JP6876724B2 - 塩生植物由来の機能性が強化した脱塩栄養組成物とその製造方法 - Google Patents
塩生植物由来の機能性が強化した脱塩栄養組成物とその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
前記冷水撹拌上澄液の濃縮は、上澄液を濃縮できるものであれば、特に制限されないが、真空濃縮を用いることが好ましい。
以下、実施例により本発明をさらに詳しく説明する。これらの実施例は、単に本発明を例示するためであり、本発明の範囲は、これらの実施例によって制限されるものとして解析されないことは当業界における通常の知識を有する者に自明である。
アッケシソウ乾燥粉末100gにそれぞれ2Lの冷水(4℃及び9℃)、実温水(20℃)、熱水(100℃)を添加して抽出し、低温及び室温は、各々4℃及び9℃、20℃の温度条件で撹拌(300rpm)し、熱水抽出は100℃還流冷却器を用いた。
アッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草の塩生植物を対象に脱塩栄養組成物を製造した。韓国国内で自生する絶対塩生植物として知られているアッケシソウ、マツナ及び七面草の生草を各々水道水で洗浄して凍結乾燥して粉末化した。実施例1の結果において、4℃以下の冷水で4分以内に抽出する場合、有機物の抽出を最小化し、かつ塩を効果的に除去できることが確認できたので、乾燥粉末それぞれ100gに冷水(4℃)2Lを加え、4℃で4分間撹拌後遠心分離(10,000rpm、20分)して塩分含有量が高くなった上澄液を除去して脱塩された沈殿物を回収した。次に、回収したそれぞれの沈殿物を同様の方法により1回さらに脱塩を行い、残存ナトリウム塩を最小化し、回収した沈殿物を凍結乾燥して塩生植物の脱塩栄養組成物(脱塩粉末)を回収した。
脱塩前塩生植物乾燥粉末(アッケシソウ、マツナ及び七面草)、実施例2で製造されたアッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草の脱塩栄養組成物(脱塩粉末)のナトリウム、栄養成分及び機能性成分を各々測定して表2に示した。カロリー、炭水化物、タンパク質の分析は、韓国食品公典上の一般試験法を用いて行い(韓国機能性食品工業協会)、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、鉄分、カルシウムは、硝酸を使用した酸分解を用いる湿式分析法を行った後、ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry)を用いて分析した。
総ポリフェノール含有量は、Folin−Davis方法を修正して96−well microplateで行った。脱塩前後の塩生植物粉末を70%メタノールで抽出し、乾燥させた試料を多様な濃度で蒸留水に溶かした試料液20μLに250μLの2%炭酸ナトリウム(sodium carbonate)を混合し、15μLの50%Folin−ciocalteau(Sigma Co.,USA)溶液を加えて室温で30分放置した後725nmで吸光度をマイクロリーダー(Bio−RAD、x−Mark、USA)で測定した。標準試薬として0〜500μg/mLのタンニン酸(Sigma Co.,USA)溶液を試料の代わり反応させて得た検量曲線から抽出試料に含有されている総ポリフェノール含有量を計算した。
総フラボノイド含有量は、Abdel−Hameed方法を修正して96−well microplateで行った。脱塩前後の塩生植物粉末を70%メタノールで抽出し、乾燥させた試料を多様な濃度の蒸留水に溶かした試料液30μLに90%ジエチレングリコール(diethylene glycol)200μLを添加し、再び1N NaOH 5μLを入れて37℃で1時間反応後、420nmで吸光度をマイクロリーダー(Bio−RAD、x−Mark、USA)を用いて測定した。標準試薬としては0〜500μg/mLのrutin(SigmaCo.,USA)を用いて試料の代わり反応させて得た検量曲線から抽出試料に含有されている総フラボノイド含有量を計算した。
脱塩前後の塩生植物粉末1gを80%アセトン(50mL)で室温で色がなくなるまで抽出して上澄液を分離し、645nmと663nmとでそれぞれの吸光度(Bio−RAD、x−Mark、USA)を測定した後、次の算式によってchlorophyll a、chlorophyll b、total chlorophyllの含有量を求めた。
chlorophyll a (mg/mL) = 12.72OD663 - 2.58OD645
chlorophyll b (mg/mL) = 25.88OD645 - 5.50OD663
Total chlorophyll (mg/mL) = 7.22OD663 + 20.3OD645
