JP6981621B2 - リチウムイオン電池用電極材料、リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極材料、電極、電池、キャパシタ、電気機器、リチウムイオン電池用電極材料の製造方法、およびリチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池用電極材料、リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極材料、電極、電池、キャパシタ、電気機器、リチウムイオン電池用電極材料の製造方法、およびリチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6981621B2 JP6981621B2 JP2017152821A JP2017152821A JP6981621B2 JP 6981621 B2 JP6981621 B2 JP 6981621B2 JP 2017152821 A JP2017152821 A JP 2017152821A JP 2017152821 A JP2017152821 A JP 2017152821A JP 6981621 B2 JP6981621 B2 JP 6981621B2
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- lithium ion
- electrode
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- component
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Description
本開示のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料は、A成分の表面にB成分が担持または被覆された複合粉末を含み、A成分がリチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料からなり、B成分が、硫黄変性セルロースであり、前記A成分および前記B成分の合計量100質量%に対し、前記B成分が0.01質量%以上である。
本開示の複合粉末は、A成分の表面にB成分が担持または被覆されたものである。例えば、A成分を核としてその周囲(表面)にB成分が担持または被覆されたものであってよい。担持または被覆とは、A成分の表面がB成分によって部分被覆または完全被覆されていることを意味する。
A成分は、リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料からなる。A成分は、リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる電極材料であれば特に限定されない。リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵することとしては、リチウムと可逆的に合金(固溶体、金属間化合物などを含む)を形成する、リチウムと可逆的に化学結合する、またリチウムを可逆的に内包することなどが挙げられる。また、リチウムイオンを電気化学的に放出することとは、吸蔵されるリチウムイオンが離れることをいう。
B成分は、硫黄変性セルロースである。硫黄変性セルロースとは、セルロースが脱水素反応を起こして硫化した材料を意味し、セルロースに由来する炭素骨格と該炭素骨格と結合した硫黄とからなる。硫黄変性セルロースは、前駆体(セルロース)の白色から黒色に見た目が変化しており、優れた親水性を示し、水には不溶である。
本開示のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料は、A成分の表面にB成分が担持または被覆された複合粉末を含む他、導電材料などの任意成分を含んでよい。
まず、リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料が含む、A成分の表面にB成分が担持または被覆された複合粉末の製造について述べる。B成分(硫黄変性セルロース)は、セルロース材料(前駆体)と硫黄とを原料とし、セルロース材料に硫黄を接触させた状態で、加熱処理する工程により得ることができる。セルロースに硫黄を接触させた状態とは、セルロース材料と硫黄とが物理的に接触していればよく、例えば、セルロース材料と硫黄を混合した固形粉末、セルロース材料と硫黄を溶媒中に分散し乾燥したものなどが挙げられる。このようにセルロースに硫黄を接触させて加熱処理することで、セルロースに硫黄が固相拡散するため、収率よくB成分(硫黄変性セルロース)を得ることができる。
本開示のリチウムイオン電池用電極は、本開示のリチウムイオン電池用電極材料からなる。本開示のリチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極は、本開示のリチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極材料からなる。リチウムイオン電池用電極またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極は、電極材料と集電体とからなり、本開示の電極材料を集電体と一体としたものであってよい。また、リチウムイオン電池用電極またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極は、本開示の電極材料の他、バインダおよび導電助剤などの任意成分を含有してよい。
リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極に任意成分として含有されるバインダとしては、リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極のバインダとして従来使用されるものであれば制約はない。例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース塩(CMC)、アクリル系樹脂、アルギン酸塩、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)、ポリウレタン、スチレン−エチレン−ブチレン−スチレン共重合体(SEBS)、スチレン−ブタジエン−スチレン共重合体(SBS)、スチレン−イソプレン−スチレン共重合体(SIS)、スチレン−エチレン−プロピレン−スチレン共重合体(SEPS)、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)、ポリビニルブチラール(PVB)、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリ塩化ビニール、およびエチレン酢酸共重合体(EVA)等が挙げられる。これらは1種単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
導電助剤とは、活物質間の導電性を助ける物質であり、離れている活物質の間に充填または架橋され、活物質同士または、活物質と集電体の導通をとる材料をいう。
本開示のリチウムイオン電池用電極を用い、リチウムイオン電池とすることができる。リチウムイオン電池は、正極、負極、および前記正極と前記負極との間に介在する電解質を備える。そして、本開示の電極を、リチウムイオン電池の正極および負極のうちいずれか一方として用いることができる。すなわち、本開示の電極は、リチウムイオン電池の正極または負極のいずれにも用いることができるが、正極および負極が同時に、本開示の電極のうち全く同じ電極を用いることは除かれるものである。上記電極をリチウムイオン電池の正極として用いる場合は、上記電極の充放電電位よりも卑の電極と組みわせることでリチウムイオン電池を作製できる。一方、上記電極をリチウムイオン電池の負極として用いる場合は、上記電極の充放電電位よりも貴の電極と組み合わせることでリチウムイオン電池を作製できる。
(1)電極材料の合成
硫黄とポリアクリロニトリルを硫黄:ポリアクリルニトリル=1:5の重量比で混合し、得られた混合物を350℃で5時間加熱した。加熱終了後、撹拌擂潰機を用いて、粉砕し、325メッシュ(目開き45μm)のふるいで分級した。分級後、窒素ガス雰囲気で300℃で5時間加熱し、脱硫黄処理を行い、硫黄変性化合物の粉末(S−PAN)を得た。なお、得られた粉末のメディアン径(D50)は、36.3μmであった。この値は、後述の図3に示すデータに基づき得られたものである。
