KR100838922B1 - 알플러스알파-리포산의 제조 방법 - Google Patents
알플러스알파-리포산의 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100838922B1 KR100838922B1 KR1020037004733A KR20037004733A KR100838922B1 KR 100838922 B1 KR100838922 B1 KR 100838922B1 KR 1020037004733 A KR1020037004733 A KR 1020037004733A KR 20037004733 A KR20037004733 A KR 20037004733A KR 100838922 B1 KR100838922 B1 KR 100838922B1
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- mixture
- lipoic acid
- solvent
- concentration
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- 229960002663 thioctic acid Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Lipoic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCCC1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-SSDOTTSWSA-N (R)-lipoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC[C@@H]1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 235000019136 lipoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- RQEUFEKYXDPUSK-SSDOTTSWSA-N (1R)-1-phenylethanamine Chemical compound C[C@@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1 RQEUFEKYXDPUSK-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- -1 aliphatic hydroxy-carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 75
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000006340 racemization Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- MHCVCKDNQYMGEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1'-biphenyl;phenoxybenzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 MHCVCKDNQYMGEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QWUWMCYKGHVNAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dihydrostilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CCC1=CC=CC=C1 QWUWMCYKGHVNAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide Chemical class C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=2OC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=C1 SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001911 terphenyls Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004296 chiral HPLC Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-ZETCQYMHSA-N (S)-lipoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC[C@H]1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RQEUFEKYXDPUSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylethylamine Chemical compound CC(N)C1=CC=CC=C1 RQEUFEKYXDPUSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002807 Thiomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D339/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having two sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D339/02—Five-membered rings
- C07D339/04—Five-membered rings having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 2, e.g. lipoic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C319/00—Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides
- C07C319/02—Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides of thiols
- C07C319/06—Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides of thiols from sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Sulfur Atoms (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (28)
- a) 라세미 티옥트산을 R(+)α-메틸벤질아민(FEA)으로 염화시키는 단계(여기에서 FEA/라세미 티옥트산의 몰비는 0.45 내지 0.70이다);b) R(+)α-리포산-R(+)α-메틸벤질아민의 결정화된 부분 입체 이성체성 염의 여과에 의한 분리 단계;c) R(+)α-리포산-R(+)α-메틸벤질아민의 부분 입체 이성체성 염의 재결정에 의한 정제 단계(여기에서 재결정 용매는 부피비가 80 : 20 내지 99 : 1인 톨루엔/메탄올 혼합물과, 부피비가 70 : 30 내지 85 : 15인 톨루엔/디메틸포름아미드(DMF) 혼합물로 이루어진 그룹 중에서 선택된 비극성/극성 용매의 혼합물로 이루어지고, 상기 염의 용해 온도는 50 내지 75 ℃이다);d) 상기 부분 입체 이성체성 염을 탄소수 3 내지 6의 지방족 하이드록시-카르복산 및 2 내지 10 중량%로 희석된 수성 인산으로 이루어진 그룹 중에서 선택된 산과 반응시킴으로써 분리시켜 R(+)α-리포산을 수득하는 단계를 포함하는 R(+)α-리포산의 합성 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,FEA/라세미 티옥트산의 몰비가 0.55 내지 0.65인 방법.
- 제 2 항에 있어서,FEA/라세미 티옥트산의 몰비가 0.57 내지 0.63인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,염화 단계 a)에서 라세미 티옥트산의 농도가 용매의 5 내지 40% w/v인 방법.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,라세미 티옥트산의 농도가 용매의 8 내지 20% w/v인 방법.
- 제 5 항에 있어서,라세미 티옥트산의 농도가 용매의 9 내지 13% w/v인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,c) 단계의 재결정 용매는 부피비가 90 : 10 내지 98.5 : 1.5인 톨루엔/메탄올 혼합물인 방법.
- 제 7 항에 있어서,상기 톨루엔/메탄올 혼합물의 부피비는 91.9 내지 98.2인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,c) 단계의 재결정 용매는 부피비가 75 : 25 내지 84 : 16인 톨루엔/디메틸포름아미드(DMF) 혼합물인 방법.
