JP6643313B2 - ドライアイを治療するための刺激パターン - Google Patents
ドライアイを治療するための刺激パターン Download PDFInfo
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- A61N1/36046—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of the eye
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- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
- A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Description
本出願は、2014年7月25日に出願された「Stimulation Patterns」と題する米国仮特許出願第62/029,362号、及び2014年10月22日に出願された「Stimulation Patterns」と題する米国仮特許出願第62/067,416号の優先権を主張し、両方ともに、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書には、眼のドライアイ疾患または疲労を治療するための電気刺激パターン及びその使用方法が記載されている。方法は、一般に、眼領域または鼻領域に位置する解剖学的構造にパターン化された刺激を適用することを含む。電気刺激は、涙腺を活性化する反射を誘発し得るか、もしくは涙腺または涙を生成する涙腺を支配する神経を直接活性化し得る。
本明細書に記載の刺激波形は、埋め込み型の刺激装置または非埋め込み型の(たとえば、携帯型の)刺激装置を介して送達され得る。
本明細書に記載の刺激波形が、埋め込み型刺激装置を使用して適用される場合、刺激装置は、単一マイクロ刺激装置を形成する、ハウジング及びハウジングに接続され対応する補完的な可撓性延長部を含むマイクロ刺激装置を備え得る。一例を図2A〜2Cに示す。そこに示されるように、マイクロ刺激装置200は、ハウジング202と、ハウジング202に接続された可撓性延長部204とを備え得る。ハウジング202は、密閉され得て、内部に刺激回路の一部または全部を含み得る。マイクロ刺激装置200は、参照により全体が本明細書にすでに組み込まれる、米国特許出願第13/441,806号に記載されているような任意の刺激回路を含み得る。ハウジング202は、1つまたは複数の金属(たとえば、チタン)またはその他の生体適合性材料から形成され得る。
図4A〜4Cはそれぞれ、携帯型刺激装置400の例示的な変形例の斜視図、断面背面図、及び断面側面図をそれぞれ示す。図4A〜4Cに示すように、刺激装置400は、刺激装置本体402及び刺激装置プローブ404を備え得る。一般に、刺激装置本体402は、患者に送達され得る、本明細書でより詳細に説明されている、刺激を生成するように構成され得る。刺激装置本体402は、前部ハウジング438、後部ハウジング440、及び近位ハウジング442を備え得て、それらを組み合わせて本体空洞454を画定し得る。本体空洞454は、制御サブシステム436及び電源452を含み得て、全体として刺激を生成及び制御し得る。
本明細書に記載の刺激装置によって送達される電気刺激波形は、特定の治療法及び/または特定の患者に合わせて適合され得る。本明細書に記載の波形は、双極、三極、四極、または高極性などの多極構成または遠位復帰を有する単極構成を介して送達され得ることを理解されたい。波形は、正弦波、準正弦波、方形波、鋸歯状波、傾斜波または三角波、それらの短縮版バージョン(たとえば、ある特定の振幅に達したときに波形が安定するバージョン)などであり得る。
いくつかの例では、波形形状またはその変化は、刺激の快適性及び/または有効性に影響を及ぼし得る。刺激装置(電極装置)がパルスベースの電気波形を生成するように構成されている場合、パルスは、任意の適切なパルス(たとえば、方形パルス、ヘーバーサインパルスなど)であり得る。これらの波形によって送達されるパルスは、二相性、交互に変わる単相性、または単相性などであり得る。パルスが二相性である場合、パルスは、反対極性(たとえば、第1の位相及び第1の位相と反対の極性を有する電荷平衡相)を有する1対の単相部を含み得る。二相パルスの各相は、電圧制御または電流制御のいずれかであり得る。いくつかの変形例では、二相パルスの第1の位相及び電荷平衡位相の両方を電流制御し得る。他の変形例では、二相パルスの第1の位相及び電荷平衡位相の両方を電圧制御し得る。さらに他の変形例では、二相パルスの第1の位相は電流制御され得て、二相パルスの第2の位相は電圧制御され得る。またはその逆もあり得る。いくつかの例では、電流制御両側刺激と電圧制御電荷平衡との組み合わせは、片側刺激を可能にし得て、本明細書に記載されるように、波形形状を変更することによって、刺激の領域間、たとえば、電極が各鼻孔に配置されているときの鼻孔間の切り替えを可能にし得る。
