KR970066114A - 유압 실린더내의 배열 - Google Patents

유압 실린더내의 배열 Download PDF

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KR970066114A
KR970066114A KR1019970008704A KR19970008704A KR970066114A KR 970066114 A KR970066114 A KR 970066114A KR 1019970008704 A KR1019970008704 A KR 1019970008704A KR 19970008704 A KR19970008704 A KR 19970008704A KR 970066114 A KR970066114 A KR 970066114A
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South Korea
Prior art keywords
cylinder
channel
pressure
valve
space
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KR1019970008704A
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English (en)
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오시 카라
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재르비넨 이르카, 시필래 소일리
탐로크 오와이
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Publication of KR970066114A publication Critical patent/KR970066114A/ko

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
    • F15B15/08—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
    • F15B15/08—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit
    • F15B15/14—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit of the straight-cylinder type
    • F15B15/1423—Component parts; Constructional details
    • F15B15/1466—Hollow piston sliding over a stationary rod inside the cylinder
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/08—Wrecking of buildings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
    • F15B11/024—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member by means of differential connection of the servomotor lines, e.g. regenerative circuits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
    • F15B15/08—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit
    • F15B15/14—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit of the straight-cylinder type
    • F15B15/1423—Component parts; Constructional details
    • F15B15/1428—Cylinders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
    • F15B15/08—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit
    • F15B15/14—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit of the straight-cylinder type
    • F15B15/149—Fluid interconnections, e.g. fluid connectors, passages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
    • F15B15/20—Other details, e.g. assembly with regulating devices
    • F15B15/202—Externally-operated valves mounted in or on the actuator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/30505—Non-return valves, i.e. check valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/30525—Directional control valves, e.g. 4/3-directional control valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/3056—Assemblies of multiple valves
    • F15B2211/30565—Assemblies of multiple valves having multiple valves for a single output member, e.g. for creating higher valve function by use of multiple valves like two 2/2-valves replacing a 5/3-valve
    • F15B2211/3058—Assemblies of multiple valves having multiple valves for a single output member, e.g. for creating higher valve function by use of multiple valves like two 2/2-valves replacing a 5/3-valve having additional valves for interconnecting the fluid chambers of a double-acting actuator, e.g. for regeneration mode or for floating mode
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/31—Directional control characterised by the positions of the valve element
    • F15B2211/3122—Special positions other than the pump port being connected to working ports or the working ports being connected to the return line
    • F15B2211/3133—Regenerative position connecting the working ports or connecting the working ports to the pump, e.g. for high-speed approach stroke
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/315—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit
    • F15B2211/3157—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit being connected to a pressure source, an output member and a return line
    • F15B2211/31576—Directional control characterised by the connections of the valve or valves in the circuit being connected to a pressure source, an output member and a return line having a single pressure source and a single output member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/355—Pilot pressure control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
    • F15B2211/40507—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with constant throttles or orifices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/415—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit
    • F15B2211/41572—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit being connected to a pressure source and an output member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50518—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using pressure relief valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
    • F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
    • F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
    • F15B2211/7055—Linear output members having more than two chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/775—Combined control, e.g. control of speed and force for providing a high speed approach stroke with low force followed by a low speed working stroke with high force, e.g. for a hydraulic press

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Actuator (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)

Abstract

유압실린더내의 배열로서, 그안에서 움직이고, 중공피스톤막대가 연결되어 있고, 그 안에서 보조막대가 움직이는 하나의 환상피스톤이 포함되어 있는 배열.
유압실린더에는 3개의 실린더 공간, 즉 환상피스톤과 실린더 사이에 위치한 제1실린더 공간, 환상피스톤과 피스톤막대 내부의 보조피스톤 사이의 공간내의 제2실린더 공간 및 환상피스톤, 피스톤 막대 및 실린더 사이에 형성되어 있는 제3실린더 공간이 포함되어 있다. 그외에도, 피스톤에는 실린더 공간들 사이의 실린더 공간내로의, 실린더 공간으로부터의 압력유체의 흐름을 조절 하기 밸브가 포함되어 있다.

Description

유압 실린더내의 배열
본 내용은 요부공개 건이므로 전문내용을 수록하지 않았음
제1도는 본 발명에 의한 배열의 개략도이다.

Claims (8)

