som PVC-stabiliseringsmidler (EP 0065934, EP 0354179, EP 0041479). Det er nå funnet at disse aminouracil- og aminotiouracilfor-bindelsene bare er meget begrenset egnede for fleksibel PVC fordi deres nærvær resulterer i misfarging eller blæredannelse i det stabiliserte systemet. Overraskende kan imidlertid PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 %, dvs. såkalt stiv eller halvstiv PVC, stabiliseres meget godt ved anvendelse av forbindelsene av formel I beskrevet nedenfor. Misfarging utgjør ikke lenger noe problem.
Følgelig vedrører foreliggende oppfinnelse preparater innbefattende
A) stiv eller halvstiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 vekt-%, og
B) minst en forbindelse av formel I
hvor X er O, og R er H eller fenyl,
under den forutsetning at forbindelsene fra gruppene av perkloratforbindelser, glysidylforbindelser, beta-diketoner, beta-ketoestere, dihydropyridiner, polydihydropyridiner, polyoler, disakkaridalkoholer, sterisk hindrede aminer (tetraalkylpiperidinforbindelser), alkalialuminiumsilikater (zeolitter), hydrotalcitter, alkali-alumokarbonater (dawsonitter) ikke er til stede.
Foretrukne preparater er spesielt de sammensetningene hvori B) er forbindelsen
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører også anvendelsen av forbindelsene av formel I for stabilisering av stiv eller halvstiv PVC, igjen under forutsetningen angitt ovenfor.
Forbindelsene av formel I kan være inkorporert i den stive eller halvstive PVC for å være stabilisert i en mengde på fordelaktig fra 0,01 til 10 vekt-%, fortrinnsvis fra 0,05 til 5 vekt-%, og spesielt fra 0,1 til 3 vekt-%, basert på hele sammensetningen.
Sammensetningene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan også inneholde ytterligere vanlige additiver, så som stabiliseirngsmidler, hjelpestoffer og bearbeidelseshjelpestoffer, typisk alkali-metallforbindelser og jordalkalimetallforbindelser, smøremidler, myknere, pigmenter, fyllstoffer, fosfitter, tiofosfitter og tiofosfater, merkaptokarboksylater, epoksyderte fettsyreestere, antioksydanter, UV-absorpsjonsmidler og lysstabilisatorer, fluoescerende hvitningsmidler, støtmodifiserende midler, geleringsmilder, antistatiske midler, biocider, metall-deaktivatorer, flammeretardasjonsmidler og esemidler, såvel som anti-tåkedannelsesmidler (kfr. "Handbook of PVC-Formulating" av E. J. Wickson, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1993). Illustrerende eksempler på slike additiver er: I. Fyllstoffer: Fyllstoffer (HANDBOOK OF PVC FORMULATING E. J. Wickson John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993 s. 393-449) og forsterkende midler (TASCENBUCH der KA'e R. Gåchter & H. Muller, Carl Hanser, 1990, s. 549-615) (typisk kalsiumkarbonat, dolomitt, wollastonitt, magnesiumoksyd, magnesiumhydroksyd, silikater, China-clay, talkum, glassfibre, glassperler, tremel, mica, metalloksyder eller metallhydrider, kjønrøk, grafitt, mineralpulver, baritt, kaolin og kritt. Kritt er foretrukket. Fyllstoffene kan anvendes i en mengde på fortrinnsvis minst 1 del, typisk på 5 til 200, hensiktsmessig 10 til 150 og, mer foretrukket I til 5 til 100, vektdeler, basert på 100 vektdeler
PVC.
II. Metallsåper: Metallsåper er hovedsakelig metallkarboksylater og fortrinnsvis langkjedede karboksylsyrer. Standardeksempler er stearater og laurater, og også oleater og salter av kortkjedede alkylkarboksylsyrer. Metallsåper skal også forstås som omfattende alkylbenzosyrer. Såkalte synergistiske blandinger anvendes ofte, så som barium/sink, magnesium/sink, kalsium/sink eller kalsium/magnesium/sink stabiliseringsmidler. Metallsåpene kan anvendes enkeltvis eller i blandinger. En oversikt over vanlige metallsåper finnes i Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5. utgave, bind Al6 (1985), s. 361 og seq.. Det er hensiktsmessig å anvende organiske metallsåper fra seriene av alifatiske mettede C2-C22"karboksylater, fra de alifatiske umettede C3-C22-karD°ksylatene, fra de alifatiske C2-C22-karboksylatene som er substituert med minst en OH-gruppe, av cyklisk eller bicyklisk karboksylat inneholdende 5-22 karbonatomer, av fenylkarboksylatene som er usubstituerte eller substituerte med minst en OH-gruppe og/eller med Ci-Cjg-alkyl, av naftylkarboksylater som er usubstituerte eller substituert med minst en OH-gruppe og/eller med Cj-Cig-alkyl, av fenyl-Ci-Cig-alkylkarboksylatene, av naftyl-Cj-Cig-alkylkarboksylatene eller av de usubstituerte eller Ci-Cj2-alkyl substituerte fenolåtene, tallatene og resinatene.
Typiske eksempler som skal nevnes er sink-, kalsium-, magnesium- eller bariumsaltene av de énverdige karboksylsyrene, så som eddiksyre, propionsyre, smørsyre, valeriansyre, heksansyre, ønansyre, oktansyre, neodekansyre, 2-etylheksansyre, pelargonsyre, dekansyre, undekansyre, dodekansyre, tridekansyre, myristinsyre, palmitinsyre, isostearinsyre, stearinsyre, 12-hydroksystearinsyre, behensyre, benzosyre, p-tert-butyl-benzosyre, N,N-dimetylhydroksybenzosyre, 3,5-di-tert-buryl-4-hydroksybenzosyre, toluensyre, dimetylbenzosyre, etylbenzosyre, n-propylbenzosyre, salisylsyre, p-tert-oktylsalisylsyre og sorbinsyre; kalsium-, magnesium- og sinksaltene av monoesterene av de toverdige kaboksylsyrene, så som oksalsyre, malonsyre, ravsyre, glutarsyre, adipinsyre, fumarsyre, pentan-l,5-dikarboksylsyre, heksan-l,6-dikarboksylsyre, heptan-1,7-dikarboksylsyre, oktan-1,8-dikarboksylsyre, tfalsyre, isoftalsyre, tereftalsyre og hydroksytfalsyre; og av di- eller triesterene av de tri- eller tetravalente karboksylsyrene, typisk hemimellitinsyre, trimellitinsyre, pyromellitinsyre, sitronsyre.
