JP6522700B2 - 風力エネルギー変換デバイス - Google Patents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D3/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D3/06—Rotors
- F03D3/061—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape, e.g. aerofoil profiles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D3/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D3/005—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially perpendicular to the air flow entering the rotor the axis being vertical
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
- F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/30—Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/34—Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations on stationary objects or on stationary man-made structures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
- H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
- H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
- H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
- H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/10—Stators
- F05B2240/13—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines
- F05B2240/131—Stators to collect or cause flow towards or away from turbines by means of vertical structures, i.e. chimneys
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/30—Wind power
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/74—Wind turbines with rotation axis perpendicular to the wind direction
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Description
[0001] 本特許出願は、2010年1月14日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/295,053号の利益を主張する。
[0032] ブレード角度制御Iは、鉛直のタービンブレードについて瞬時のブレード角度制御を達成するための好適なアルゴリズムである。ブレードは向かってくる風に対して円運動をするため、ブレードの翼弦線「C」(図10Bに表示)が受ける空気の迎角は周期的に変動する。ブレードアームの逆向きの位置に対して反時計回りに方位位置角θを測定すると、時計回りに動くときにブレードが受ける空気の流れの風下の角度β(θと同じ方法で測定)は、
−選択されたブレード断面についてのCL(α,Re)とCD(α,Re)の関係は、風洞実験による1枚ブレードテストを通じて、又は風圧板を取り巻く気流を管理するナビエ・ストークス方程式の数値解によって決定される。
−各ブレードの各位置(風の入射方向に対して)の理論上の最適フェザリング角度は、デバイスが動作する周速比の範囲について決定される。最適な実用フェザリング角度は理論値に基づくが、全体の出力を最適化し(例えば流管近似法を用いたエネルギー抽出により、局所の風の減速、及びブレードのフェザリングで消費しなければならないエネルギーを考慮する)、また角のフェザリング力が構造設計及び機構設計に及ぼす影響を最小化するように調整する。このために、タービンが丸1回転したときの出力を、一組の実用フェザリング角度の関数として決定する。この角度のセットは、正味の出力を最大化するように最適化される。
−タービンの一実施形態では、各ブレードの少し前方に、瞬間の大気速度と各ブレードの速度を決定できる速度センサを装備する。これは、例えば図1Aと図10に示すように、例えばブレードから突き出した杭162に装着した熱線又はピトープローブ164を用いて行うことができる。
−本発明者のタービンの別の実施形態は、例えば図11に示すように、タービンブレードそのものの前後に装着した少なくとも2つの圧力センサ166の組を使用することができる。風圧板の両側に装着した数個の圧力センサからの情報を組み合わせることで、タービンブレードが受ける気流の迎角と速度の両方を決定することができる。先行するブレードのセンサからの情報を用いることで、後続のブレードが対面する風況が予想でき、設計を簡略化し、適切な制御アルゴリズムの成績を向上させることができる。
−制御アルゴリズムが導入され、それが上記センサの瞬時読み取りに基づいて、図3に示すものに類似の円滑な関係をつくるために最適なフェザリング角度を決定する。
−制御装置は、各タービンブレード上のアクチュエータに適切な信号を送り、ブレードはそれに従ってフェザリング角度を調整する。
[0040] 別の実施形態では、図13Cの特定の例が表わす最適なフェザリング角度を、シヌソイド関数によって近似することができる。これは、フェザリング角度が
−選択されたブレード断面についてのCL(α,Re)とCD(α,Re)の関係は、風洞実験による1枚ブレードテストを通じて、又は風圧板を取り巻く気流を管理するナビエ・ストークス方程式の数値解によって決定される。
−実験又はシミュレーションのいずれかのデータに基づき、方程式(6)で与えられるフェザリング角度を用いてタービンの出力を決定する。
−値最適化によりγ0の値を決定し、φ0はこの出力が最大になるように決定する。最適パラメータは風速と周速比に依存する。
−一実施形態では、瞬時に風の向きと速度を決定する速度センサをタービンに装備する。これにはピトープローブが適するが、風の向きと風速の大きさを決定できる他のセンサを使用してもよい。
−制御アルゴリズムが実施され、それが上記センサの瞬時読み取りに基づいて、偏心制御デバイスの振動振幅と位相のための最適なパラメータを決定する。