実施例2で製造された塩生植物(アッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草)由来の機能性が強化した脱塩栄養組成物(脱塩粉末)それぞれ100gに蒸留水2Lを加え、100℃で2時間還流冷却抽出を行った後、遠心分離、減圧濾過及び減圧濃縮した後、凍結乾燥して塩生植物由来の機能性が強化した脱塩熱水抽出物を回収した。
実施例2で製造された塩生植物(アッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草)由来の機能性が強化した脱塩栄養組成物(脱塩粉末)の代わりに脱塩されていない塩生植物(アッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草)を使用したことを除いては実施例3と同様の方法により熱水抽出物及びエタノール抽出物を製造した。
比較例1及び実施例3で製造された試料を対象に全糖(炭水化物)は、phenol−sulfuric acid法を修正して(Kweon et. al, 1996. Agric. Chem. Biotech. 39. 15〜164)適用し、酸性糖は、m−hydroxybidiphenyl法(Blumenkrantz et.al.1973.Analytical Biochem.54.484〜489)を用いて定量した。総ポリフェノール、総フラボノイド及び総クロロフィルの含有量は、実験例1と同様の方法により3回繰り返し実験を行った。脱塩前後の塩生植物熱水及びエタノール抽出物の成分分析結果は、表3及び表4に示した。
比較例1及び実施例3で製造された脱塩前後の塩生植物熱水抽出物(試料)の抗酸化、抗血栓、ACE阻害及びα−グルコシダーゼ活性を3回繰り返し実験を行い、その結果を表5及び図7〜9に示した。
抗酸化活性は、Bloisの方法(Chen, et. al., 1999. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47. 2226−2228)に従い1,1−ジフェニル−2−ピクリルヒドラジル(1,1−diphenyl−2−picrylhydrazyl,DPPH、SigmaCo.,USA)を用いて測定した。
抗血栓活性評価の一環として血液凝固阻害活性を従来報告された方法に従い評価し(Sohn et al., 2004. Kor. J. Pharmacogn 35. 52−61; Kwon et al., 2004. J. Life Science, 14. 509−513; 類など2010. J. Life Science, 20. 922−928)、プロトロンビン時間とaPTTを測定した。血漿は、市販のcontrol plasma(MDPacific Technology Co., Ltd, Huayuan Industrial Area, China)を用いた。プロトロンビン時間とaPTT測定法は、次のとおりである。
標準血漿(MD Pacific Co.,China)30μLと多様な濃度(2.5及び5.0mg/mL)の試料液5μLをGenius Semi−auto Coagulometer CA 51−52(Shenzhen、China)のチューブに添加して37℃で3分間加温後、40μLのPT reagent(Diagon、Hungary)を添加して血漿が凝固する時までの時間を4回繰り返した実験の平均値で示す。陽性対照群としては、アスピリン(Sigma Co.,USA)を使用し、溶媒対照区としては、試料の代わりDMSOを使用した。DMSOの場合、18.1秒の凝固時間を示し、プロトロンビン阻害活性は、試料添加時の凝固時間を溶媒対照区の凝固時間で割った値(Ts/Tc)であり、表5に示した。
血漿30μLと多様な濃度(2.5及び5.0mg/mL)の試料抽出液5μLをGenius Semi−auto Coagulometer CA 51−52(Shenzhen、China)のチューブに添加して37℃で3分間加温後、20μLのaPTT reagentt(Diagon、Hungary)を添加し、再び37℃で3分間処理した。その後20μL CaCl2(35mM)を添加した後血漿が凝固する時までの時間を測定した。溶媒対照区としては、試料の代わりDMSOを用い、この場合の凝固時間は58.0秒であった。aPTTの結果は、4回繰り返した実験の平均値で示し、血液凝固因子の阻害活性は、試料添加時のaPTT時間を溶媒対照区のaPTT時間で割った値(Ts/Tc)であり、表5に示した。