Det er foretrukket å anvende kalsiumkarboksylater, magnesiumkarboksylater og sinkkarboksylater av karboksylsyrer inneholdende 7 til 18 karbonatomer (metall-såper i strengere forstand), typisk benzoater eller alkanoater, fortrinnsvis stearat, oleat, laurat, palmitat, behenat, hydroksystearater, dihydroksystearater eller 2-etylheksanoat. Stearat, oleat og p-tert-butylbenzoat er spesielt foretrukket. Overbasekarboksylater, så som over-baset sinkoktoat er også foretrukket.
Når det er egnet kan en blanding av karboksylater av forskjellig struktur også anvendes.
Foretrukne sammensetninger er, som beskrevet, de som innbefatter en organisk sink-forbindelse og/eller kalsiumforbindelse.
I tillegg til de siterte forbindelsene er organiske aluminiumforbindelser også egnede, spesielt forbindelser som er analoge med de som er nevnt ovenfor. Ytterligere detaljer vedrørende aluminiumforbindelsene som er egnede for anvendelse og som er foretrukne kan finnes i US 4060512 og US 3243394.
I tillegg til forbindelsene som er nevnt så langt er organiske sjeldne jordartsforbindelser også egnede, spesielt forbindelser som er analoge med de som er nevnt ovenfor. Betegnelsen sjelden jordartsforbindelse vil forstås som spesielt innehavende betydningen forbindelser av elementene cerium, preseodynium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, lantan og yttrium, blandinger, spesielt med cerium, er foretrukket. Andre foretrukne sjeldne jordartsforbindelser finnes i EP-A-0108023.
Der hvor det er mulig kan det også anvendes en blanding av sink-, jordalkali-, <i>aluminium-lantan elter lantanoide forbindelser av forskjellig struktur. Det er også mulig at organiske sink-, aluminium-, lantan- eller lantanoide forbindelser er belagt på en aluminium-saltforbindelse; se også DE-A-4031818.
Metallsåpene eller deres blandinger kan anvendes i en mengde på typisk 0,001 til 10, hensiktsmessig på 0,01 til 8, spesielt foretrukket på 0,05 til 5, vektdeler, basert på 100 vektdeler PVC. Det samme gjelder de ytterligere metallstabilisatorene: m. Ytterligere metallstabilisatorer: Organotinnstabilisatorene fortjener å nevnes spesielt her. Disse er fortrinnsvis karboksylater, merkaptider og sulfider. US 4743640 beskriver egnede eksempler. IV. Alkalimetallforbindeler og jordalkalimetallforbindelser: Disse forstås spesielt å være karboksylater av de ovenfor nevnte syrene, men også tilsvarende oksyder eller hydroksyder eller karbonater. Deres blandinger med organiske syrer er også egnede. Typiske eksempler er NaOH, KOH, CaO, Ca(OH2), MgO, Mg(OH)2, CaCC>3 og MgCC*3 såvel som sure natriumsalter og fettsyrekaliumsalter, I tilfelle med jordalkalimetallkarboksylater og sinkkarboksylater er det også mulig å anvende deres addukter med MO eller M(OH)2 (M = Ca, Mg, Sr eller Zn), såkalte overbasede forbindelser. Det er foretrukket å anvende alkalimetallkarboksylater, jordalkalimetallkarboksylater og/eller aluminiumkarboksylater i tillegg til den nye stabilisatorkombinasjonen. V. Smøremidler: Egnede smøremidler er f.eks.: montanvoks, fettsyreestere, PE-vokser, amidvokser, klorparaffiner, glyserolester- eller jordalkalimetallsåper. Smøremidler som kan anvendes er også beskrevet i "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gachter/H. Mdller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utgave, 1989, sidene 478-488. Nevnes skal også fettketoner (så som beskrevet i DE 4204887) og smøremidler basert på silikon (som beskrevet i EP 225261), eller kombinasjoner derav, som angitt i EP 259783.
VI. Myknere: Egnede organiske myknere er f.eks. de fra følgende grupper:
A) Ftalater: Typiske eksempler på slike myknere er dimetylftalat, dietylftalat, dibutylftalat, diheksylftalat, di-2-etylheksylftalat, di-n-oktylftalat, di-iso-oktylftalat, di-iso-nonylftalat, di-iso-decylftalat, di-iso-tridecylftalat, dicykloheksylftalat, di-metylcykloheksylftalat, dimetylglykolftalat, dibutylglykolftalat, benzylbutylftalat og difenylftalat, så vel som blandinger av ftalater, såsom C7-C9- og C9-C1 j-alkylftalater av hovedsakelig lineære alkoholer, Cg-Ciø-n-alkylftalater og Cg-CjQ-n-alkylftalater, Av disse er dibutylftalat, diheksylftalat, di-2-etylheksylftalat, di-n-oktylftalat, di-iso-oktylftalat, di-iso-nonylftalat, di-iso-decylftalat, di-iso-tridecylftalat og benzylbutylftalat foretrukket, såvel som de omtalte blandingene av alkylftalater. Anvendelsen av di-2-etylheksylftalat, di-iso-nonylftalat og di-iso-decylftalat er spesielt foretrukket, hvilke forbindelser også er kjente ved de konvensjonelle forkortelsene DOP (dioktylftalat, di-2-etylheksylftalat), DINP (di-iso-nonylftalat), DIDP (di-iso-decylftalat). B) Estere av alifatisk dikarboksylsyre, fortrinnsvis estere av adipinsyre, azelainsyre og sebasinsyre: Typiske eksempler på slike myknere er di-2-etylheksyladipat, di-iso-oktyladipat (blanding), di-iso-nonyladipat (blanding), di-iso-decyladipat (blanding), benzyl-butyladipat, benzyl-oktyladipat, di-2-etylheksylazelat, di-2-etylheksylsebakat og di-iso-decylsebakat (blanding). Di-2-etylheksyladipat og di-iso-oktyladipat er foretrukket. C) Trimellitater, typisk tri-2-etylheksyltrimellitat, tri-iso-decyltrimellitat (blanding), tri-iso-tridecyltrimellitat, tri-iso-oktyltrimellitat (blanding) og også tri-C6-Cg-alkyl, tri-Cg-Cio-alkyltrimellitat, tri-Cy-Cg-alkyltrimellitat og tri-Cg-Cn-alkyltrimellitat. De sistnevnte trimellitatene oppnås ved