JP7046411B2 - 二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7046411B2 JP7046411B2 JP2020513908A JP2020513908A JP7046411B2 JP 7046411 B2 JP7046411 B2 JP 7046411B2 JP 2020513908 A JP2020513908 A JP 2020513908A JP 2020513908 A JP2020513908 A JP 2020513908A JP 7046411 B2 JP7046411 B2 JP 7046411B2
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- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- doping element
- active material
- electrode active
- lithium
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 88
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 59
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 56
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910020599 Co 3 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910018916 CoOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011357 graphitized carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- YGSFNCRAZOCNDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(C)=O.CC(C)=O YGSFNCRAZOCNDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIBMHJPPKCXONB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2,2-diol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)O CIBMHJPPKCXONB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本出願は、2017年9月19日付韓国特許出願第2017-0120659号に基づいた優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示された全ての内容は本明細書の一部として含まれる。
本発明の二次電池用正極活物質は、ドーピング元素Mが1,000ppm以上で高含量ドーピングされた前駆体を用いて製造する。
次に、前記ドーピング元素Mが1,000ppm以上ドーピングされたCo3O4またはCoOOH前駆体とリチウム原料物質を混合して1次熱処理し、リチウムコバルト酸化物を製造する。
次に、前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物及びドーピング元素Mの原料物質を混合して2次熱処理し、ドーピング元素Mが追加で表面ドーピングされたリチウムコバルト系酸化物を製造する。
前記のように製造された本発明の一実施形態による正極活物質は、下記化学式1で表されるリチウムコバルト系酸化物であってもよい。
LiaCo(1-x)MxO2
前記化学式1で、0.95≦a≦1.05、0<x≦0.2であり、MはAl、Ti、Zr、Mg、Nb、Ba、Ca及びTaからなる群から選択された少なくとも1種以上である。
本発明のまた他の一実施形態によれば、前記正極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びリチウム二次電池を提供する。
60℃に設定された回分式バッチ(batch)型5L反応器で、CoSO4を水中で混合し、Al2(SO4)3をCoSO4対比0.3重量%さらに混合して2M濃度の前駆体形成溶液を準備した。前駆体形成溶液が満たされている容器は反応器に入るように連結し、追加で25%濃度のNaOH水溶液と15%濃度のNH4OH水溶液を準備し、それぞれ反応器に連結した。共沈反応器(容量5L)に脱イオン水1リットルを入れた後、窒素ガスを反応器に2リットル/分の速度でパージングして水中の溶存酸素を除去し、反応器内を非酸化雰囲気に造成した。その後、25%濃度のNaOH水溶液10mlを投入した後、60℃温度で1200rpmの撹拌速度で撹拌し、pH12.0を維持するようにした。その後、前記前駆体形成溶液を4ml/min、NaOH水溶液を1ml/min、NH4OH水溶液を1ml/minの速度でそれぞれ投入しながら共沈反応を1440分間進め、3,000ppm AlドーピングされたCo3O4を製造した。その結果で形成された3,000ppm AlドーピングされたCo3O4の粒子を分離して水洗した後、120℃のオーブンで乾燥して正極活物質前駆体を製造した。
前駆体をドーピングする時、ドーピング原料物質としてAl2(SO4)3の代わりにMgSO4を用い、4,000ppm MgドーピングされたCo3O4前駆体を製造し、2次熱処理時にAl(OH)3の代わりにMgOを0.3重量部で用い、850℃で5時間程度2次熱処理してMgが追加で表面ドーピングされた正極活物質を製造したことを除いては、実施例1と同様に実施して製造した。
2次熱処理時の温度を550℃にして5時間程度熱処理し、Alを表面コーティングしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様に実施して製造した。
前駆体ドーピングしていないCo3O4前駆体を用い、1次熱処理時にAl2O3 0.34重量部(前駆体100重量部対比)をともに混合してドーピングしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
前駆体ドーピングしていないCo3O4前駆体を用い、1次熱処理時にAl2O3 0.34重量部(前駆体100重量部対比)をともに混合してドーピングし、2次熱処理時の温度を550℃にして5時間程度熱処理してAlを表面コーティングしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様に実施して製造した。
実施例1及び2で製造された正極活物質をICPで測定して正極活物質に含有されたドーピング元素の全含量を測定し、その結果を表1に示した。
実施例1、及び比較例1から3で製造された正極活物質を用い、カーボンブラック、PVDFバインダーをN-メチルピロリドン溶媒中に重量比で90:5:5の比率で混合して正極形成用組成物を製造し、これをアルミニウム集電体の片面に塗布した後、130℃で乾燥後に圧延してそれぞれ正極を製造した。一方、負極はリチウム金属を用いた。