CushmanとCheungの方法を一部変形し、次のようにACE(アンジオテンシン変換酵素、Angiotensin I ConvertingEnzyme)阻害活性を測定した。試料50μLにRabbit lung aceone powder(Sigma Co.,USA)1gを10mLの0.3M NaClを含有する0.1M ほう酸ナトリウムバッファー(sodium borate buffer)溶液に溶解したACE上澄液25μL(2.5unit)と0.3M NaClを含有する0.1M ほう酸ナトリウムバッファー(pH8.3)50μL、多様な濃度(0.25、0.5及び1.0mg/mL)の試料溶液25μLを混合して37℃温度下で10分間プレインキュベーション(preincubation)させた。
小腸粘膜のbrush borderに分布している炭水化物消化酵素であるmaltase、sucrase、glucoamylaseは、α−グルコシダーゼ(α−Glucosidase)であり、この酵素の過度な活性を阻害することで、二糖類、多糖類が単糖類に分解される過程を抑制して食後の過度な血糖上昇を遅らせる効果を示す。したがって、この酵素の活性阻害は、抗糖尿効能を測定する道具として使われる。
酵素反応は、96−well microplateに多様な濃度(0.25,0.5及び1.0mg/mL)で調剤された20μL試料液、20μLのα−グルコシダーゼ(Sigma Co.,USA)(2Uint/mL)及び180μLの100mMリン酸塩緩衝液(phosphate buffer、pH7)を37℃で10分間プレインキュベーション後、30μLの20mM p−Nitrophenyl−α−D−glucopyranose基質溶液を加えて37℃で30分間反応させた。α−グルコシダーゼ抑制活性は、96−反応液(180μL)にグルコースオキシダーゼ(glucose oxidase reagent)を加えて生成される過酸化水素をo−ジアニシジン(o−dianisidine)と反応させて生成される色素物質を540nmで比色定量して試料を添加しない対照群と比較して計算した。陽性対照群としてアカルボース(Arcabose)(Sigma Co.,USA)0〜10μg/mLを使用した。
Inhibiton of α-Glucosidase Activity (%) = (1-As/Ac) × 100 (%)
Ac: 540 nm absorbance of control
As: 540 nm absorbance of sample
塩生植物乾燥粉末(アッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草)それぞれ100gに冷水(4℃)2Lを加え、4分間撹拌(300rpm)後遠心分離(10,000rpm、20分)して塩分の含有量が高くなった上澄液を分離して脱塩された沈殿物を回収した。次に、回収したそれぞれの沈殿物を同様の方法により1回さらに脱塩を行い、脱塩された沈殿物を回収して残った冷水撹拌上澄液を最初に得られた上澄液と混合した後、90℃で塩度(salinity)が18〜19%、総固形分含有量が26〜28%程度水準まで真空濃縮した。次に、濃縮液の総固形分含有量に対して5%の活性炭を用いて精製し、噴霧乾燥(EYELA Spray Dryer SD1−1000,Japan)して塩生植物由来の冷水抽出塩代替物を得た。得られた塩生植物由来の冷水抽出塩代替物の総塩含有量、陽イオン及びグルタミン酸(glutamic acid)の含有量を測定し、その結果を表6に示した(韓国食品工業協会研究所の分析)。
表2において塩生植物が脱塩により脱塩栄養組成物(脱塩粉末)内に総炭水化物の含有量が約1.85倍〜2.06倍増加することを確認したが、この炭水化物を分析した結果、アッケシソウ、マツナ、七面草粉末の炭水化物は、大部分約95%以上が食物繊維(dietary fiber)で構成されていることを確認した。表7に塩生植物粉末内の食物繊維含有量の脱塩前後を比較して示す。食物繊維の含有量は、可溶性及び不溶性食物繊維をすべて含む含有量である(韓国食品工業協会研究所の分析)。
4−2−1.血液生化学的検査及び体脂肪
血液生化学的検査は、肥満誘発12週目にすべての動物の頸静脈から約1mLの血液を採取した後、clot activatorが入っているvacutainer tubeに注入して、約15〜20分間室温に放置して凝固させた後、3,000rpmで10分間遠心分離して得た血清を血液生化学分析機(7020 Hitachi、Japan)で次の項目を検査した。検査項目は、Alanine transaminase(ALT)、Aspartate transminase(AST)、Total cholesterol(TC)、Triglyceride(TG)、High density lipoprotein(HDL)、Low density lipoprotein(LDL)及びAtherosclerosis Index(AI)であった(表8)。