forestring av trimellitinsyre med de tilsvarende alkanolblandingene. Foretrukne trimellitater er tri-2-etylheksyltrimellitat og det angitte trimellitat av alkanolblandinger. Konvensjonelle forkortelser er TOTM (trioktyl-trimellitat, tri-2-etylheksyltrimellitat, TIDTM (tri-iso-decyltrimellitat) og TITDTM (tri-iso-tridecyltrimellitat). D) Epoksyderte myknere: Disse innbefatter hovedsakelig de epoksylerte umettede fettsyrene, så som epoksydert soyabønneolje. E) Polymere myknere: En definisjon av disse myknerene og eksempler på slike finnes i "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gachter/H. Miiller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utgave, 1989, kapittel 5.9.6, sidene 412-415, såvel som i "PVC Technology" W.V. Titow, 4. utgave, Elsevier Publ., 1984, sidene 165-170. De vanligste utgangsmaterialene for fremstillingen av polyestermyknerene er: dikarboksylsyrer, typisk adipinsyre, ftalsyre, azelainsyre og sebasinsyre; dioler, så som 1,2-propandiol, 1,3-butandiol, 1,4-butandiol, 1,6-heksandiol, neopentylglykol og dietylenglykol. F) Fosforsyreestere: En definisjon av disse esterene er gitt i den ovenfor angitte "Taschenbuch der Kunststoffadditive", kapittel 5.9.5, side 408-412. Illustrerende eksempler på slike fosfater er tributylfosfat, tri-2-etylbutylfosfat, tri-2-etylheksylfosfat, trikloretylfosfat, 2-etylheksyl-di-fenylfosfat, kresyldifenylfosfat, trifenylfosfat, trikresylfosfat og trisylenylfosfat. Tri-2-etylheksylfosfat og "Reofos 50 " og "95" (Ciba-Geigy)er foretrukket.
G) Klorerte hydrokarboner (paraffiner).
H) Hydrokarboner.
I) Monoestere, typisk butyloleat, fenoksyetyloleat, tetrahydrofurfuryloleat og alkylsulfonat.
J) Glykolestere, f.eks. diglykolbenzoat.
Definisjoner og eksempler på myknere fra gruppene G) til J) finnes i følgende håndbøker: "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gachter/H. Muller, Carl Hanser Varlag, 3. utgave, 1989, kapittel 5.9.14.2, s. 422-425, (gruppe G)) og kapittel 5.9.14.1, s. 422 (gruppe H)).
"PVC Technology", W. V. Titow, 4. utgave, Elsevier Publishers, 1984, kapittel 6.10.2, sidene 171-173 (gruppe G)), kapittel 6.10.5, side 174 (gruppe H)), kapittel 6.10.3, side 173 (gruppe I)) og kapittel 6.10.4, sidene 173-174 (gruppe J)).
Det er også mulig å anvende blandinger av forskjellige myknere.
Myknerne kan anvendes i en mengde på typisk 5 til 20, hensiktsmessig på 10 til 20 vektdeler, basert på 100 vektdeler PVC. Det stive eller halvstive PVC inneholder fortrinnsvis opptil 10 %, spesielt foretrukket opptil 5 % mykner, eller overholdet ingen. VII. Pigmenter: Egnede stoffer er kjente for fagmannen. Typiske eksempler på uorganiske pigmenter er Ti02, BaS04, kjønrøk, Fe2C»3, Sb203, (Ti,Ba,Sb)02, Cr203, spineller, så som koboltblått og koboltgrønt, Cd(S,Se), ultramarinblått. Organiske pigmenter er f.eks. azopigmenter, ftalocyaninpigmenter, quinakridonpigment, perylenpigmenter, diketopyrrolopyrrolpigmenter og antrakinonpigmenter. Ti02 i mikronisert form er også foretrukket. En definisjon av ytterligere beskrivelse finnes i "Handbook of PVC Formulating" E.J. Wickson, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993.
VITJ. Fosfitter: Tyiske eksempler er trifenylfosfitt, difenylalkylfosfitt, fenyldialkyl-fosfitt, tris(nonylfenyl)fosfitt, trilaurylfosfitt, trioktadecylfosfitt, distearylpentaerytritoldifosfitt, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)fosfitt, diisodecylpentaerytritolfosfitt, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)pentaerytritolfosfitt, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metylfenyl)pentaerytritoldifosfitt, bis-isodecyloksypentaerytritoldifosfitt, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)pentaerytritoldifosfitt, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-metylfenyl)etylfosfitt. Spesielt egnede er triokstylfosfitt, tridecylfosfitt, tridodecylfosfitt, tritetradecylfosfitt, tristearylfosfitt, trifenylfosfitt, trikresylfosfitt, tris-p-nonylfenylfosfitt eller tricykloheksylfosfitt, og spesielt foretrukket er aryldialkylfosfitter og alkyldiarylfosfitter, såsom fenyldidecylfosfitt, (2,4-ditert-butyIfenyl)-di-dodecylfosfitt, (2,6-di-tert-butylfenyl)-di-dodecylfosfitt og dialkyl- og diarylpentaerytritoldifosfitter, så som distearylpentaerytritoldifosfitt og også ikke-støkiometriske triarylfosfitter, f.eks. av sammensetningen
(Hi9C9C6H40)i 5P(OCi2,13H25j27)l,5- Foretrukne organiske fosfitter er distearylpentaerytritoldifosfitt, trisnonylfenylfosfitt og fenyldidecylfosfitt. De organiske fosfittene kan anvendes i en mengde på typisk 0,01 til 10, hensiktsmessig på 0,05 til 5 og, fortrinnsvis, på 0,1 til 3 vektdeler basert på 100 vektdeler PVC.
IX. Tiofosfitter og tiofosfater: Tiofosfitter eller tiofosfater er forbindelser av den generelle typen: (RS)3P,(RS)3P=0 eller (RS)3P=S, så som beskrevet i patent-publikasjonene DE 2809492, EP 090770 og EP 573394. Typiske eksempler på disse forbindelsene er: tritioheksylfosfitt, tritiooktylfosfitt, tritiolaurylfosfitt, tritio-benzylfosfitt, metyl-tris(karbo-i-oktyloksy)tritiofosfitt, metyl-tris(karbo-trimetyl-cykloheksyl)tritiofosfitt, metyl-S,S,S-tris-(karbo-i-oktyloksy)tritiofosfat, metyl-S,S,S-tris(karbo-2-etylheksy!oksy)tirtiofosfat, etyl-S,S,S-tris-l-(karboheksyloksy)tritiofosfat, etyl-S,S,S-tirs-1 -{karbo-2-etylheksyloksy)tritiofosfat, etyl-S,S,S-tirs-2-(karbo-2-etylheksyloksy)tritiofosfat.
