MX231687B - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
MX231687B
MX231687B MXPA02012036A MX231687B MX 231687 B MX231687 B MX 231687B MX PA02012036 A MXPA02012036 A MX PA02012036A MX 231687 B MX231687 B MX 231687B
Authority
MX
Mexico
Prior art keywords
catalyst
operation phase
ethylene
operating
ethylene oxide
Prior art date
Application number
Other languages
English (en)
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=27081174&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=MX231687(B) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed filed Critical
Publication of MXPA02012036A publication Critical patent/MXPA02012036A/es
Publication of MX231687B publication Critical patent/MX231687B/es

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/66—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/68—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/688—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
    • C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
    • C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
    • C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
    • C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
    • C07D301/10—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase with catalysts containing silver or gold
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Epoxy Compounds (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
  • Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
MXPA02012036A 2000-06-09 2001-06-05 Proceso para operar la epoxidacion de etileno. MXPA02012036A (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US59152500A 2000-06-09 2000-06-09
US09/735,360 US6372925B1 (en) 2000-06-09 2000-12-12 Process for operating the epoxidation of ethylene
PCT/US2001/018097 WO2001096324A2 (en) 2000-06-09 2001-06-05 Process for operating the epoxidation of ethylene

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
MXPA02012036A MXPA02012036A (es) 2003-06-06
MX231687B true MX231687B (es) 2005-10-28

Family

ID=27081174

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
MXPA02012036A MXPA02012036A (es) 2000-06-09 2001-06-05 Proceso para operar la epoxidacion de etileno.

Country Status (18)

Country Link
US (2) US6372925B1 (es)
EP (1) EP1292587B1 (es)
JP (1) JP5097325B2 (es)
KR (1) KR100827473B1 (es)
CN (1) CN1217941C (es)
AT (1) ATE342259T1 (es)
AU (1) AU2001266704A1 (es)
BR (1) BR0111475B1 (es)
CA (1) CA2411070C (es)
DE (1) DE60123788T2 (es)
ES (1) ES2269421T3 (es)
GC (1) GC0000430A (es)
IN (1) IN2002DE01165A (es)
MX (1) MXPA02012036A (es)
MY (1) MY128386A (es)
RU (1) RU2263670C2 (es)
TW (1) TWI230707B (es)
WO (1) WO2001096324A2 (es)

