JP6671730B2 - リチウム−硫黄電池用正極、これを含むリチウム−硫黄電池、及びポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム−硫黄電池用正極、これを含むリチウム−硫黄電池、及びポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6671730B2 JP6671730B2 JP2018562497A JP2018562497A JP6671730B2 JP 6671730 B2 JP6671730 B2 JP 6671730B2 JP 2018562497 A JP2018562497 A JP 2018562497A JP 2018562497 A JP2018562497 A JP 2018562497A JP 6671730 B2 JP6671730 B2 JP 6671730B2
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- carbon
- sulfur
- lithium
- positive electrode
- polyimide
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- BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].BCl Chemical compound [Li].BCl BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTDPSWPPOUPBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1mqpva Chemical compound CC12C(=O)OC(=O)C1(C)C1(C)C2(C)C(=O)OC1=O GTDPSWPPOUPBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012024 dehydrating agents Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- JHDGNMYCYPTEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(phenoxy)borane Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])OC1=CC=CC=C1 JHDGNMYCYPTEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N furan-2,3,4,5-tetrol Chemical compound OC=1OC(O)=C(O)C=1O BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003049 isoprene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940018564 m-phenylenediamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明によるリチウム−硫黄電池用正極活物質は、I)炭素系物質上でポリイミドを合成するPI/C複合体製造段階;及びII)前記PI/C複合体と硫黄粒子を複合化するPI/C/S複合体製造段階;の2段階の複合化を行って製造される。
1)炭素系物質を2次粒子で製造する段階;
2)前記炭素系2次粒子とポリイミド前駆体溶液を混合する段階;及び
3)前記ポリイミド前駆体をイミド化(imidization)する段階;を含む。
前述のPI/C/S複合体を正極組成物として使用する場合、前記PI/C/S複合体を単独で使用するか、または、この時必要な場合、前記PI/C/S複合体にさらに導電材(Conducting material)、バインダー、充填剤などを添加してもよい。
本発明によるリチウム−硫黄電池は、本発明のPI/C/S複合体を含む正極;リチウム金属またはリチウム合金を含む負極;前記正極と負極の間に介在される分離膜;及び電解質を含むことができる。
(1)PI/C複合体の製造
噴霧乾燥(Spray drying)工程を導入してデンカブラックの2次粒子を製造した。Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride−co−4,4’−oxydianiline)、アミック酸溶液(Amic acid solution)15.0±5wt.% in NMP/aromatic hydrocarbons(80%/20% solvent ratio)をポリイミド前駆体溶液として使用した。前記溶液5gを採取した後、NMPを加えて1wt.%のポリイミド前駆体溶液を製造した。前記製造されたデンカブラック2次粒子2.5gを添加した後、1時間超音波(sonication)処理をし、1時間撹拌した後でfiltration/drying(60℃、12h、真空)してポリアミック酸(poly(amic acid))、つまり、PAAがコーティングされたデンカブラックが得られる。熱処理の際に、均一にイミド化させるためにグラインディング(grinding)した。以後、段階的な熱イミド化法(Stepwise thermal imidization)として、窒素雰囲気で60℃ for 30 min→120℃ for 30 min→200℃ for 60 min→ 300℃ for 60 min→400℃ for10 min間行ってPIがコーティングされたデンカブラック複合体を製造した。
前記(1)で製造されたPIがコーティングされたデンカブラック複合体を利用してS:C:PI=7:3:0.33でPI/C/S複合体を製造し、PI/C/S複合体:DB:CMC/SBR=90:3:5:5の割合で電極を製造し、2.7mAh/cm2のローディングの電極を使用してDEGDME:DOL=6:4、1MのLiFSI、1%のLiNO3電解液を100μl注入し、Li metal 150μmとPE分離膜を利用してCoin cell 2032形態のリチウム−硫黄電池を製造した。