X. Merkaptokarboksylat: Typiske eksempler på disse forbindelsene er: estere av tioglykolsyre, tioeplesyre, merkaptopropionsyre, av merkaptobenzosyrer eller av tiomelkesyrer, så som beskrevet i patentene FR 2459816, EP 90748, FR 2552440, EP 365483. Nevnte merkaptokarboksylater innbefatter også polyolestere eller deres partielle estere.
XI. Epoksyderte fettsyreestere: Den nye stabilisatorkombinasjonen kan i tillegg inneholde minst én epoksydert fettsyreester. Egnede estere er spesielt estere av fettsyrer av naturlige kilder (fettsyreglyserider), så som soyabønneolje eller rapsfrøolje. Imidlertid kan syntetiske produkter også anvendes, så som epoksydert butyloleat.
XII. Antioksydanter: Egnede antioksydanter er:
1. Alkvlerte monofenoler. f.eks. 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metylfenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-di-metylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-etylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyI-4-isobutylfenol, 2,6-dicyklopentyl-4-metylfenol, 2-(cc-metylcykloheksyl)-4,6-dimetylfenol, 2,6-dioktadecyl-4-metylfenol, 2,4,6-tricykloheksylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metoksymetylfenol, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-metylfenol, 2,4-dimetyl-6-(l '-metylundec-1'-yl)fenol, 2,4-dimetyl-6-( 1 '-metylheptadec-1 '-yl)fenol, 2,4-dimetyl-6-(l '-metyltridec-1 '-yl)fenol, oktylfenol, nonylfenol, dodecylfenol og blandinger derav. 2. Alkvltiometvlfenoler. f.eks. 2,4-dioktyltiometyl-6-tert-butylfenol, 2,4-dioktyl-tiometyl-6-metylfenol, 2,4-dioktyltiometyl-6-etylfenol, 2,6-di-dodecyltiometyl-4-nonylfenol. 3. Alkvlerte hydrokinoner. f.eks. 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metoksyfenol, 2,5-di-tetr-butyl-hydrokinon, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydrokinon, 2,6-difenyl-4-oktadecyloksyfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydrokinon, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanisol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanisol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylstearat, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenyl)adipat. 4. Hydroksvlerte tiodifenvletere, f.eks. 2,2'-tiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-metylfenol), 2,2'-tiobis(4-oktylfenol), 4,4,-tiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-metylfenol), 4,4'-tiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-metylfenol), 4,4'-tiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylfenol), 4,4'-bis(2,6-dimetyl-4-hydroksyfenyl)disulfid. 5. Alkvlidenbisfenoler. f.eks. 2,2'-metylenbis(6-tert-butyl-4-metylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis(6-tert-butyl-4-etylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis[4-metyl-6-(a-metylcykloheksyl)-fenol], 2,2'-metylenbis(4-metyl-6-cykloheksylfenol), 2,2'metylenbis(6-nonyl-4-metylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis(4,6-di-tert-butylfenol), 2,2,-etylidenbis(4,6-di-tert-butylfenol), 2}2'-etylidenbis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis[6-(a-metylbenzyl)-4-nonylfenol], 2,2'-metylenbis[6-(a)a-dimetylbenzyl)-4-nonylfenol], 4,4'-metylenbis(2,6-di-tert-butylfenol), 4,4'-metylenbis(6-tert-butyl-2-metylfenol), 1,1 -bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)butan, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-metyl-2-hydroksy-benzyl)-4-metylfenol, l,l,3-tis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)butan} l,l-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)-3-n-dodecylmerkaptobutan, etylenglykol-bis[3,3-bis(3'-tert-butyl-4<1->hydroksyfenyl)butyrat], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-5-metylfenyl)-dicyklopentadien, bis[2-(3,-tert-butyl-2,-hydroksy-5'-metylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-metylfenyl]tereftalat, 1 ,l-bis(3,5-dimetyl-2-hydroksyfenyl)butan, 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenyl)propan, 2,2-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)-4-n-dodecylrnerkaptobutan, 1,1,5,5-tetra(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)pentan. 6. Benzvlforbindelser. f.eks. S.S.S^S^tetra-tert-butyM^-dihydroksydibenzyleter, oktadecyl-4-hydroksy-3,5-dimetylbenzylmerkaptoacetat, tridecyl-4-hydroksy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmerkaptoacetat, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)amin, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroksy-2,6-dimetylbenzyl)ditiotereftalat, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-benzyl)sulfid, isooktyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylmerkaptoacetat. 7. Hvdroksybenzylerte malonater, f.eks. dioktadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroksybenzyl)malonat, dioktadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-5-metylbenzyl)-malonat, didodecylmerkaptoetyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)malonat} bis^-OJ^S-tetrametylbutylJfenyl^^-b^ malonat. 8. Aromatiske hydroks<y>benzvlforbindelser. f.eks. l,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimetylbenzen, l,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrametylbenzen, 2,4,6-tis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)fenol. 9. Triazinforbindelser. f.eks. 2,4-bis(oktylmerkapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin, 2-oktylmerkapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanilino)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-oktylmerkapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenoksy)-1,3,5-triazin, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenoksy)-1,2,3-triazin, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)isocyanurat, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyI-3-hydroksy-2,6-dimetylbenzyl)isocyanurat, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-fenyletyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)-heksa-hydro-1,3,5-triazin, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-dicykloheksyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)isocyanurat. 10. Fosfonaterog fosfonitter, f.eks. dimetyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylfosfonat, dietyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylfosfonat, dioktadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylfosfonat, dioktadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-3-metylbenzylfosfonat, kalsiumsaltet av monoetylesteren av 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylfosfonsyre, tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)-4,4'-bifenylendifosfonitt, 6-isooktyl-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioksafosfocin, 6-fluor-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-metyl-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioksafosfocin. 11. Acvlaminofenoler. f.eks. 4-hydroksylauranilid, 4-hydroksystearaniIid, oktyl-N-(3,5-di-teTt-butyl-4-hydroksyfenyl)karbamat. 12. Estere av B-( 3. 5- di- tert- butyl- 4- hvdroksyfenvDDropionsvre med én- eller flerverdige alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, tiodietylenglykol, dietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis(hydroksyetyl)oksamid, 3-thiaundekanol, 3-thiapentadekanol, trimetylheksandiol, trimetylpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-l-fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabicyklo[2,2,2]oktan. 13. Estere av B-( 5- tert- butYl- 4- hvdroksv- 3- metvlfenvDpropionsyre med én- eller flerverdige alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, thiodietylenglykol, dietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis(hydroksyetyl)oksamid, 3-thiaundekanol, 3-thiapentadekanol, trimetylheksandiol, trimetylpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-1 -fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabicyklo[2,2,2]oktan. 14. Estere av fi-( 3. 5- dicvkloheksvl- 4- hvdroksvfenvl") propionsvre med én- eller flerverdige alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, thiodietylenglykol, dietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis(hydroksyetyl)oksamid, 3-thiaundekanol, 3-thiapentadekanol, trimetylheksandiol, trimetylpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-1 -fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabicyklo[2,2,2]oktan. 15. Estere av 3. 5- di- tetr- butvl- 4- hvdroksyfenyleddiksyre med én- eller flerverdige alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, tiodietylenglykol, dietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis(hydroksyetyl)oksamid, 3-thiaundekanol, 3-thiapentadekanol, trimetylheksandiol, trimetylolpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-l-fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabicyklo[2,2,2]oktan. 16. Amider av B-( 3. 5- di- tert- butyl- 4- hydroksyfenynpropionsyre. f.eks. N,N'- bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)heksametylendiamid, N.N^bisO.S-di-tert-butyl^-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)trimetylendiamid, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)hydrazid.