Families Citing this family (69)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6372925B1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2002-04-16 Shell Oil Company Process for operating the epoxidation of ethylene
US7193094B2 (en) * 2001-11-20 2007-03-20 Shell Oil Company Process and systems for the epoxidation of an olefin
BRPI0312010B1 (pt) * 2002-06-28 2017-11-28 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V Method for detaining an epoxidation process and a process for the epoxidation of an olefine
AU2003243758A1 (en) * 2002-06-28 2004-01-19 Shell Oil Company A method for the start-up of an epoxidation process, a catalyst and a process for the epoxidation of an olefin
CN100512966C (zh) * 2002-06-28 2009-07-15 国际壳牌研究有限公司 提高催化剂选择性的方法和烯烃环氧化方法
AU2003284195A1 (en) * 2002-10-28 2004-05-25 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Olefin oxide catalysts
MY136774A (en) * 2003-02-28 2008-11-28 Shell Int Research Method of improving the operation of a manufacturing process
MY153179A (en) * 2003-02-28 2015-01-29 Shell Int Research A method of manufacturing ethylene oxide
MY146505A (en) * 2003-02-28 2012-08-15 Shell Int Research A method of manufacturing ethylene oxide
TWI346574B (en) 2003-03-31 2011-08-11 Shell Int Research A catalyst composition, a process for preparing the catalyst composition and a use of the catalyst composition
EP1613428B1 (en) * 2003-04-01 2007-10-31 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. An olefin epoxidation process and a catalyst for use in the process
US7348444B2 (en) * 2003-04-07 2008-03-25 Shell Oil Company Process for the production of an olefin oxide
US6858560B2 (en) 2003-04-23 2005-02-22 Scientific Design Co., Inc. Ethylene oxide catalyst
US20040225138A1 (en) * 2003-05-07 2004-11-11 Mcallister Paul Michael Reactor system and process for the manufacture of ethylene oxide
EP1624964B1 (en) 2003-05-07 2019-07-31 Shell International Research Maatschappij B.V. Silver-containing catalysts, the manufacture of such silver-containing catalysts, and the use thereof
US8148555B2 (en) * 2003-06-26 2012-04-03 Shell Oil Company Method for improving the selectivity of a catalyst and a process for the epoxidation of an olefin
TW200602123A (en) * 2004-04-01 2006-01-16 Shell Int Research Process for preparing a catalyst, the catalyst, and a use of the catalyst
US8536083B2 (en) 2004-09-01 2013-09-17 Shell Oil Company Olefin epoxidation process, a catalyst for use in the process, a carrier for use in preparing the catalyst, and a process for preparing the carrier
MX2007002386A (es) * 2004-09-01 2007-04-23 Shell Int Research Proceso para epoxidacion de olefinas, catalizador para uso en el proceso, soporte para uso en la preparacion del catalizador, y proceso para preparar el soporte.
MX2007003418A (es) * 2004-09-24 2007-05-07 Shell Int Research Proceso para seleccionar particulas moldeadas, proceso para instalar un sistema, proceso para hacer reaccionar una alimentacion gaseosa de este sistema, producto de programa de computo y sistema de computo.
KR20070106032A (ko) 2005-02-25 2007-10-31 스미또모 가가꾸 가부시끼가이샤 산화 올레핀의 제조법
MX2007011550A (es) * 2005-03-22 2007-10-19 Shell Int Research Sistema y proceso de reactor para la elaboracion de oxido de etileno.
US8084390B2 (en) 2005-06-07 2011-12-27 Shell Oil Company Catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst and a process for the production of an olefin oxide, a 1,2-diol, a 1,2 diol ether, or an alkanolamine
FR2895404A1 (fr) * 2005-12-22 2007-06-29 Shell Int Research Procede de preparation d'un oxyde d'olefine ou d'un produit chimique pouvant provenir d'un oxyde d'olefine
US7750170B2 (en) 2005-12-22 2010-07-06 Shell Oil Company Process for mixing an oxidant having explosive potential with a hydrocarbon
EP1979092A2 (en) * 2006-02-03 2008-10-15 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. A process for treating a catalyst, the catalyst, and use of the catalyst
CA2641646A1 (en) * 2006-02-10 2007-08-23 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. A process for preparing a catalyst, the catalyst, and a process for the production of an olefin oxide, a 1,2-diol, a 1,2-diol ether, or an alkanolamine
US7553795B2 (en) * 2006-03-21 2009-06-30 Sd Lizenzverwertungsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. Kg Activation of high selectivity ethylene oxide catalyst
EP2013194A2 (de) * 2006-04-21 2009-01-14 Basf Se Verfahren zur herstellung von ethylenoxid in einem mikrokanalreaktor
US8097557B2 (en) * 2006-08-08 2012-01-17 Sd Lizenverwertungsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. Kg Two-stage calcination for catalyst production
EP2059790B1 (en) * 2006-09-01 2013-01-16 Dow Global Technologies LLC Method for control and optimization of a process for making ethylene oxide
US7977274B2 (en) * 2006-09-29 2011-07-12 Sd Lizenzverwertungsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. Kg Catalyst with bimodal pore size distribution and the use thereof