ドライアイを治療するか、またはそれ以外の方法で組織を刺激することによって流涙反応を生成するために、本明細書に記載の刺激装置は、標的組織(たとえば、神経)を刺激するのに適した周波数で1つまたは複数の波形を生成するように構成され得る。周波数は、刺激の快適性及び/または有効性に影響を及ぼし得る。一般に、周波数は、好ましくは約0.1Hz〜約200Hzの間である。これらの変形例のいくつかでは、周波数は、好ましくは約10Hz〜約200Hzの間である。これらの変形例のいくつかでは、周波数は、好ましくは約30Hz〜約150Hzの間である。これらの変形例の他のものでは、周波数は、好ましくは約50Hz〜約80Hzの間である。これらの変形例の他のものでは、周波数は、好ましくは約30Hz〜約60Hzの間である。いくつかの変形例では、周波数は、約1.5Hz、約10.25Hz、約70Hz、約150Hz、約25Hz、約27.5Hz、約30Hz、約32.5Hz、約35Hz、約37.5Hz、約40Hz、約42.5Hz、約45Hz、約47.5Hz、約50Hz、約52.5Hz、約55Hz、約57.5Hz、約60Hz、約62.5Hz、または約65Hzであり得る。いくつかの変形例では、約145Hz〜約155Hzの間のような高い周波数は、各パルスが標的組織を刺激/活性化するには高すぎ得る。結果として、刺激は、患者により偶発性の要素を有すると解釈され得て、患者の慣れを軽減するのに役立ち得る。本明細書に記載される周波数は、標的組織を刺激して涙腺を活性化させて涙を生成する反射回路を開始させるのに適し得て、及び/または涙腺を支配する遠心性線維を直接動かすのに適し得る。いくつかの例では、本明細書に記載のように、特定の解剖学的標的の優先的な活性化のために周波数を選択し得る。
ドライアイを治療するか、またはそれ以外の方法で組織を刺激することによって流涙反応を生成するために、本明細書に記載の刺激装置は、標的組織(たとえば、神経)を刺激するのに適した電流を送達するように構成され得る。最大振幅またはその変化は、刺激の快適性及び/または有効性に影響を及ぼし得る。刺激が二相性パルスを含み、二相性パルスの第1の位相が電流制御される場合、第1の位相は、好ましくは約1.0mA〜約10mAの振幅を有し得る。これらの範囲内の振幅は、標的組織を刺激するのに十分に高くあり得るが、組織の著しい加熱、組織の焼灼などを回避するのに十分に低くあり得る。いくつかの変形例では、振幅は約1.0mA〜約5.0mAの間であり得る。他の変形例では、第1の位相は、約0.1mA、約0.2mA、約0.3mA、約0.4mA、約0.5mA、約0.6mA、約0.7mA、約0.8mA、約0.9mA、または約1.0mAの振幅を有し得る。いくつかの変形例では、振幅は可変であり得る。たとえば、振幅は、約1.3mA〜約1.5mA、約2.2mA〜約2.5mA、約3.2mA〜約3.7mA、約4.3mA〜約5.0mAの間で変化し得る。二相パルスの第1の位相が電圧制御される場合、第1の位相は、好ましくは、約10mV〜約100Vの間の振幅を有し得る。
ドライアイを治療するか、またはそれ以外の方法で組織を刺激することによって流涙反応を生成するために、本明細書に記載の刺激装置は、第1の位相が好ましくは約1μs〜約10msの間のパルス幅を有する波形を送達するように構成され得る。これらの変形のいくつかでは、パルス幅は、約10μs〜約100μsの間であり得る。他の変形例では、パルス幅は、約100μs〜約1msの間であり得る。さらに他の変形例では、パルス幅は、約0μs〜約300μsの間であり得る。さらに他の変形例では、パルス幅は、約0μs〜500μsの間であり得る。上述のように、好ましくは、直径が大きい神経を作動させるパルス幅を選択することが所望され得る。いくつかの変形例では、パルス幅は50μs〜約1200μsであり得る。別の例として、30μs〜300μsのパルス幅は、歯に伝わる三叉神経の枝(たとえば、CN V2)の活性化を最小にし得る。
式中、PWmaxは、最大許容パルス幅、PWminは最小許容パルス幅、τは時間定数である。
いくつかの例では、本明細書に記載される波形は連続的な様式で送達され得て、他の例では、波形は、患者の適応を減少させ得る、オン期間及びオフ期間を有する非連続的な様式で送達され得る。例示的なオン/オフ持続時間には、限定されないが、1秒オン/1秒オフ、1秒オン/2秒オフ、2秒オン/1秒オフ、5秒オン/5秒オフ、0.2秒オン/0.8秒オフ、1秒未満オン/10秒未満オフが含まれる。
上記の波形パラメータのいずれかとパラメータの変動を組み合わせて、本明細書に記載のパターン化された波形を生成し得て、これらの波形は、本明細書に記載の刺激装置のいずれかによって送達され得ることを理解されたい。たとえば、波形が二相性パルスを含む変形例では、二相性パルスは、任意の適切な周波数、パルス幅、及び振幅を有し得る。刺激振幅、パルス幅、及び周波数は、パルスごとに同じであり得て、または本明細書でより詳細に説明するように、経時的に変化し得る。これらのパラメータの組み合わせは、刺激の有効性及び/または快適性を増加させ得て、場合によっては、本明細書でより詳細に記載されるように、個々の患者によって異なり得る。装置タイプによって分類された例示的なパターン化された波形パラメータを以下の表1に列挙する。