17. Vitamin D ftokoferol) og derivater
Foretrukne antioksydanter er de fra gruppene 1-5,10 og 12, spesielt 2,2-bis(4-hydroksyfenyl)propan, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionat med oktanol, oktadekanol eller pentaerytritol eller tris(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)fosfitt.
En blanding av antioksydanter av forskjellig struktur kan også anvendes når dette er hensiktsmessig.
Antioksydantene kan anvendes i en mengde på typisk 0,01 til 10, hensiktsmessig på 0,1 til 10 og, fortrinnsvis, på 0,1 til 5 vektdeler, basert på 100 vektdeler PVC.
XIII. UV-absorpsjonsmidler og lysstabilisatorer: Illustrerende eksempler på dette er: 1. 2- f2'- hvdrolcsvfenv0benzotirazoler. f.eks. 2-(2'-hydroksy-5'-metylfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3',5l<->di-tert-butyl-2,-hydroksyfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(5'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-fenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(2'-hydroksy-5'-(l, 1,3,3-tetrametylbutyl)fenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3'-5'-di-tert-butyl-2,-hydroksyfenyl)-5-klor-benzotriazol, 2-(3,-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'-metylfenyl)-5-klor-benzotriazol, 2-(3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert-butyl-2<1->hydroksyfenyI)-benzotriazol, 2-(2l<->hydroksy-4'-okstylfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3'.5,-di-tert-amyl-2'-hydroksyfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3<l>,5'-bis(a,a-dimetylbenzyl)-2,-hydroksyfenyl)-benzotriazol, blandinger av 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5,-(2-metoksykarbonyletyl)-fenyl)-5-klor-benzotriazol, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-5,-[2-(2-etylheksyloksy)-karbonyletyl]-2'-hydroksyfenyl)-5-klor-benzotriazol, 2-(3,-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5,-(2-metoksy-karbonyletyl)fenyl)-5-klor-benzotriazol, 2-(3,-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5,-(2-metoksy-karbonyletyl)fenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3,-tert-butyl-2,-hydroksy-5l<->(2-oktyloksykarbonyl-etyl)fenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3,-tert-butyl-5,-[2-(2-etylheksyloksy)karbonyletyl]-2'-hydroksyfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3'-dodecyl-2'-hydroksy-5,-metylfenyl)benzotriazol og 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2,-hydroksy-5'-(2-isooktyloksykarbonyletyl)fenyl-benzotriazol, 2,2'-metylen-bis[4-(l ,1,3,3-tetrametylbutyl)-6-benzotriazol-2-ylfenol]; transforestrings-produkterav2-[3,-tert-butyl-5'-(2-metoksykarbonyletyl)-2'-hydroksyfenyl]-2H-benzotriazol med polyetylenglykol 300;
hvor R = 3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroksy-5,-2H-benzotriazol-2-ylfenyl. 2. 2- hvdroksvbenzofenoner. f.eks. 4-hydroksy-, 4-metoksy-, 4-oktyloksy-, 4-decyloksy-, 4-dodecyloksy-, 4-benzyloksy-, 4,2',4l<->trihydroksy- og 2l<->hydroksy-4)4'-dimetoksy-derivater. 3. Estere av substituerte og usubstituerte benzosyrer, som f.eks. 4-tertbutyl-fenyl-salicylater, fenyl-salisylater, oktylfenyl-salisylater, dibenzoyl-resorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)-resorcinol, benzoyl-resorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl-3,5-di tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzoat, heksadecyl-3,5 -di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzoat, oktadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzoat, 2-metyl-4,6-di-tert-butylfenyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-benzoat. 4. Akrylater. f.eks. etyl-a-cyano-6,6-difenylakrylat, isooktyl-a-cyano-B^-difenylakrylat, metyl-a-karbometoksycinnamat, metyl-a-cyano-B-metyl-p-metoksycinnamat, butyl-a-cyano-B-metyl-p-metoksycinnamat, metyl-a-karbometoksy-p-metoksycinnamat og N-(fi-karbomatoksy-B-cyanovinyl)-2-metylindolin. 5. Nikkelforbindelser. f.eks. nikkelkomplekser av 2,2,-tio-bis-[4-(l,l,3,3-tetrametyl-butyl)fenol], så som 1:1 eller 1:2 komplekset, med eller uten ytterligere ligander så som n-butylamin, trietanolamin eller N-cykloheksyldietanolamin, nikkel-dibutylditio-karbamat, nikkelsaker av monoalkylestere, f.eks. metyl- eller etylesteren, av 4-hydroksy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylfosfonsyre, nikkelkomplekser av ketoksimer, f.eks. av 2-hydroksy-4-metylfenyl-undecylketoksim, nikkelkomplekser av l-fenyl-4-Iauroyl-5-hydroksypyrazol, med eller uten ytterligere ligander. 6. Oksamider. f.eks. 4,4-dioktyloksyoksanilid, 2,2'-dietyloksyoksanilid, 2,2'-dioktyl-oksy-5,5'-di-tert-butoksanilid, 2,2'-didodecyloksy-5,5'-di-tert-butoksanilid, 2-etoksy-2'-etyloksanilid, N,N'-bis(3-dimetylaminopropyl)oksamid, 2-etoksy-5-tert-butyl-2'-etoksanilid og dets blandinger med 2-etoksy-2'-etyl-5,4'-di-tert-butoksanilid, blandinger av o- og p-metoksy-disubstituerte oksanilider og blandinger av o- og p-etoksy-disubstituerte oksanilider. 7. 2-( 2- hydroksvfenvB- 1. 3. 5- triaziner. f.eks. 