US10532989B2 (en) 2007-05-09 2020-01-14 Shell Oil Company Epoxidation catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst, and a process for the production of an olefin oxide, a 1,2-diol, a 1,2-diol ether, a 1,2-carbonate, or an alkanolamine
KR101505216B1 (ko) 2007-05-09 2015-03-23 셀 인터나쵸나아레 레사아치 마아츠샤피 비이부이 산화올레핀, 1,2-디올, 1,2-디올 에테르, 1,2-카보네이트 또는 알칸올아민의 생산 방법
US20110034710A1 (en) * 2007-05-09 2011-02-10 Marek Matusz Epoxidation catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst, and a process for the production of an olefin oxide, a 1,2-diol, a 1,2-diol ether, a 1,2-carbonate, or an alkanolamine
US9144765B2 (en) 2007-05-18 2015-09-29 Shell Oil Company Reactor system, an absorbent and a process for reacting a feed
CN101687159B (zh) 2007-05-18 2013-04-03 国际壳牌研究有限公司 反应器系统、吸收剂和用于使原料反应的方法
JP5507446B2 (ja) * 2007-05-18 2014-05-28 シエル・インターナシヨナル・リサーチ・マートスハツペイ・ベー・ヴエー 反応器システム並びにオレフィンオキシド、１，２−ジオール、１，２−ジオールエーテル、１，２−カーボネートおよびアルカノールアミンの調製方法
US8290626B2 (en) * 2007-09-10 2012-10-16 SD Lizenzverwertungsgesellschadt mbH & Co KG Chemical process optimization method that considers chemical process plant safety
US7803957B2 (en) 2007-09-11 2010-09-28 Sd Lizenzverwertungsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. Kg Ethylene oxide production using fixed moderator concentration
DE102008011767B4 (de) 2008-02-28 2012-07-26 Basf Se Verfahren zur Herstellung von olefinisch ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen durch oxidative Dehydrierung von Alkoholen
DE102008014910A1 (de) 2008-03-19 2009-09-24 Basf Se Verwendung eines geträgerten edelmetallhaltigen Katalysators zur oxidativen Dehydrierung
US7763096B2 (en) * 2008-05-06 2010-07-27 Sd Lizenzverwertungsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. Kg Recovery of rhenium
EP2297124B1 (en) 2008-05-07 2013-08-21 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. A process for the start-up of an epoxidation process, a process for the production of ethylene oxide, a 1,2-diol, a 1,2-diol ether, a 1,2-carbonate, or an alkanolamine
CN102066348B (zh) * 2008-05-07 2013-09-25 国际壳牌研究有限公司 环氧烷、1，2-二醇、1，2-二醇醚、1，2-碳酸酯或链烷醇胺的制备方法
BRPI0911996B8 (pt) 2008-05-15 2018-03-20 Shell Int Research processo para a produção de um carbonato de alquileno e/ou um alquileno glicol, e, processo para a produção de um alquileno glicol
TWI455930B (zh) 2008-05-15 2014-10-11 Shell Int Research 製備碳酸伸烷酯及／或烷二醇的方法
DE102008025835A1 (de) 2008-05-29 2009-12-03 Bayer Technology Services Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ethylenoxid
WO2009150208A1 (en) * 2008-06-13 2009-12-17 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Method for measuring the selectivity of a process for the production of ethylene oxide
CN102099346A (zh) * 2008-07-14 2011-06-15 巴斯夫欧洲公司 制备环氧乙烷的方法
CA2730550A1 (en) * 2008-07-14 2010-01-21 Velocys Inc. Process for making ethylene oxide using microchannel process technology
US8349765B2 (en) 2008-07-18 2013-01-08 Scientific Design Company, Inc. Mullite-containing carrier for ethylene oxide catalysts
US8524927B2 (en) 2009-07-13 2013-09-03 Velocys, Inc. Process for making ethylene oxide using microchannel process technology
AU2010318055B2 (en) * 2009-11-10 2014-04-03 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Process for producing ethylene oxide
CN102333767B (zh) * 2009-12-28 2014-12-03 陶氏技术投资有限公司 控制氯化银在环氧烷生产中的银催化剂上的产生的方法
WO2012050819A1 (en) 2010-09-29 2012-04-19 Shell Oil Company Improved eo process control
US8742146B2 (en) 2010-12-08 2014-06-03 Shell Oil Company Process for improving the selectivity of an EO catalyst
US8742147B2 (en) 2010-12-08 2014-06-03 Shell Oil Company Process for improving the selectivity of an EO catalyst
CA2818525C (en) 2010-12-10 2019-02-26 Dow Technology Investments Llc Method of reducing the value of an alkylene oxide production parameter in a process of making an alkylene oxide using a high efficiency catalyst
US8987483B2 (en) 2010-12-15 2015-03-24 Dow Technology Investments Llc Method of starting-up a process of producing an alkylene oxide using a high-efficiency catalyst
CN102558099B (zh) * 2010-12-29 2014-11-12 中国石油化工股份有限公司 由乙烯生产环氧乙烷的方法
CN103502229B (zh) * 2011-04-29 2016-02-03 国际壳牌研究有限公司 用于改善环氧乙烷催化剂选择性的方法
EP2788337B1 (en) 2011-12-09 2016-03-02 Dow Technology Investments LLC Method of maintaining the value of an alkylene oxide production parameter in a process of making an alkylene oxide using a high efficiency catalyst
FR3001968B1 (fr) * 2013-02-12 2015-02-27 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procede de production d'oxyde d'ethylene a partir d'un flux d'ethanol thermo-mecaniquement integre
CN104888855B (zh) * 2015-04-03 2017-03-01 江南大学 一种用于烯烃环氧化反应的乙酰丙酮氧钼固体催化剂及其制备方法
CN109843842B (zh) * 2016-08-09 2022-12-13 科学设计有限公司 乙二醇醚的制备方法
TWI774707B (zh) 2016-12-02 2022-08-21 荷蘭商蜆殼國際研究所 用於調節乙烯環氧化催化劑之方法及用於製造環氧乙烷之相關方法
US11059017B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2021-07-13 MultiPhase Solutions, Inc. Halogen selective detection gas chromatography for the on-line analysis and control of selective oxidation chemical production processes
TWI801461B (zh) * 2017-12-08 2023-05-11 荷蘭商蜆殼國際研究所 用於製備碳酸伸乙酯及乙二醇之製程