S/Denka black=7/3複合体を製造し、複合体:Denka black:CMC/SBR=90:5:5電極を製造し、2.5mAh/cm2ローディングの電極を使ってDEGDME:DOL=6:4、1MのLiFSI、1%のLiNO3電解液を100μl注入し、Li metal 150μmとPE分離膜を利用してCoin cell 2032形態のリチウム−硫黄電池を製造した。
前記実施例1で製造されたPI/C複合体とPI/C/S複合体を窒素雰囲気で熱重量分析(TGA)を行った結果を図1に図示し、デンカブラックの上にPIが11wt%合成されたことと、PI/C/S複合体のうち、ポリイミド(PI)と硫黄(S)を取り除いた後の炭素(C)が約30wt%であることを確認した。
コインセルテストは、REST 12時間後に0.1C条件で放電/充電を2.5サイクル行った後、0.3C充電/0.5C放電条件で行われた。実験結果である図2に示されたように、比較例1のリチウム−硫黄電池の場合、クーロン効率(Coulombic efficiency)が早く低下されることが見られるが、実施例1のリチウム−硫黄電池の場合は、クーロン効率が向上することを確認することができる。
Claims (13)
- 複数の炭素系1次粒子が組み立てられて凝集された多孔性炭素系2次粒子;
前記炭素系2次粒子の気孔の内部及び外部をポリイミドでコーティングするコーティング層;及び
前記炭素系2次粒子の気孔に担持される硫黄(S);を含み、
前記ポリイミドコーティング層は、多孔性炭素系2次粒子の表面上に連続的または不連続的にコーティング層を形成したり、気孔を維持しながら多孔性コーティング層を形成する、ポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体と、
バインダー樹脂、導電材、添加剤からなる群から選択された1種以上と、
を含む、リチウム−硫黄電池用正極。 - 前記ポリイミドと炭素系2次粒子の重量比は、5:95〜20:80であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 前記炭素系2次粒子は、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、膨張黒鉛、グラフェン(Graphene)、グラフェンオキシド(Graphene oxide)、Super−P、Super−Cを含む黒鉛(Graphite)系;活性炭(Active carbon)系;デンカブラック(Denka black)、ケッチェンブラック(Ketjen black)、チャンネルブラック(Channel black)、ファーネスブラック(Furnace black)、サーマルブラック(Thermal black)、コンタクトブラック(Contact black)、ランプブラック(Lamp black)、アセチレンブラック(Acetylene black)を含むカーボンブラック(Carbon black)系;炭素纎維(Carbon fiber)系、炭素ナノチューブ(Carbon nanotube:CNT)、フラーレン(Fullerene)を含む炭素ナノ構造体;及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択された1種以上で選択されたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 前記炭素系2次粒子の平均粒径は、1ないし50μmであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 前記炭素系2次粒子の気孔体積は、0.2〜4.0cm3/gであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 前記炭素系2次粒子の比表面積は、100〜2000m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 前記硫黄は硫黄元素(elemental sulfur、S8)、固体Li2Sn(n ≧1)、Li2Sn(n ≧1)が溶解された正極液、有機硫黄化合物及び炭素−硫黄ポリマー[(C2Sx)n、x=2.5ないし50、n≧2]からなる群から選択された1種以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 前記硫黄の含量は、全体複合体重量対比30ないし90重量%で含まれることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム−硫黄電池用正極。
- 1)炭素系物質を2次粒子に製造する段階;
2)前記炭素系2次粒子とポリイミド前駆体溶液を混合する段階;
3)前記ポリイミド前駆体をイミド化(imidization)してポリイミド−炭素複合体を製造する段階;及び
4)ポリイミド−炭素複合体に硫黄を担持してポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体を製造する段階;
を含んで製造することを特徴とするポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。 - 前記1)段階の2次粒子は、炭素系物質が含まれた溶液を噴霧乾燥(Spray drying)して製造することを特徴とする請求項9に記載のポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 前記2)段階のポリイミド前駆体は、ポリアミック酸(Polyamic acid:PAA)であることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 前記3)段階のイミド化は、60〜400℃の範囲内で段階的に昇温して熱処理することを特徴とする請求項9に記載のポリイミド−炭素−硫黄複合体の製造方法。
- 正極;負極;これらの間に介在される分離膜及び電解質を含み、
前記正極は、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の正極であることを特徴とするリチウム−硫黄電池。
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