- 제 9 항에 있어서,톨루엔/메탄올 혼합물의 부피 비가 78 : 22 내지 80 : 20인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,c) 정제 단계에서 부분 입체 이성체성 염의 농도가 비극성/극성 용매 혼합물의 7 내지 15% w/v인 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 염의 농도가 비극성/극성 용매 혼합물의 9 내지 14% w/v인 방법.
- 제 12 항에 있어서,상기 염의 농도가 비극성/극성 용매 혼합물의 10 내지 12% w/v인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,c) 단계, 즉 부분 입체 이성체성 염의 정제에서, 용해 온도가 57 내지 72 ℃인 방법.
- 제 14 항에 있어서,c) 단계에서, 상기 용해 온도가 60 내지 70 ℃인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,d) 단계에서 산이 4 내지 8 중량%로 희석된 수성 인산인 방법.
- 제 16 항에 있어서,상기 산이 5 중량%로 희석된 인산인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,d) 단계에서 하이드록시-카르복산이 부분 입체 이성체성 염에 대해서 동몰량의 시트르산인 방법.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,모액을 재 순환시키는 단계 d')를 포함하고,이때 상기 재 순환 단계 d')는I. 단계 b) 및 c)로부터의 모액을 수거하는 단계;II. 상기 모액을 산 수용액으로 처리하는 단계;III. 진공 하의 증발에 의해 유기 상을 농축 건조시켜 에난티오머 S(-)가 과잉인 α-리포산을 수득하는 단계;IV. 비점이 200 ℃ 이상이고, 선형 또는 분지형 지방족 C12-C20 탄화수소, 방향족 C12-C20 탄화수소, C12-C20 아릴알킬 탄화수소 및 이들의 혼합물로 이루어진 그룹 중에서 선택된 유기 용매 중에서 상기 에난티오머 S(-)가 과잉인 α-리포산을 10 시간 미만 동안 170 내지 210 ℃의 온도에서 대기압으로 가열함으로써 라세미화하는 단계(이때 상기 에난티오머 S(-)가 과잉인 α-리포산의 농도는 용매의 20 내지 50% w/v이다); 및V. 라세미 α-리포산을 반응 단계 a)로 재순환시키는 단계를 포함하는 방법.
- 제 19 항에 있어서,α-리포산의 라세미화를 제공하는 단계에서 용매가 220 ℃ 이상의 비점을 가지며 벤질톨루엔의 이성체들의 혼합물(MARLOTHERM(등록상표) LH), 부분 수소화된 테르페닐의 혼합물(DOWTHERM(등록상표), SANTOTHERM(등록상표) 66), 알킬벤젠의 혼합물 (SANTOTHERM(등록상표) 55), 디페닐의 혼합물(DIPHYL(등록상표)) 및 디페닐 옥사이드의 혼합물(DIPHYL(등록상표) DT)로 이루어진 그룹 중에서 선택되는 방법.
- 제 20 항에 있어서,용매가 대기압에서 278 내지 282 ℃의 비점을 갖는 벤질톨루엔의 이성체들의 혼합물인 MARLOTHERM(등록상표) LH인 방법.
- 제 19 항에 있어서,상기 라세미화 단계에서 에난티오머 S(-)가 과잉인 α-리포산의 농도가 바람직하게는 용매의 25 내지 40% w/v인 방법.
- 제 22 항에 있어서,상기 에난티오머 S(-)가 과잉인 α-리포산의 농도가 용매의 30 내지 35% w/v인 방법.
- 제 19항에 있어서,상기 라세미화 온도가 175 내지 205 ℃인 방법.