前記のように製造された各リチウム二次電池セル(full cell)に対して45℃でCCCVモードで0.5C、4.55Vとなるまで充電し、1.0Cの定電流で3Vとなるまで放電して50回の充放電を実施しながら容量維持率(Capacity Retention[%])を測定した。その結果を図5に示した。
Claims (18)
- 二次電池用正極活物質であって、
前記二次電池用正極活物質は、ドーピング元素Mを含むリチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子であり、
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子は、前記ドーピング元素Mを3,000ppm以上含有し、
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子は、
前記粒子の中心から表面までの半径のうち中心側の90%に該当するバルク部において、前記ドーピング元素Mが一定の濃度を有し、
前記粒子の表面から中心の方向に100nmまでの表面部において、前記ドーピング元素Mが、前記バルク部より高い又は同一の濃度で含有され、且つ表面から中心の方向に漸進的に減少する濃度勾配を有し、
前記ドーピング元素Mは、Al及びMgからなる群から選択された少なくとも1種以上である、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子は、前記ドーピング元素Mを5,000ppmから8,000ppm含有する、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子は、粒子の表面から中心の方向に100nmまでの表面部に、前記ドーピング元素Mの全含量のうち30%以上を含有する、請求項1又は2に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記表面部は、粒子の表面から中心の方向に10から50nmまで前記ドーピング元素Mが漸進的に減少する濃度勾配を有する、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物は、下記化学式1で表される、請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
[化学式1]
LiaCo(1-x)MxO2
前記化学式1で、0.95≦a≦1.05、0<x≦0.2であり、MはAl、Ti、Zr、Mg、Nb、Ba、Ca及びTaからなる群から選択された少なくとも1種以上である。 - 前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子表面にコーティング層をさらに含み、
前記コーティング層は、Mg、Ti、Fe、Cu、Ca、Ba、Sn、Sb、Na、Z、Si、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、Sc、Ce、Pr、Nd、Gd、Dy、Yb、Er、Co、Al、Ga及びBからなる群から選択された少なくとも1種以上の酸化物を含む、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物は、リチウムとリチウムを除外した金属元素のモル比(リチウム/金属元素のモル比)が0.98から1.1である、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- ドーピング元素Mが1,000ppm以上ドーピングされたCo3O4またはCoOOH前駆体を製造する段階と;
前記ドーピングされたCo3O4またはCoOOH前駆体とリチウム原料物質を混合して1次熱処理し、ドーピング元素Mを含むリチウムコバルト系酸化物を製造する段階と;
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物及びドーピング元素Mの原料物質を混合して2次熱処理し、ドーピング元素Mを追加で表面ドーピングしたリチウムコバルト酸化物を製造する段階と;
を含む二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記ドーピング元素Mが1,000ppm以上ドーピングされたCo3O4またはCoOOH前駆体を製造する段階は、
コバルト含有出発物質及びドーピング元素Mの原料物質を含む前駆体形成溶液を用意する段階と、
前記前駆体形成溶液を共沈反応させる段階と、
を含む、請求項8に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記前駆体は、ドーピング元素Mが3,000ppmから6,000ppmドーピングされた、請求項8又は9に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記1次熱処理後製造された、ドーピング元素Mを含むリチウムコバルト系酸化物は、
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子内で前記ドーピング元素Mが一定の濃度を有する、請求項8から10のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記ドーピング元素Mの原料物質は、リチウムコバルト系酸化物100重量部に対して0.05から0.5重量部混合する、請求項8から11のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理は、800から950℃で行われる、請求項8から12のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理後製造された、ドーピング元素Mを追加で表面ドーピングしたリチウムコバルト酸化物は、
前記ドーピング元素Mを3,000ppm以上含有し、
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子の中心から表面までの半径のうち中心側の90%に該当するバルク部において、前記ドーピング元素Mが一定の濃度を有し、
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物の粒子の表面から中心の方向に100nmまでの表面部において、前記ドーピング元素Mがバルク部より高い又は同一の濃度で含有され、且つ表面から中心の方向に漸進的に減少する濃度勾配を有する、請求項8から13のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記ドーピング元素Mは、Al、Ti、Zr、Mg、Nb、Ba、Ca及びTaからなる群から選択された少なくとも1種以上である、請求項8から14のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記ドーピング元素Mを追加で表面ドーピングしたリチウムコバルト酸化物を製造する段階は、
前記リチウムコバルト系酸化物及びドーピング元素Mの原料物質を混合時、コバルト含有出発物質をさらに混合する、請求項8から15のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載の正極活物質を含む二次電池用正極。
- 請求項17に記載の正極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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