  1. 유압 실러더(1)내에서 움직이고, 중공 피스톤 막대(2)가 연결되어 있고, 피스톤 막대(2) 내부에, 환상 피스톤(3)을 통과하는 보조 막대(5)에 의하여, 실린더에 대하여 움직일 수 없게 실린더(1)에 보조 피스톤(4)이 연결되어 있는 하나의 환상 피스톤(3)과; 제1실린더 공간이 실린더의 후단부에서 환상 피스톤(3)과 실린더 (1) 사이에 위치하고 제2실린더 공간이 환상 피스톤(3)과 피스톤 막대(2) 내부의 보조 피스톤(4) 사이의 공간내에 있는 적어도 3개의 실린더 공간을 포함하고, 추가적으로, 실린더(1)가 연장되었을 때, 압력 유체를 실린더(1) 내로 공급하기 위한 제1채널(12)과, 실린더(1)가 단축되었을 때, 압력 유체를 실린더(1)내로 공급하기 위한 제2채널(13)과; 실린더 공간(6 내지 8) 사이의 채널(12,13)로부터 실린더 공간내로의 및 실린더 공간으로부터의 압력 유체 흐름을 조절하기 위한 밸브와; 실린더가 연장되었을 때, 제1채널(12)내의 압력에 따라 실린더 공간(6 내지 8)내로 공급되는 압력 유체를 조절함으로써, 부하 저항으로 인하여 생기는 알력이 소정 레벨보다 낮은 때에는, 실린더(1) 피스톤의 운동 속도를 높이고, 그 힘을 약하게 하며, 압력이 상기 소정 레벨을 초과하는 때에는, 실린더(1) 피스톤의 힘을 더 강하게 하고, 운동 속도를 느리게 하기 위한 적어도 하나의 제1압력 제한 밸브(15)를 포함하는 유압 실린더의 배열에 있어서, 제3실린더 공간(8)이 환상 피스톤(3), 피스톤 막대(2) 및 실린더(1) 사이에 형성되어 있고; 체크 밸브(10, 11)가 환상 피스톤(3)내에서, 각각 제2실린더 공간(7)과 제1실린더 공간(6) 사이 및 제2실린더 공간(7)과 제3실린더 공간(8) 사이에 장착되어 있기 때문에, 제2실린더 공간(7)내의 압력이 다른 실린더 공간내의 압력을 초과하는 때에는, 압력 유체가 재2실린더 공간(7)으로부터 다른 실린더 공간(6,8)내로 자유로이 흘러 들어갈 수 있고 제1채널(12)이 재1실린더 공간(6)에 연결되어 있고, 제1채널내의 압력이 압력 제한 밸브(15)의 소정 값보다 낮은 때에는 제1 및 제3실린더 공간(6,8)이 서로 직접적으로 연결되는 반면에 제2채널(13)내로의 압력 유체 흐름이 금지되고, 제1채널내의 압력이 압력 제한 밸브(15)의 소정 값을 초과하는 때에는 제1실린더 공간(6)과 제3실린더 공간(8) 사이의 직접 연결을 차단하고 제2채널(13)을 제3실린더 공간(8)에 연결시킴으로써 압력 유체가 제2 및 제3실린더 공간(7.8)으로부터 제2채널(13)을 통하여 흐를 수 방식으로, 압력 유체가 실린더(1)로 주입되는 경우 제1압력 제한 밸브(15)가 압력 유체 흐름을 제어할 수 있도록 연결되는: 것을 특징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
  2. 제1항에 있어서, 압력 조절 제어 밸브(14)가 제2채널(13)과 제3실린더 공간 (8) 사이에 있고, 이 밸브가 그 기본 위치에서는 채널(13)과 제3실린더 공간(8) 사이의 연결을 차단하는 동시에, 제1채널(12)을 제3실린더 공간(8)에 연결시키며, 제1압력 제한 밸브(15)가 제1채널(12)과 제어 밸브(14)의 제어 채널(14a) 사이에 연결 되어 있기 때문에, 제1채널(12)내의 압력이 압력 제한 밸브(15)가 압력 제한 밸브(15)의 소정 값을 초과하는 때에는, 제2위치에 대한 제어 뱉브(14)를 제어하고, 이에 의하여 제2채널(13)이 제3실린더 공간(8)에 접속되고, 제1채널과 제3실린더 공간(8) 사이의 연결이 차단되는 것을 특징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
  3. 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 제2실린더 공간(7)과 제1실린더 공간(6) 사이의 체크 밸브(10)가 압력 조절 체크 밸브이고, 그 제어 채널(10a)이 제3실린더 공간 (8)에 접속되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
  4. 제3항에 있어서, 실린더의 귀환 운동을 제공하기 위하여, 제2압력 제한 밸브(16)를 거쳐 접속될 제어 압력이 제2위치에 대한 제어 밸브를 조절하여, 압력 유체가 제2채널(13)로부터 제3실린더 공간(8)내로 공급될 수 있기 전에, 제2유압 채널(13)내의 압력이 제2압력 제한 밸브(16)의 소정 값을 초과하도록, 제2압력 제한 밸브(16)가 제2압력 유체 채널(13)로부터 제어 밸브(14)의 제어 채널(14a)까지 연결되어 있는 것을 륵징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
  5. 제1항 내지 제4항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 제어 밸브(14)의 제어 채널(14a)로부터 드로틀(17)과 체크 밸브(18)를 거쳐 제1채널(12)까지 직렬 연결이 있기 때문에, 체크 밸브(18)가 채널(12)내의 압력이 제어 밸브(14)의 제어 채널(14a)에 접속되지 못되게 하고, 채널(12)내의 압력이 제어 밸브(14)의 제어 채널(14a)내의 압력보다 낮은 때에는, 그안에 있는 압력 유체가 드로틀(17)을 거쳐 제1채널(12)내로 배출되게 하는 것을 특징으로 하는 배열.
  6. 제1항 내지 제5항에 있어서, 환상 피스톤(3)내에 장착되는 밸브 이외의 다른 필요한 밸브 및 조절용으로 필요한 구성 요소들은 전부가 일체로써 성형되어 장착되는 것을 특징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
  7. 제6항에 있어서, 상기 일체 구조가 실린더와 함께 고정체를 형성할 수 있게 실린더(1)내에 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
  8. 제6항에 있어서, 상기 일체 구조가 실린더(1)에 고착된 별개의 제어 블록으로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 유압 실린더의 배열.
    ※ 참고사항 : 최초출원 내용에 의하여 공개하는 것임.
KR1019970008704A 1996-03-15 1997-03-14 유압 실린더내의 배열 KR970066114A (ko)

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DE19710949A1 (de) 1997-10-30
FI961241A0 (fi) 1996-03-15
FI99266C (fi) 1998-02-10
NL1005506C2 (nl) 1997-09-30
IT1291196B1 (it) 1998-12-29
JPH109212A (ja) 1998-01-13
FI99266B (fi) 1997-10-31
ITTO970212A1 (it) 1998-09-14
US5784943A (en) 1998-07-28

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