- 제 24 항에 있어서,상기 온도가 180 내지 200 ℃인 방법.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT2000MI002187A IT1319195B1 (it) | 2000-10-10 | 2000-10-10 | Processo per la produzione dell'acido r(+)alfa-lipoico. |
ITMI2000A002187 | 2000-10-10 | ||
PCT/EP2001/011575 WO2002030918A2 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2001-10-08 | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF R(+)α-LIPOIC ACID |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20030070000A KR20030070000A (ko) | 2003-08-27 |
KR100838922B1 true KR100838922B1 (ko) | 2008-06-16 |
Family
ID=11445936
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020037004733A KR100838922B1 (ko) | 2000-10-10 | 2001-10-08 | 알플러스알파-리포산의 제조 방법 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6670484B2 (ko) |
EP (1) | EP1330450B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP4257573B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100838922B1 (ko) |
AT (1) | ATE316082T1 (ko) |
AU (1) | AU2002223603A1 (ko) |
CZ (1) | CZ302932B6 (ko) |
DE (1) | DE60116796T2 (ko) |
ES (1) | ES2254522T3 (ko) |
IT (1) | IT1319195B1 (ko) |
WO (1) | WO2002030918A2 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1319196B1 (it) * | 2000-10-10 | 2003-09-26 | Laboratorio Chimico Int Spa | Sintesi dell'acido r(+)alfa-lipoico. |
DE10137381A1 (de) * | 2001-07-31 | 2003-02-13 | Viatris Gmbh | Neue Modifikationen des Trometamolsalzes der R-Thioctsäure sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
ITMI20030831A1 (it) | 2003-04-22 | 2004-10-23 | Laboratorio Chimico Int Spa | Sale basico dell'acido tiottico con la l-carnitina. |
ITMI20061024A1 (it) | 2006-05-25 | 2007-11-26 | Eurand Pharmaceuticals Ltd | Pellet a base di acido lipoico |
EP2349322A4 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-11-23 | Biolink Life Sciences Inc | SALT OF R - (+) - ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID STABLE AND INSOLUBLE IN WATER USEFUL FOR THE TREATMENT OF SWEET DIABETES AND ITS CO-MORBIDITIES |
CN106959348A (zh) * | 2017-05-12 | 2017-07-18 | 苏州富士莱医药股份有限公司 | 一种(r)‑硫辛酸的光学异构体含量的检测方法 |
CN108003134A (zh) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-05-08 | 华东师范大学 | 一种r-(+)-硫辛酸的制备方法 |
CN112390779B (zh) * | 2019-08-16 | 2022-09-06 | 南京海润医药有限公司 | 一种右旋硫辛酸的制备方法 |
CN114163418A (zh) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-03-11 | 山东龙辰药业有限公司 | 一种右旋硫辛酸的合成方法 |
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US2966187A (en) * | 1958-10-14 | 1960-12-27 | Cock Chars Ter | Pawl and ratchet bolt and nut lock |
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2000
- 2000-10-10 IT IT2000MI002187A patent/IT1319195B1/it active
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2001
- 2001-10-08 KR KR1020037004733A patent/KR100838922B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-08 EP EP01986685A patent/EP1330450B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-08 WO PCT/EP2001/011575 patent/WO2002030918A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-10-08 US US10/398,892 patent/US6670484B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-08 ES ES01986685T patent/ES2254522T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-08 CZ CZ20031006A patent/CZ302932B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-08 JP JP2002534304A patent/JP4257573B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-08 DE DE60116796T patent/DE60116796T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-08 AT AT01986685T patent/ATE316082T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-08 AU AU2002223603A patent/AU2002223603A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP1330450B1 (en) | 2006-01-18 |
CZ302932B6 (cs) | 2012-01-18 |
WO2002030918A3 (en) | 2002-08-01 |
ITMI20002187A1 (it) | 2002-04-10 |
JP4257573B2 (ja) | 2009-04-22 |
AU2002223603A1 (en) | 2002-04-22 |
ITMI20002187A0 (it) | 2000-10-10 |
EP1330450A2 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
ATE316082T1 (de) | 2006-02-15 |
DE60116796T2 (de) | 2006-11-30 |
JP2004511476A (ja) | 2004-04-15 |
DE60116796D1 (de) | 2006-04-06 |
US6670484B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 |
WO2002030918A2 (en) | 2002-04-18 |
ES2254522T3 (es) | 2006-06-16 |
IT1319195B1 (it) | 2003-09-26 |
KR20030070000A (ko) | 2003-08-27 |
US20030187279A1 (en) | 2003-10-02 |
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