KR20010041867A - 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 연속적인 정제방법 - Google Patents
미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 연속적인 정제방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20010041867A KR20010041867A KR1020007010162A KR20007010162A KR20010041867A KR 20010041867 A KR20010041867 A KR 20010041867A KR 1020007010162 A KR1020007010162 A KR 1020007010162A KR 20007010162 A KR20007010162 A KR 20007010162A KR 20010041867 A KR20010041867 A KR 20010041867A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- caprolactam
- crystallization
- crude
- mother liquor
- crystallizer
- Prior art date
Links
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 169
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- SLXKOJJOQWFEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-aminohexanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCC(O)=O SLXKOJJOQWFEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229960002684 aminocaproic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- KBMSFJFLSXLIDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-aminohexanenitrile Chemical compound NCCCCCC#N KBMSFJFLSXLIDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 alkyl 6-aminocaproate Chemical compound 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- ZLHYDRXTDZFRDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-aminocaproamide Chemical compound NCCCCCC(N)=O ZLHYDRXTDZFRDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 19
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- PHGAOXNFCZKFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylpiperidin-2-one Chemical compound CC1CCCNC1=O PHGAOXNFCZKFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZWXPDGCFMMFNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylcaprolactam Chemical compound CN1CCCCCC1=O ZWXPDGCFMMFNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 8
- IPWFJLQDVFKJDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentanamide Chemical compound CCCCC(N)=O IPWFJLQDVFKJDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012264 purified product Substances 0.000 description 3
- WVYWICLMDOOCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-pentanol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)O WVYWICLMDOOCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940113721 aminocaproate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229950005499 carbon tetrachloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethane Chemical compound CCCl HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001701 chloroform Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001944 continuous distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960003750 ethyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001577 simple distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D201/00—Preparation, separation, purification or stabilisation of unsubstituted lactams
- C07D201/02—Preparation of lactams
- C07D201/08—Preparation of lactams from carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. hydroxy carboxylic acids, lactones or nitriles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D201/00—Preparation, separation, purification or stabilisation of unsubstituted lactams
- C07D201/16—Separation or purification
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Other In-Based Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (8)
- 알킬 6-아미노카프로에이트, 6-아미노카프로니트릴, 6-아미노카프로산, 6-아미노카프로산 아미드 및/또는 그의 올리고머의 고리화에 의해서 제조된 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐이 결정화처리되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기의 결정화 방법은 (1)액체 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐이 결정화기로 공급되고,(2)상기 결정화기에서 ε-카프로락탐 결정 및 모액이 형성되도록 조건을 설정하고,(3)결정화기로부터 나온 스트림은 ε-카프로락탐 결정이 모액으로부터 분리되는 분리기로 공급되고,(4)상기 모액이 재순환되는 단계로 이루어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 단계(2)에서 결정화는 감압 냉각에 의해 현탁액내에서 결정화되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 2 항 또는 제 3 항에 있어서,상기 단계(3)에서 ε-카프로락탐 결정은 두번째 결정화단계(2b)에서 추가적으로 정제되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,두번째 결정화 단계(2b)에서 결정화는 감압 냉각에 의해 현탁액내에서 결정화되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 5 항에 있어서,상기 두번째 결정화 단계(2b)에서의 모액이 첫번째 결정화 단계(2)로 재순환되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 2 항 내지 제 6 항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서,상기 액체 미정제의 카프로락탐은 증류에 의해서 고급 및 저급 화합물을 제거한 후에 카프로락탐 합성과정에서 상기의 방법으로 수득되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
- 제 2 항 내지 제 7 항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서,상기 미정제의 카프로락탐에서 나온 불순물이 모액에서 제거된 후에 모액이 단계(4)에서 재순환되는 것을 특징으로 하는 미정제의 ε-카프로락탐의 정제방법.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98200875A EP0943608A1 (en) | 1998-03-20 | 1998-03-20 | Process for the continuous purification of crude epsilon--caprolactam |
EP98200875.7 | 1998-03-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20010041867A true KR20010041867A (ko) | 2001-05-25 |
KR100604507B1 KR100604507B1 (ko) | 2006-07-25 |
Family
ID=8233486
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020007010162A KR100604507B1 (ko) | 1998-03-20 | 1999-03-17 | 조(祖) ε-카프로락탐의 연속적인 정제 방법 |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6323341B1 (ko) |
EP (2) | EP0943608A1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP2002507597A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100604507B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN1131853C (ko) |
AU (1) | AU2963499A (ko) |
CA (1) | CA2324305A1 (ko) |
DE (1) | DE69902013T3 (ko) |
ES (1) | ES2180287T3 (ko) |
ID (1) | ID25641A (ko) |
MY (1) | MY124245A (ko) |