表1 例示的な波形パラメータ
発明者らの実験により、いくつかの例では、特定の患者のための1つまたは複数の患者に最適化された波形の識別によって、パターン化された波形を使用した刺激により生じる流涙が増加し得ることが見出された。患者に最適化された波形は、本明細書に記載の波形パラメータの組み合わせを含み得る。したがって、患者に最適化された波形を識別する方法が望ましい。本発明者らの実験により、感知された感覚異常は流涙に強く関連することも見出された。したがって、患者の感覚異常の知覚が患者に最適化された波形の識別に使用され得る。眼領域に埋め込まれたマイクロ刺激装置を有する患者の患者に最適化された波形を得るための例示的な方法が、図9に示されている。刺激の有効性を高める(たとえば、流涙を増大させる)ために、各個人に本方法を実行することが所望され得る。
臨床医及び/または患者が、複数の利用可能な波形から所望の波形を選択し得るように、本明細書に記載の刺激装置のいくつかの変形例は、複数の波形で構成され得る。たとえば、刺激装置は、チップ上に保存された複数の刺激波形を含み得る。たとえば、2個、3個、4個、5個、6個、7個、8個、9個、10個、または10個を超える刺激波形をチップ上に保存し得る。1つの変形例では、2〜10個の刺激波形がチップ上に保存される。その他の変形例では、2〜8個の刺激波形、または3〜5個の刺激波形を装置チップ上に保存し得る。いくつかの変形例では、刺激装置に保存される波形の好ましいセットは、上記の方法を介するなど、特定の患者のための様々な刺激波形の初期試験に基づいて臨床医によって予め選択され得る。本明細書に記載されているように、本発明者らの実験により、感知された感覚異常が流涙に強く関連することが見出されているので、保存された刺激波形が患者の強い感覚異常を誘発する刺激波形であることが有用であり得る。他の変形例では、刺激装置は、個々の患者に固有のものではない複数の刺激波形で予め構成され得る。
いくつかの変形例では、本明細書に記載の電気刺激を、涙腺組織を支配する1つまたは複数の神経に送達させることが所望され得る。いくつかの変形例では、本明細書に記載の電気刺激を、鼻粘膜に送達することが所望され得る。これは、鼻涙腺反射を活性化することによって流涙を引き起こし得る。いくつかの例では、標的領域は、鼻毛様体神経の前篩骨枝によって支配される組織を含み得る。別の変形例では、解剖学的構造は後篩骨神経である。いくつかの例では、鼻粘膜の標的領域は、鼻柱の上に位置し得る。これらの例のいくつかでは、標的領域は、鼻骨の下端付近(すなわち、鼻骨と上部外側軟骨との間の境界面の近く)であり得る。他の変形例では、標的領域は鼻柱であり得る。いくつかの変形例では、約20mm〜約35mmの間の刺激を患者の鼻腔に送達することが所望され得る。これらの変形のいくつかでは、患者の鼻腔内の約25mm〜約35mmの間に電極を配置することが所望され得る。刺激は、鼻腔の前方部分、鼻孔内及び鼻甲介の前方、いくつかの例では、中鼻甲介の前方の位置、または下鼻甲介の前方の位置で送達されることが所望され得る。いくつかの例では、一部分は鼻の前面に向けられるように刺激を向けることが所望され得る。刺激は、少なくとも部分的に、中隔またはその近くの組織を介して送達され得る。これにより、鼻中隔の後部に向かう神経の活性化を最小限に抑えながら、中隔の前面(たとえば、三叉神経の眼枝)の神経の選択的活性化が可能になり得て、歯を神経支配する神経の刺激から生じ得る副作用を低減させ得て、鼻漏を低減させ得る。いくつかの例では、嗅覚領域の刺激から生じ得る副作用を低減するように刺激を向けることも所望され得る。
眼領域に埋め込まれたマイクロ刺激装置を有する患者を、30Hzの非パターン刺激(対照)及び異なる周波数(30Hz、70Hz、155Hz)のオン/オフパターン(1秒オン/1秒オフ、2秒オン/2秒オフ、及び5秒オン/5秒オフ)で試験した。埋め込まれたマイクロ刺激装置は、図2A〜2Cに示され、本明細書に記載の特長を有する。
眼領域に埋め込まれたマイクロ刺激装置を有する患者では、パターン化された波形の使用により、基底流涙(対照1=電気刺激なし)との比較、及び30Hz(非パターン化)(対照2)での刺激との比較でシルマー試験によって測定された流涙の増加を生じた。埋め込まれたマイクロ刺激装置は、図2A〜2Cに示され、本明細書に記載の特長を有する。データを以下の表2に示す。基底流涙(左、刺激なし)と、30Hzの非パターン化波形刺激(中央)と、パターン化され、患者に最適化された刺激波形(右)の平均流涙結果を比較する棒グラフ図を図15に示す。表2のデータに基づくと、基底流涙の平均値は4.71mmであり、30Hzでの非パターン刺激の平均値は4.96mmであり、パターン化された刺激を使用したときの平均値は8.29mmであった。全体的に見ると、30Hzでの非パターン刺激を使用した平均シルマー・スコアの増加は、基底流涙と比較して約5%であり、パターン化された波形を使用した平均シルマー・スコアの増加は、基底流涙と比較して約76%であった。したがって、患者に最適化されたパターン化された波形は、30Hzの非パターン波形よりもはるかに大きな量(この場合は、70%を超えるポイント)で流涙を増加させることができた。