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroksy-4-oktyloksyfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-oktyloksyfenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimetylfenyl)-l ,3,5-triazin, 2-(2,4-dihydroksyfenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimetylfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2,4-bis(2-hydroksy-4-propyloksyfenyI)-6-(2,4-dimetyIfenyI)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-oktyIfenyl)-4,6-bis(4-metylfenyl)-1,2,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-dodecyloksyfenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimetylfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-tridecyloksyfenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimetyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-[2-hydroksy-4-(2-hydroksy-3-butyloksy-propoksy)fenyl]-4,6-bis2,4-dimetyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-[2-hydroksy-4-(2-hydroksy-3-oktyloksy-propyloksy)fenyl-4,6-bis(2,4-dimetyl-l,3,5-triazin, 2-[4-(dodecyloksy-tridecyloksy-2-hydroksypropoksy)-2-hydroksyfenyl]-4,6-bis (2,4-dimetylfenyl)-l ,3,5-triazin.
XIV. Esemidler: Esemidler er f.eks. organiske azo- eller hydrazo-forbindelser, tetrazoler, oksaziner, isatoinsyreanhydrid, såvel som soda og natriumhydrogenkarbonat. Azodikarbonamid og natriumhydrogenkarbonat og blandinger derav er foretrukket.
Definisjoner og eksempler på støtmodifiserende midler og bearbeidelseshjelpestoffer, geleringsmidler, antistatiske midler, biocider, metall-desaktivatorer, fluorescerende hvitningsmidler, flammeretardasjonsmidler og anti-tåkedannelsesmidler er beskrevet i "Kunstoffadditive", R. Gåchter/H. Miiller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utgave, 1989, og i "Handbook of Polyvinyl chloride Formulating", EJ. Wilson, J. Wiley & Sons, 1993. Støtmodifiserende milder er også beskrvet i detalj i "Impact Modifiers for PVC", J. T. Lutz/D. L. Dunkelberger, John Wiley & Sons, 1992.
Typiske eksempler på de stive PVC-materialene som skal stabiliseres er: polymerer av vinylklorid, vinylharpikser inneholdende vinylkloirdenheter i strukturen, så som kopolymerer av vinylklorid og vinylestere av alifatiske syrer, fortrinnsvis vinylacetat, kopolymerer av vinylklorid med estere av akrylsyre og metakrylsyre og med akrylonitril, kopolymerer av vinylklorid med dien-forbindelser og umettede dikarboksylsyrer eller deres anhydrider, så som kopolymerer av vinylklorid med dietylmaleat, dietylfumarat eller maleinsyreanhydrid, etter-klorerte polymerer og kopolymerer av vinylklorid, kopolymerer av vinylklorid og vinylidenklorid med umettede aldehyder, ketoner og andre, så som akrolein, krotonaldehyd, vinylmetylketon, vinylmetyleter, vinylisobutyl-eter og lignende; polymerer av vinylidenklorid og kopolymerer derav med vinylklorid og andre polymeriserbare forbindelser; polymerer av vinylkloracetat og diklordivinyl-eter; klorerte polymerer av vinylacetat, klorerte polymere estere av akrylsyre og av alfa-substituert akrylsyre; polymerer av klorerte styrener, f.eks. diklorstyren; klorerte gummi-typer; klorerte polymerer av etylen; polymerer og etter-klorerte polymerer av klor-butadien og deres kopolymerer med vinylklorid, gurnmihydroklorid og klorert gummi-hydroklorid; såvel som blandinger av de angitte polymerene med hverandre eller med andre polymeriserbare forbindelser.
Disse materialene innbefatter også podepolymerer av PVC med EVA, ABS og MBS. Foretrukne substrater er også blandinger av de ovenfor nevnte homo- og kopolymerene, fortrinnsvis vinylklorid-homopolymerer, med andre termoplastiske og/eller elastomere polymerer, spesielt blandinger med ABS, MBS, NBR, SAN, EVA, CPE, MB AS, PMA, PMMA, EPDM og polylaktoner.
Illustrative eksempler på slike komponenter A er sammensetninger bestående av (i) 20-80 vektdeler av en vinylklorid-homopolymer (PVC) og (ii) 80-20 vektdeler av minst en termoplastisk kopolymer basert på styren og akrylonitril, fortrinnsvis fra ABS-, NBR-, NAR-, SAN- og EVA-gruppen. Forkortelsene anvendt for kopolymerene er vanlige for fagmannen og betyr: ABS: akrylonitril/butadien/styren; SAN: styren/akrylonitril; NBR: akrylonitril/butadien; NAR: akrylonitril/akrylat; EVA: etylen/vinylacetat. Egnede er også spesielt styren/akrylonitril-kopolymerer basert på akrylat (ASA). I denne forbindelse er komponenter A fortrinnsvis polymersammensetninger som innbefatter som komponenter (i) og (ii) en blanding av 25-75 vekt-% PVC og 75-25 vekt-% av de angitte kopolymerene. Tyspiske eksempler på slike sammensetninger er: 25-50 vekt-% PVC og 75-50 vekt-% kopolymerer, eller 40-75 vekt-% PVC og 60-25 vekt-% kopolymerer. foretrukne kopolymerer av ABS, SAN og modifisert EVA, fortrinnsvis ABS. NBR, NAR og EVA er også spesielt egnede. En eller flere av de angitte kopolymerene kan være tilstede i de nye sammensetningene. Spesielt viktige komponenter A er sammensetninger innbefattende (i) 100 vektdeler PVC, og (ii) 0-300 vektdeler ABS og/eller SAN-modifisert ABS og 0-80 vekt-% av kopolymerene NBR, NAR og/eller EVA, fortrinnsvis EVA.