Family Cites Families (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1191983A (en) 1968-04-11 1970-05-13 Sir Soc Italiana Resine Spa Preparation of Ethylene Oxide
US3960775A (en) 1969-08-26 1976-06-01 Snam Progetti S.P.A. Catalyst for the production of ethylene oxide
GB1319004A (en) 1971-07-13 1973-05-31 Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind Process for preparing ethylene oxide
IT972792B (it) * 1972-12-22 1974-05-31 Sir Soc Italiana Resine Spa Procedimento per la preparazione di glicoli eteri
DE2605991A1 (de) * 1976-02-14 1977-08-25 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur erhoehung der selektivitaet bei der herstellung von aethylenoxid
US4400559A (en) 1982-06-14 1983-08-23 The Halcon Sd Group, Inc. Process for preparing ethylene glycol
IL84232A (en) * 1986-10-31 1992-06-21 Shell Int Research Catalyst and process for the catalytic production of ethylene oxide
EP0357292A1 (en) 1988-08-30 1990-03-07 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Production of ethylene oxide and catalysts therefor
US5177225A (en) 1990-07-09 1993-01-05 The Boc Group, Inc. Process for the production of alkylene oxide
US5155242A (en) * 1991-12-05 1992-10-13 Shell Oil Company Process for starting-up an ethylene oxide reactor
EP0557833B1 (de) 1992-02-20 1996-08-21 BASF Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ethylenoxid
US5262551A (en) 1992-04-20 1993-11-16 Texaco Chemical Company Process for ethylene expoxidation
CA2078480A1 (en) * 1992-04-20 1993-10-21 Bennie Albert Horrell Jr. Improved process for ethylene epoxidation
US5447897A (en) 1993-05-17 1995-09-05 Shell Oil Company Ethylene oxide catalyst and process
EP0724479B1 (en) * 1993-08-23 2001-06-13 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Ethylene oxide catalyst
US5380697A (en) * 1993-09-08 1995-01-10 Shell Oil Company Ethylene oxide catalyst and process
JP3403476B2 (ja) * 1993-12-28 2003-05-06 株式会社日本触媒 エチレンオキシドの製造方法
US5545603A (en) * 1994-11-01 1996-08-13 Shell Oil Company Ethylene oxide catalyst and process
DE19843697A1 (de) 1998-09-23 2000-03-30 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von hochreinem Monoethylenglykol
US6372925B1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2002-04-16 Shell Oil Company Process for operating the epoxidation of ethylene