−制御装置は、パラメータγ0及びφ0ブレードの角度を制御するアクチュエータに適切な信号を送る。
[0043] 瞬時の気流測定は、図1Aに示すように、杭162上の熱線又はピトープローブ164を、チューブの先端が各ブレードの前方約1ブレードコードの位置になるように設置することによって取得できる。測定された流速と流れの向きからの瞬時流速ベクトルは、既知の従来技術を用いて、各ブレード上の熱線又はピトープローブによって作成されたデータから決定できる。このデータを使い、後述するように、各ブレードについてそのブレードがチューブの先端の位置に達した瞬間のブレード角を、瞬時流速ベクトルに基づいて制御し、ブレードの最適なフェザリング角度を決定し、実施することができる。
Claims (7)
- 風の流れからエネルギーを取得するための方法であって、
風力タービンのための制御装置で、前記風力タービンの複数のブレードのうち第一のブレードに対する風の流れに対応する測定値を受信することであって、前記複数のブレードの各々は、(i)各々の鉛直なブレード軸の周囲を回転可能であり、(ii)中心鉛直軸の周囲を回転可能な前記風力タービンのオープンフレーム構造の周辺近傍に装着された、ほぼ鉛直に配置されたブレードであることと、
前記制御装置で、前記測定値に基づいて前記第一のブレードの局所気流特性を決定することと、
前記制御装置で、前記第一のブレードの前記局所気流特性に基づいて前記複数のブレードのうち第二のブレードのフェザリング角度を決定することと、
前記制御装置で、決定された前記フェザリング角度に基づいて前記第二のブレードを前記各鉛直軸の周囲で回転させることと、を含み、
前記測定値を受信することは、前記第一のブレードの第一及び第二の対向する側面に配置された空気圧力センサからの空気圧力の測定値を受信することを含む、方法。 - 前記空気圧力センサは、前記第一のブレードの前記第一の側面に配置された第一の複数のセンサと、前記第一のブレードの前記第二の側面に配置された第二の複数のセンサと、を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記複数のブレードの各々は、第一及び第二の対向する側面と、対応する前記第一の側面に配置された第一の複数のセンサと、対応する前記第二の側面に配置された第二の複数のセンサと、を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 風の流れからエネルギーを取得するための風力タービンであって、
中心鉛直軸の周囲を回転可能なオープンフレーム構造と、
複数のブレードであって、前記複数のブレードの各々は、(i)各々の鉛直なブレード軸の周囲を回転可能であり、(ii)前記オープンフレーム構造の周辺近傍に装着された、ほぼ鉛直に配置されたブレードである、複数のブレードと、
複数のアクチュエータであって、前記複数のアクチュエータの各々は、前記複数のブレードのうち対応するブレードを選択されたフェザリング角度まで回転させるように構成されている、複数のアクチュエータと、
前記複数のブレードに取り付けられるとともに前記複数のブレードの各第一及び第二の対向する側面に配置された複数の空気圧力センサと、
前記中心鉛直軸の周囲の前記対応するブレードの各方位位置に基づいて、前記アクチュエータで前記複数のブレードを各フェザリング角度まで回転させる制御装置と、を備え、
前記制御装置は、前記複数の空気圧力センサから前記複数のブレードのうち第一のブレードに対する風の流れに対応する空気圧力の測定値を受信し、前記測定値に基づいて前記第一のブレードの局所気流特性を決定し、前記第一のブレードの前記局所気流特性に基づいて前記複数のブレードのうち第二のブレードのフェザリング角度を決定する、風力タービン。 - 前記制御装置は、
前記第一のブレードが前記中心鉛直軸の周囲の第一の方位位置の近傍にあるときに前記第一のブレードの前記局所気流特性を決定し、
前記第二のブレードが前記中心鉛直軸の周囲の前記第一の方位位置の近傍にあるときに、決定された前記フェザリング角度に基づいて前記第二のブレードを前記各鉛直軸の周囲で回転させ、この際前記第一のブレードは、前記中心鉛直軸の周囲の回転中に前記第二のブレードの隣にありかつ先行する、請求項4に記載の風力タービン。 - 前記空気圧力センサは、前記第一のブレードの前記第一の側面に配置された第一の複数のセンサと、前記第一のブレードの前記第二の側面に配置された第二の複数のセンサと、を含む、請求項4に記載の風力タービン。
- 前記複数のブレードの各々は、第一及び第二の対向する側面と、対応する前記第一の側面に配置された第一の複数のセンサと、対応する前記第二の側面に配置された第二の複数のセンサと、を含む、請求項6に記載の風力タービン。
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US29505310P | 2010-01-14 | 2010-01-14 | |
US61/295,053 | 2010-01-14 |
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EP2556244A2 (en) | 2013-02-13 |
US20110176919A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
US10253755B2 (en) | 2019-04-09 |
US9453495B2 (en) | 2016-09-27 |
US20170009737A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
WO2011088377A3 (en) | 2012-01-12 |
WO2011088377A2 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
JP2018021556A (ja) | 2018-02-08 |
US20130051978A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
JP2016053372A (ja) | 2016-04-14 |
HK1182161A1 (en) | 2013-11-22 |
EP2556244B1 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
US8257018B2 (en) | 2012-09-04 |
US20140079535A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
JP2013517421A (ja) | 2013-05-16 |
DK2556244T3 (da) | 2014-08-11 |
CA2787259A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
JP6198859B2 (ja) | 2017-09-20 |
JP5934110B2 (ja) | 2016-06-15 |
US8534987B2 (en) | 2013-09-17 |
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