肥満誘発後12週目の剖検前にすべての動物の腹部脂肪量を測定するためにMicro−CT(vivaCT 80,SCANCO Medical、Switzerland)撮影を行った(図12A)。腹部脂肪の測定部位は、2番目の腰推起始部から5番目の腰推終止部までの空間に存在する腹部脂肪(L2−L5)を分析した。試験物質を投与した後12週目に全体腹部脂肪体積を測定した結果、高脂肪食餌肥満誘発対照群(HFD)とアッケシソウ非脱塩粉末投与群(HFD+SP200)は、正常対照群(NC)に比べて有意に高いことが示され(p<0.01,p<0.05)、アッケシソウ脱塩粉末200mg/kg投与群(HFD+DSP200)及び陽性対照群(HFD+GE200)は、誘発対照群(HFD)に比べて有意に低いことが観察された(p<0.01,p<0.05)(図12A、12B)。
本試験の結果について資料の正規性を仮定して母数的な一元分散分析(One−way ANOVA)を適用した。分散の同質性は、Levene testで検定し、ANOVA結果が有意であり、等分散である場合はDuncan multiple range testで、分散不均一である場合はDunnett T3 testで事後検定を行い、試験群間の有意な差を確認した。統計学的分析は、常用の広く使われる統計パッケージであるSPSS Statistics 18.0Kを用い、p値が0.05未満である場合、統計学的に有意であると判定した。
5−1.アッケシソウ脱塩栄養組成物からの主要指標成分の分離
実施例2の方法で製造されたアッケシソウ脱塩栄養組成物(脱塩粉末)100gに1Lの蒸留水を加え、消化酵素であるアミラーゼとプロテアーゼを加えて37℃で6時間インキュベイションした後遠心分離(10000g、25分)した。遠心分離後に得られる上澄液を減圧濃縮した後に凍結乾燥して得られたアッケシソウ脱塩粉末の消化酵素分解試料(DSP−EW、15.9g)をメタノールに溶解させてメタノール可溶性成分を高速液体クロマトグラフィー(Agilent HPLC、USA)分析を行った結果(図13A)滞留時間11.35分近くの主要ピーク化合物(Compound 1)が存在することを確認した。このピーク成分のUVスペクトルの特性(λmax:218−220,240,285−290sh、325)は、典型的なフェニルプロパノイドフェノール酸の特徴を示したので、多様な種類のフェニルプロパノイドフェノール酸の標準品(Sigma、Co.USA)とHPLC滞留時間とUVスペクトルを比較した結果Compound 1は、トランス−フェルラ酸(trans−ferulic acid)と同定された(図13B)。
実験は3T3−L1脂肪前駆細胞を用いて脂肪細胞分化を誘導したin−vitroモデルでアッケシソウ脱塩粉末の主要指標成分であるトランス−フェルラ酸(trans−ferulic acid、TFA)の脂肪分化抑制能力を評価するために3T3−L1脂肪前駆細胞培養のあいだ8時間ごとに確認して汚染に対する実験進行の信頼性を高めた。実験条件は、最初の脂肪前駆細胞を培養後分化のために3−isobutyl−1−methylxanthine(IBMX)とデキサメタゾン(dexamethasone)及びインシュリン(insulin)が添加された培養培地を3日に一回ずつ2回変えながら脂肪前駆細胞の分化を誘導した。
統計学的分析は、one−way anovaを用いて、p値が0.05未満である場合、統計学的に有意性があると判定した。
Claims (4)
- (a)塩生植物乾燥粉末を9℃以下の水に混合して撹拌する段階;
(b)撹拌物を遠心分離して塩分含有量が高い上澄液を除去し、脱塩された沈殿物を回収する段階;及び
(c)脱塩された沈殿物を乾燥する段階を含む、塩生植物由来の機能性が強化した脱塩栄養組成物の製造方法。 - (a)塩生植物乾燥粉末を9℃以下の水に混合して撹拌する段階;
(b)撹拌物を遠心分離して塩分含有量が高い上澄液を除去し、脱塩された沈殿物を回収する段階;
(c)脱塩された沈殿物を液状抽出して抽出物を回収する段階;及び
(d)回収した液状抽出物を乾燥する段階を含む、塩生植物由来の機能性が強化した脱塩抽出物の製造方法。 - 脱塩された沈殿物の液状抽出段階の前に脱塩された沈殿物を乾燥する段階をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の塩生植物由来の機能性が強化した脱塩抽出物の製造方法。
- (a)塩生植物乾燥粉末を9℃以下の水に混合して撹拌する段階;
(b)撹拌物を遠心分離して上澄液を分離する段階;
(c)分離した上澄液を濃縮した後、活性炭を用いて精製する段階;及び
(d)精製濃縮液を噴霧乾燥する段階を含む、塩生植物由来の冷水抽出塩代替物の製造方法。
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