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2411070C (en) 2010-08-10
WO2001096324A3 (en) 2002-03-28
IN2002DE01165A (es) 2008-09-26
KR100827473B1 (ko) 2008-05-06
MXPA02012036A (es) 2003-06-06
JP2004503548A (ja) 2004-02-05
CA2411070A1 (en) 2001-12-20
DE60123788D1 (de) 2006-11-23
CN1217941C (zh) 2005-09-07
GC0000430A (en) 2007-09-30
WO2001096324A2 (en) 2001-12-20
MY128386A (en) 2007-01-31
ES2269421T3 (es) 2007-04-01
BR0111475B1 (pt) 2012-04-17
US20030139633A1 (en) 2003-07-24
BR0111475A (pt) 2003-03-25
JP5097325B2 (ja) 2012-12-12
KR20030034090A (ko) 2003-05-01
RU2263670C2 (ru) 2005-11-10
ATE342259T1 (de) 2006-11-15
AU2001266704A1 (en) 2001-12-24
TWI230707B (en) 2005-04-11
US6372925B1 (en) 2002-04-16
EP1292587A2 (en) 2003-03-19
DE60123788T2 (de) 2007-09-06
CN1437590A (zh) 2003-08-20
US6717001B2 (en) 2004-04-06
EP1292587B1 (en) 2006-10-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
GC0000430A (en) Process for operating the epoxidation of ethylene
Otsuka et al. Peroxide anions as possible active species in oxidative coupling of methane
Dedov et al. Oxidative coupling of methane catalyzed by rare earth oxides: Unexpected synergistic effect of the oxide mixtures
Cordi et al. Transient oxidation of volatile organic compounds on aCuO/Al2O3 catalyst
MX240197B (es) Produccion de un cuerpo formado.
MY122574A (en) Catalysts for production of unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated carboxylic acid and a process for producing unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated carboxylic acid using the catalysts
MXPA03004361A (es) Catalizador de epoxidacion y proceso para la produccion del mismo.
CA2407605A1 (en) Precious metal recovery from organics-precious metal compositions with supercritical water reactant
AU2001291736A1 (en) Integrated process for the preparation of epoxides
AU2001241208A1 (en) Process for producing propylene oxide
MX240869B (es) Proceso para la preparacion de oxido de propileno.
Domen et al. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from a mixture of water and 2-propanol on some semiconductors
JPS5688801A (en) Separating and obtaining method of hydrogen and carbon monoxide
WO2002022539A3 (en) Metal molybdate/iron-molybdate dual catalyst bed system and process using the same for methanol oxidation to formaldehyde
KR20040097738A (ko) 오존분해용 산화망간계 촉매체 및 그 제조방법
MY139958A (en) Method for the production of acrylic acid by heterogeneously-catalyzed gas-phase oxidation
Liu et al. Influence of feed water vapour on the selective oxidation of ethylene over silver catalyst
TH54078A (th) กรรมวิธีสำหรับดำเนินงานอีพอกซิเดชันของเอธิลีน
JPS56108538A (en) Catalyst for preparing methane and preparation thereof
Amiri Characterization of iron oxide generated in Ruthner plant of pickling unit in Mobarakeh Steel Complex
MY140813A (en) Method for the production of propylene oxide
EP1471061A4 (en) PROCESS FOR PRODUCING PROPYLENE OXIDE
JP2000219648A (ja) 二価フェノールの製造方法
TH61177A (th) การเตรียมโพรพิลีน ออกไซด์
van Kasteren et al. Working principle of Li doped MgO applied for the oxidative coupling of methane

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FG Grant or registration