Andre egnede forbindelser som kan anvendes for stabilisering innenfor rammen av foreliggende oppfinnelse er fortrinnsvis også recyklater av klorholdige polymerer, som er polymerene beskrevet ovenfor i større detalj og som har vært utsatt for skade ved bearbeidelse, anvendelse eller lagring. PVC-recyklat er spesielt foretrukket. Recyklatene kan også inneholde mindre mengder fremmedmateriale, så som papir, pigmenter og adhesiver, som ofte er vanskelige å fjerne. Disse fremmedmaterialene kan også stamme fra kontakt med forskjellige stoffer under anvendelse eller bearbeidelse; så som brenn-stoffrester, malingskomponenter, spormetaller og initiatorrester.
Den nye stabiliseringen er spesielt fordelaktig i tilfelle PVC-preparater som er vanlige anvendt for rør. Stabilisering kan utføres med hvilke som helst tungmetallforbindelser (Sn-, Pb-, Zn-stabiliseringsmidler). Denne egenskapen er fordelaktig i visse områder fordi tungmetaller - eventuelt med unntak av sink - av økologiske grunner ofte er uønskede ved fremstillingen og også anvendelse av visse PVC-gjenstander.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører også en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av stabilisert, stiv eller halvstiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 vekt-%, innbefattende inkorporering i PVC av minst én forbindelse av formel I ifølge krav 1 i fravær av forbindelser fra gruppen av perkloratforbindelser, glysidylforbindelser, beta-diketoner, beta-ketoestere, dihydropyridiner, polydihydropyridiner, polyoler, disakkaridalkoholer, sterisk hindrede aminer (tetraalkylpiperidinforbindelser), alkalialuminiumsilikater (zeolitter), hydrotalcitter, alkali-alumokarbonater (dawsonitter).
Inkorporeringen av stabiliseirngsmidlene kan hensiktsmessig bevirkes ved følgende fremgangsmåter: • som emulsjon eller dispersjon (en mulig form er den av pastafomet blanding. I tilfelle denne presentasjonsformen består en fordel ved den nye kombinasjonen i stabiliteten av pastaen); • som tørrblanding under blandingen av additivkomponentene eller polymer-blandingene; • ved direkte tilsetning til bearbeidelsesapparaturen (f.eks. kalander, blander, knainnretning, ekstruder og lignende), eller
• som oppløsning eller smelte.
Oppfinnelsen omfatter videre anvendelse av en forbindelse av formel I ifølge krav 1 for stabilisering av stiv eller halvstiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 vekt-% i fravær av forbindelser fra gruppen av perkloratforbindelser, glysidylforbindelser, beta-diketoner, beta-ketoestere, dihydropyridiner, polydihydropyridiner, polyoler, disakkaridalkoholer, sterisk hindrede aminer (tetraalkylpiperidinforbindelser), alkalialuminiumsilikater (zeolitter), hydrotalcitter, alkali-alumokarbonater (dawsonitter).
PVC stabilisert ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan bringes til den ønskede formen ved kjente fremgangsmåter. Slike fremgangsmåter er f.eks. maling, kalandrering, ekstru-dering, injeksjonsstøping eller spinning, og også ekstruderingsblåseforming. Det stabiliserte PVC kan også bearbeides til skum.
Stivt PVC stabilisert ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er spesielt egnet for f.eks. hule gjenstander (flasker), forpakningsfilmer (termoformende filmer), blåsefilmer, rør, skum, tunge profiler (vindusrammer), lette veggprofiler, bygningsprofiler, sidevegger, til-pasninger, kontorfilmer og apparaturhus (datamaskiner, husholdningsartikler).
Gjenstander formet av stivt PVC-skum og PVC-rør er foretrukket, så som for drikke-vann eller avfallsvann, trykkrør, gassrør, kabelkanalrør og kabeldekkrør, rar for industrielle rørledninger, avløpsrør, soilrør, utløpsrør og dreneringsrør. Ytterligere detaljer finnes i "Kunststofrhandbuch PVC", bind 2/2, W. Becker/H. Braun, 2. utgave, 1985, Carl Hanser Verlag, sidene 1236-1277.
Forbindelsene av formel l fremstilles ved kjente fremgangsmåter, som vist i større detalj i de følgende eksemplene. Der, såvel som i den gjenværende teksten, er deler og prosentangivelser uttrykt ved vekt, med mindre annet er angitt.
Eksempel 1.
Fremstilling av 6-amino-l,3-dimetyluracil
f
224.8 g N,N'-dimetylurea
238,7 g cyanoeddiksyre og
310.9 g eddiksyreanhydrid
oppvarmes under omrøring til 80°C under nitrogen. Denne blandingen omrøres i 2 timer ved 80°C og evakueres til 50 mbar, slik at eddiksyren avdestilleres. Etter avkjøling av denne blandingen til 35°C tilsettes 250 g isvann. Denne blandingen omrøres i 10 minutter og deretter tilsettes det dråpevis 567 g 15 % natriumhydroksydoppløsning under avkjøling med is. Opptil 475 ml stiger pH ikke over 7. Når pH 7 overskrides endres utfellingen og blandingen oppvarmes fra 23 til ca. 50°C, pH er da 10,2. Etter tilsetning av 200 g vann omrøres blandingen i 10 minutter og oppvarmes under til-bakeløp. Etter oppvarming til tilbakeløp i 1 time avkjøles blandingen til 20°C og underkastes avsugningsfiltrering. Filterkaken vaskes med 2 x 100 g kaldt vann og tørkes deretter ved 90°C i en vakuumtørkeovn.
Utbytte: 334 g (86,1 % av teoretisk), smeltepunkt: 282°C.
Eksempel 2.
Fremstilling av 6-fenylamino-l,3-dimetyluracil
En blanding av 39,1 g anilin og 24,5 g av 1,3-dimetylbarbitursyreklorid oppvarmes til tilbakeløp under omrøring i en 100 ml trehalset apparatur ved 190°C i 15 minutter. Denne blandingen avkjøles til romtemperatur og deretter tilsettes 300 ml vann. Under omrøring dannes en blekblå utfelling som deretter samles ved avsugning, vaskes med eter og tørkes så til konstant vekt.