得られた粉末に対し、100倍重量の水が入った硝子ビンに入れ、蓋を閉めて、1分程度よく振った。よく振った直後の写真を図2に、結果は表1に示す。
得られた粉末について、水を分散媒体としてレーザー回折・散乱式による体積基準粒度分布を測定した。測定装置は、HORIBA製「LA−960」を用いた。波長650nmおよび405nmのレーザー光を用いて測定した。結果は、図3に示す。
得られた硫黄変性化合物の粉末、アセチレンブラック(AB)、気相成長炭素繊維(VGCF)、およびアクリル系樹脂バインダを、硫黄変性化合物の粉末:アセチレンブラック(AB):気相成長炭素繊維(VGCF):アクリル系樹脂バインダ=82:3:8:7質量%の比率で、水に十分に分散するまで自公式ミキサー(2000rpm、40分間)で混練し、スラリー化(固形比:35%)した。得られたスラリーを集電体として厚み20μmのアルミニウム箔上に塗工し、160℃で12時間の減圧乾燥処理することで試験電極を得た。硫黄変性化合物の粉末は活物質として用いた。後述のとおり、得られた試験電極は正極として用い、正極の片面の単位面積当たりの正極容量が1mAh/cm2となるようにスラリーの塗布量を調整した。
得られた試験電極を正極として用いた電池を作製し、充放電試験を行った。詳細は以下のとおりである。充放電試験のため、正極として得られた試験電極;セパレータとしてガラスフィルター(ADVANTEC社製、GA−100 GLASS FIBER FILTER);負極として金属リチウム;電解液として1M LiPF6(エチレンカーボネート(EC):ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)=50:50vol%溶液)を具備したCR2032コインセルを作製した。
得られた電池について、充放電試験を行った。充放電試験条件としては、環境温度30℃、カットオフ電位1.0〜3.0V(vs.Li/Li+)、充放電電流レート0.2C率とした。充放電曲線を図4に示す。これにより、電極のサイクル寿命特性が分かる、また、放電容量の結果は表1に示す。
得られた試験電極を用いたラミネートセルを作製し、そのラミネートセルについて、高温放置試験を行った。詳細は以下のとおりである。正極として得られた試験電極;セパレータとしてポリプロピレン微多孔膜(厚み20μm);負極として電気化学的に不可逆容量をキャンセルしたSiO;電解液として1M LiPF6(エチレンカーボネート(EC):ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)=50:50vol%)を具備したラミネートセルを作製した。作製したラミネートセルを0.1C率で3.0Vまで充電した後、60℃環境下で1週間放置した。結果は表1に示す。
硫黄変性化合物の粉末として、以下の方法で得られた硫黄変性セルロースナノファイバー粉末を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にして、電池を作製し、充放電試験を行った。結果は表1に示す。
硫黄変性化合物の粉末として、以下の方法で得られた複合粉末を用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にして、電池を作製した。電池を作製するまでの工程で得られた複合粉末の水への分散性評価、電池の充放電試験および電極について高温放置試験を行った。結果は表1、図2、図3及び図5に示す。
Claims (15)
- リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料であって、
前記電極材料は、A成分の表面にB成分が担持または被覆された複合粉末を含み、
前記A成分がリチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料からなり、
前記B成分が、硫黄変性セルロースであり、
前記A成分および前記B成分の合計量100質量%に対し、前記B成分が0.01質量%以上であり、
前記リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料が、硫黄系有機材料である、リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料。 - 前記硫黄変性セルロースが硫黄変性セルロースナノファイバーである、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料。
- 前記硫黄変性セルロースナノファイバーの最大繊維径が1μm以下である、請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料。
- 前記電極材料が、さらに導電材料を含有し、
前記A成分、前記B成分および前記導電材料の合計量100質量%に対し、前記導電材料が0.1質量%以上30質量%以下である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料。 - 前記硫黄系有機材料が、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルである、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の電極材料からなる、リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の電極材料および集電体からなる、リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極。
- 前記電極がバインダを含有し、前記バインダが水系バインダである、請求項6または7に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極。
- 正極、負極、および前記正極と前記負極との間に介在する電解質を備える、リチウムイオン電池またはリチウムイオンキャパシタであって、
前記正極および前記負極のうちいずれか一方が、請求項6〜8のいずれか1項に記載の電極である、リチウムイオン電池またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ。 - 請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン電池またはリチウムイオンキャパシタを有する電気機器。
- 請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料の製造方法であって、
前記リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料と、セルロース材料と、硫黄とを接触させた状態で200℃以上800℃以下に加熱する工程を有する、リチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料の製造方法。 - 前記リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料が、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルである、請求項11に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料の製造方法。
- 前記加熱する工程の後、
さらに減圧または不活性ガス雰囲気中、250℃以上に加熱する工程を有する、請求項11または12に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料の製造方法。 - 前記リチウムイオンを電気化学的に吸蔵および放出することができる材料と、セルロース材料と、硫黄とを接触させた状態で200℃以上800℃以下に加熱する工程の後、または、減圧または不活性ガス雰囲気中、250℃以上に加熱する工程の後、
導電材料を配合する、請求項11〜13のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料の製造方法。 - 前記セルロース材料が、最大繊維径1μm以下のセルロースナノファイバーである、請求項11〜14のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン電池用またはリチウムイオンキャパシタ用の電極材料の製造方法。
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