表2 12人の患者のシルマー・スコア
19人の患者が、眼領域に埋め込まれた微小刺激装置を有していた(これらの患者のうちの12人は、実施例2と同じ患者である)。上述のように、眼窩の領域で報告された感覚異常を最大にするために、患者のフィードバックを収集するとともに、患者ごとに、波形周波数、パルス幅、及びオン/オフ期間を変化することによって患者に最適化されたパターン化された波形を決定した。
− 30Hz
− 30Hz、1秒オン、1秒オフ
− 30Hz、5秒オン、5秒オフ
− 70Hz、1秒オン、1秒オフ
− 30Hz、100%から0%までパルス幅変化され、1秒で100%に戻る
− 30Hz、100%から70%までパルス幅変化され、1秒で100%に戻る
− 70Hz、100%から70%までパルス幅変化され、1秒で100%に戻る
− 30Hzから70Hzまで5Hz刻み(すなわち、周波数変化の増加部分、30Hz、35Hz、40Hz、50Hz、55Hz、60Hz、65Hz、70Hz)でほぼ線形に変化された周波数、1秒間で上下に変化される(70から30まで、1秒で70に戻る)
− 周波数が5Hz間隔(30Hz、35Hz、40Hz、45Hz、55Hz、60Hz、65Hz、70Hz)で、30Hzから70Hzまでランダムに変化された周波数
− 波形が不快感を引き起こしていたかどうか。
− 波形からの感覚を、30Hzの非パターン波形、及び同じ日に前に試験された他の波形を含む、他の波形と比べてどのように異なるように思うか。
− 眼が濡れている感覚があったかどうか。
− くすぐり感と振動の組み合わせを感じたかどうか。
− 感覚(くすぐり感及び/または振動)があたかも動いているかのように感じられたかどうか(これは適応の可能性が低いことを示唆している)。及び
− 感覚の位置。
パターン化された波形は、図4A〜4Cに対して記載された装置を使用して被験者の鼻粘膜に送達された。送達されたパターン化された波形は、図13A〜13Eに示され、本明細書に記載の波形と、1秒オン/オフ及び5秒オン/オフのオン/オフ期間を有する30Hz、70Hz、及び155Hzの波形を含んだ。被験者のくしゃみをしたいという感覚を軽減しながら、パターン化されていない刺激と同じレベルの涙液排出を達成することができた。被験者はまた、ほとんどの場合、感覚印象の改善と見なされる鼻のマッサージの感覚も報告した。さらに、被験者は、鼻刺激の間、増加した刺激振幅を使用することができ、不快感のない涙液増加をもたらした。これは、刺激に使用された電荷の最大振幅が短時間だけ印加されたからである。被験者の評判は、全体的に非常に肯定的なものだった。
Claims (10)
- PW max は、300μsであり、
PW min は、0μsであり、
τは、0.2μsである、請求項2に記載のシステム。 - 前記1つまたは複数の刺激電極が、眼領域または鼻領域に埋め込まれるように構成される、請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のシステム。
- 前記制御サブシステムが、前記眼領域または前記鼻領域の外部に配置されるように構成される、請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 前記1つまたは複数の刺激電極が、粘膜表面上または粘膜下組織内に配置されるように構成される、請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のシステム。
- 前記1つまたは複数の刺激電極が、鼻腔または洞腔内に配置されるように構成される、請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のシステム。
- 前記プログラマブル・メモリが、最大10個のパターン化された刺激波形を記憶することができる、請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載のシステム。
- 前記記憶されたパターン化された波形のうちの1つまたは複数を選択するためのユーザー・インターフェースをさらに備える、請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載のシステム。
- 前記制御サブシステムが、複数の波形パラメータのオプションを巡回するプログラムを実行するように構成される、請求項1乃至9のいずれかに記載のシステム。
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EP3171928B1 (en) | 2020-02-26 |
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