Rekrystallisasjon fra metylenklorid/aktivert karbon gir et fargeløst produkt som deretter tørkes.
Utbytte: 22,5 g (69,5 % av teoretisk), smeltepunkt 190°C.
Eksempel 3.
Statisk varmetest
En tørr blanding bestående av bestanddelene angitt i de følgende produksjonspara-metrene valses i en blandevalse i 5 minutter ved 180°C. 0,3 mm forsøksstykker av filmen tas fra det valsede laget som derved er oppnådd. Filmprøvene underkastes termiske spenninger i en ovn ved 180°C. Gulhetsindeksen (Yl) bestemmes ved inter-valler på 5 eller 10 minutter i henhold til ASTM D-l925-70. Resultatene er gitt i de følgende tabellene. Lave YI-verdier angir god stabilisering.
Claims (10)
1.
Sammensetning, karakterisert ved at den innbefatter A) stiv eller halvstiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 vekt-%, og B) minst en forbindelse av formel I
hvor X er O, og R er H eller fenyl,
under den forutsetning at forbindelser fra gruppene av perkloratforbindelser, glysidylforbindelser, beta-diketoner, beta-ketoestere, dihydropyridiner, polydihydropyridiner, polyoler, disakkaridalkoholer, sterisk hindrede aminer (tetraalkylpiperidinforbindelser), alkalialuminiumsilikater fzeolitter), hydrotalcitter, alkali-alumokarbonater (dawsonitter) ikke er til stede.
2.
Sammensetning ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at A) er stiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 10 %.
3.
Sammensetning ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at A) er stiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 5 %.
4.
Sammensetning ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at A) er stiv PVC uten noen mykner.
5.
Sammensetning ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved atB) er forbindelse
6.
Sammensetning ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den er i det vesentlige fri for tungmetall.
7.
Sammensetning ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den i tillegg innbefatter et fosfitt.
8.
Anvendelse av en forbindelse av formel I ifølge krav 1 for stabilisering av stiv eller halvstiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 vekt-% i fravær av forbindelser fra gruppen av perkloratforbindelser, glysidylforbindelser, beta-diketoner, beta-ketoestere, dihydropyridiner, polydihydropyridiner, polyoler, disakkaridalkoholer, sterisk hindrede aminer (tetraalkylpiperidinforbindelser), alkalialuminiumsilikater (zeolitter), hydrotalcitter, alkali-alumokarbonater (dawsonitter).
9.
Anvendelse av en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 for fremstilling av rør.
10.
Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av stabilisert, stiv eller halvstiv PVC som har et myknerinnhold på opptil 20 vekt-%, karakterisert ved at den innbefatter inkorporering i PVC av minst én forbindelse av formel I ifølge krav 1 i fravær av forbindelser fra gruppen av perkloratforbindelser, glysidylforbindelser, beta-diketoner, beta-ketoestere, dihydropyridiner, polydihydropyridiner, polyoler, disakkaridalkoholer, sterisk hindrede aminer (tetraalkylpiperidinforbindelser), alkalialuminiumsilikater (zeolitter), hydrotalcitter, alkali-alumokarbonater (dawsonitter).
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-
1997
- 1997-09-12 MY MYPI97004236A patent/MY114466A/en unknown
- 1997-09-16 DK DK106297A patent/DK106297A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-09-18 AU AU38345/97A patent/AU715135B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-09-19 FI FI973734A patent/FI973734A/fi unknown
- 1997-09-22 DE DE19741778A patent/DE19741778A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1997-09-22 US US08/934,986 patent/US5859100A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-22 ES ES009701977A patent/ES2131017B1/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-23 BE BE9700771A patent/BE1011371A3/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-23 SE SE9703423A patent/SE9703423L/xx unknown
- 1997-09-23 ZA ZA9708531A patent/ZA978531B/xx unknown
- 1997-09-23 TW TW086113802A patent/TW404964B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-23 KR KR1019970048183A patent/KR19980024864A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-09-23 GB GB9720124A patent/GB2318118B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-23 FR FR9711792A patent/FR2753709B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-23 CA CA002216141A patent/CA2216141A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-09-24 NO NO19974416A patent/NO315165B1/no unknown
- 1997-09-24 AT AT0162497A patent/AT407395B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-24 IT IT97MI002161A patent/IT1295058B1/it active IP Right Grant
- 1997-09-24 BR BR9704856A patent/BR9704856A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-09-25 NL NL1007121A patent/NL1007121C2/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-25 JP JP9299289A patent/JPH10158454A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
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AU715135B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 |
TW404964B (en) | 2000-09-11 |
ITMI972161A1 (it) | 1999-03-24 |
GB9720124D0 (en) | 1997-11-19 |
FI973734A0 (fi) | 1997-09-19 |
AT407395B (de) | 2001-02-26 |
FI973734A (fi) | 1998-03-26 |
IT1295058B1 (it) | 1999-04-27 |
MX9707314A (es) | 1998-08-30 |
US5859100A (en) | 1999-01-12 |
FR2753709B1 (fr) | 1998-11-27 |
ES2131017A1 (es) | 1999-07-01 |
NL1007121C2 (nl) | 1998-05-18 |
MY114466A (en) | 2002-10-31 |
SE9703423L (sv) | 1998-03-26 |
DK106297A (da) | 1998-03-26 |
BR9704856A (pt) | 1998-12-29 |
FR2753709A1 (fr) | 1998-03-27 |
NO974416L (no) | 1998-03-26 |
GB2318118A (en) | 1998-04-15 |
SE9703423D0 (sv) | 1997-09-23 |
KR19980024864A (ko) | 1998-07-06 |
NL1007121A1 (nl) | 1998-03-31 |
NO974416D0 (no) | 1997-09-24 |
CA2216141A1 (en) | 1998-03-25 |
BE1011371A3 (fr) | 1999-08-03 |
ES2131017B1 (es) | 2000-03-01 |
ATA162497A (de) | 2000-07-15 |
ZA978531B (en) | 1998-03-25 |
AU3834597A (en) | 1998-04-02 |
DE19741778A1 (de) | 1998-03-26 |
JPH10158454A (ja) | 1998-06-16 |
GB2318118B (en) | 2000-12-27 |
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