TW (1) | TW530039B (ko) |
WO (1) | WO1999048867A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2803296B1 (fr) | 1999-12-30 | 2002-02-15 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de purification de lactames |
DE10021192A1 (de) * | 2000-05-03 | 2001-11-08 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Caprolactam |
DE10021199A1 (de) | 2000-05-03 | 2001-11-08 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Caprolactam |
JP4182273B2 (ja) | 2000-06-27 | 2008-11-19 | 住友化学株式会社 | ε−カプロラクタムの製造方法 |
DE10253094A1 (de) | 2002-11-13 | 2004-05-27 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Reinigung von Caprolactam |
DE10253095A1 (de) | 2002-11-13 | 2004-06-17 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Reinigung von Caprolactam |
CN101070299B (zh) * | 2006-05-12 | 2011-04-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | ε-己内酰胺的提纯精制方法 |
JP5951990B2 (ja) | 2008-03-27 | 2016-07-13 | ジェノマティカ, インコーポレイテッド | アジピン酸および他の化合物を生成するための微生物 |
DE102009046910A1 (de) * | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung eines Laurinlactam enthaltenen Stoffstroms für die Rückgewinnung aller enthaltene Wertstoffkomponenten durch Kombination von Kristallisation mit nachgeschalteter Destillation |
TWI624546B (zh) * | 2009-12-22 | 2018-05-21 | Dsm智慧財產有限公司 | 由發酵法獲得的6-胺己酸製備己內醯胺(三) |
CN102452983B (zh) * | 2010-10-15 | 2015-08-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | ε-己内酰胺的提纯方法和ε-己内酰胺的制备方法 |
CN102452982B (zh) * | 2010-10-15 | 2015-07-01 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种ε-己内酰胺的提纯方法和ε-己内酰胺的制备方法 |
CN109665995B (zh) * | 2017-10-17 | 2023-01-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 己内酰胺粗产品的精制方法和己内酰胺的制备方法 |
CN107778244B (zh) * | 2017-12-07 | 2021-03-16 | 陕西科原环保节能科技有限公司 | 一种精制提纯己内酰胺的方法 |
CN108358823A (zh) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-08-03 | 陕西宏元化工技术有限公司 | 一种用有机溶剂结晶精制己内酰胺的方法 |
CN108658863A (zh) * | 2018-04-24 | 2018-10-16 | 河北美邦工程科技股份有限公司 | 一种利用熔融结晶法提纯己内酰胺的方法 |
CN108530358B (zh) * | 2018-04-24 | 2021-12-24 | 河北美邦工程科技股份有限公司 | 一种己内酰胺结晶纯化的方法 |
WO2020161228A1 (en) | 2019-02-08 | 2020-08-13 | Basf Se | Process for producing 4,4`-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide |
CN111170916A (zh) * | 2020-01-20 | 2020-05-19 | 福建中锦新材料有限公司 | 一种己内酰胺连续结晶纯化方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1022591B (de) * | 1953-06-27 | 1958-01-16 | Inventa A G Fuer Forschung & P | Verfahren zur Nachreinigung von Lactamen der ªÏ-Aminocarbonsaeuren |
DE1620756A1 (de) * | 1966-07-13 | 1970-07-16 | Vickers Zimmer Ag Plangung Und | Verfahren zur Reinigung von stark verunreinigten Lactamen von omega-Aminocarbonsaeuren |
US3761467A (en) * | 1971-02-11 | 1973-09-25 | Allied Chem | Recovery of epsilon-caprolactam |
CH564528A5 (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1975-07-31 | Buchs Metallwerk Ag | Purification of caprolactam freed from water - by counter-current multi-stage cystallisation from the melt using a solvent |
DE2845075A1 (de) | 1978-10-17 | 1980-05-08 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur reinigung von rohcaprolactam |
JPH075543B2 (ja) | 1988-04-09 | 1995-01-25 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 高純度カプロラクタムの製造法 |
JPH07179419A (ja) * | 1993-12-22 | 1995-07-18 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | 高純度カプロラクタムの製造方法 |
DE19500041A1 (de) * | 1995-01-03 | 1996-07-04 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Reinigung von aus 6-Aminocapronitril hergestelltem Roh-Caprolactam |
EP0826665A1 (en) * | 1996-09-02 | 1998-03-04 | Dsm N.V. | Recovery of epsilon-caprolactam from aqueous mixtures |
-
1998
- 1998-03-20 EP EP98200875A patent/EP0943608A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-03-04 MY MYPI99000788A patent/MY124245A/en unknown
- 1999-03-09 TW TW088103634A patent/TW530039B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-17 CN CN998041688A patent/CN1131853C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-17 DE DE69902013T patent/DE69902013T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-17 CA CA002324305A patent/CA2324305A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-17 ID IDW20001825A patent/ID25641A/id unknown
- 1999-03-17 JP JP2000537850A patent/JP2002507597A/ja active Pending
- 1999-03-17 ES ES99910871T patent/ES2180287T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-17 KR KR1020007010162A patent/KR100604507B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-17 EP EP99910871A patent/EP1062203B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-17 WO PCT/NL1999/000148 patent/WO1999048867A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-03-17 AU AU29634/99A patent/AU2963499A/en not_active Abandoned
-
2000
- 2000-09-19 US US09/665,592 patent/US6323341B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1999048867A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
TW530039B (en) | 2003-05-01 |
ID25641A (id) | 2000-10-19 |
JP2002507597A (ja) | 2002-03-12 |
ES2180287T3 (es) | 2003-02-01 |
US6323341B1 (en) | 2001-11-27 |
CA2324305A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
DE69902013T2 (de) | 2003-03-27 |
EP1062203B1 (en) | 2002-07-03 |
MY124245A (en) | 2006-06-30 |
EP0943608A1 (en) | 1999-09-22 |
CN1293660A (zh) | 2001-05-02 |
CN1131853C (zh) | 2003-12-24 |
AU2963499A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
DE69902013T3 (de) | 2010-05-20 |
EP1062203B2 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
KR100604507B1 (ko) | 2006-07-25 |
DE69902013D1 (de) | 2002-08-08 |
EP1062203A1 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
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