JP6483161B2 - 担持触媒並びに金属ナノ粒子で覆われた多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
担持触媒並びに金属ナノ粒子で覆われた多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 229940071240 tetrachloroaurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LOIHSHVELSAXQN-UHFFFAOYSA-K trirhenium nonachloride Chemical compound Cl[Re](Cl)Cl LOIHSHVELSAXQN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisilver;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
(a) 無機の鋳型素材からなる多孔質の鋳型骨格の準備
(b) 炭素前駆体による多孔質の鋳型骨格の含浸、
(c) 炭素前駆体の熱処理、
(d) 粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料の形成下での鋳型骨格の除去、及び
(e) 触媒作用する物質による粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料の被覆
を含む、金属ナノ粒子で覆われた多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料、殊に電気化学的用途のための金属ナノ粒子で覆われた多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料の製造方法に関する。
使用時に生じる高い温度及び電圧は、担体の腐食(酸化)及びそれによる失活を引き起こすことがある。これは、殊に、水素/酸素燃料電池の酸素電極(カソード)にとって当てはまり、このカソードの不安定性が、この種の燃料電池の長期使用を決定的に制限する。腐食安定性の改善のために、米国特許第4,551,220号明細書(US 4,551,220 A)では、炭素からなる担体の比表面積を、少なくとも部分的な黒鉛化によって20%まで低減することが推奨されている。米国特許第7,687,187号明細書(US 7,687,187 B2)では、これについて、更により高い黒鉛化度は、炭素担体の更なる安定化を引き起こすことが説明されている。「より高い黒鉛化度」は、この場合、0.338nm未満の基底面間隔d002により定義されている。しかしながら、この種のより高い黒鉛化度は、約2800℃の最高温度に加熱することによってさえも、あらゆる炭素出発材料を用いて達成できない。
殊にPEM燃料電池用の、同時に腐食安定性でかつ効率的な担持触媒のデザインは大きな挑戦である。この場合、次の要求が満たされなければならない:
1. できる限り高い触媒効率、つまりできる限り少ない貴金属使用量でできる限り高い触媒活性を達成するために、触媒作用する貴金属は大きな活性表面を提供すべきであり、かつしたがって、触媒担体上にアグロメレイト形成なしでできる限り均一でかつ微細に分配されて堆積されるべきである。同時に、この触媒作用する貴金属は、できる限り電解質に耐性で担体材料に固定されるべきである。
この方法に関して、この課題は、冒頭に記載された先行技術の方法を前提として、本発明の場合に、
・ 方法工程(c)での炭素前駆体の熱処理は、炭化温度での炭素前駆体の炭化を含み、
・ 粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料を、炭化温度より高い黒鉛化温度で黒鉛化して、粒子状の多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料にし、
・ 黒鉛化された炭素材料を、酸化作用する雰囲気中で活性化処理に供し、
・ ここで、黒鉛化された炭素材料は、少なくとも0.5cm3/gの細孔容積を示す階層的な細孔構造を示し、ここで、細孔容積の少なくとも75%は、100〜5000nmのサイズ範囲のマクロ孔に該当することにより解決される。
g=(344pm−d002)/(344pm−335.4pm) (1)
基底面間隔d002のpm(ピコメートル)で表す記載の値「344pm」は、この場合、全く黒鉛化されていない材料の半分のc面間隔に相当し、かつ値「335.4pm」は、高度に整列した黒鉛の半分のc面間隔に相当する。
クリスタリットサイズ及び基底面間隔
クリスタリットサイズ及び基底面間隔は、X線撮影法により、黒鉛化された炭素材料の(002)面の回折線に基づいて決定された。基底面間隔は、(002)反射の位置からブラック式によって算定され、黒鉛化された炭素のクリスタリットサイズは、シェラー式によって半値幅(FWHM)を用いて突き止められた。この値は、LaB6による機器校正を考慮して行った。回折図は、市場で入手可能なX線回折計(Stoe, Stadi P-System)を用いて室温で透過型で捕らえた。測定パラメータは次のように設定された:波長:Cu−Kアルファ1、λ=15.4056nm;測定領域:14°(2シータ)〜90°(2シータ)(1レンジ)、オメガ(fix)40°;測定時間:3×600s;発生器:40kV 30mA;モノクロメータ:ゲルマニウム;検出器:IPPSD(Stoe, Darmstadt)。
白金粒子の平均粒度は、透過型電子顕微鏡(HRTEM)の写真に基づいて評価した。このために、白金粒子の粒度を、複数の画像に基づいて画像加工ソフトウェア及び公知のスケールファクタを用いて、球形の粒子であると仮定して手動で決定した。
水銀ポロシメトリを用いた細孔容積の測定は、次の測定器を用いて決定した:ThermoFisher Scientific PASCAL 140(4barまでの低圧)及びPASCAL 440 (4000barまでの高圧)。
比表面積(BET)を、次の測定機器により測定した:Quantachrome NOVA 3200e。BET測定の評価は、ISO 9277のポイント8での基準にしたがって行った。
次に、本発明を、実施例及び図面を用いて詳細に説明する。
鋳型材料の製造は、通常のCVDスート堆積法によって行われる。この場合、火炎加水分解バーナーに、SiO2粒子の形成用の投入材料としてSiCl4並びに燃料ガスとして酸素及び水素を供給する。バーナー火炎内に形成された、ナノメートル範囲のサイズを示すSiO2一次粒子は、程度に差はあるが球形のアグリゲイト及びアグロメレイトにまとまって堆積する。この「二次粒子」は、多様な数の一次粒子からなり、したがって原則として広い粒度分布を示す。二次粒子の内部に(一次粒子の間に)は、ナノメートル範囲の特に小さな中空部及び細孔が存在し、つまりいわゆるメソ孔が存在し、それに対して、個々の二次粒子の間には、400nm〜1000nmの一般的な内径を示すマクロ孔が形成される。
スート粒子をピッチからなる微細に粉砕された粉末と体積比1:1(ピッチ:スート粒子)でミキサーによって互いに均一に混合する。混合時間は約5分である。引き続き、この粒子混合物を300℃の温度に加熱する。低粘度のピッチは、スート粒子の細孔内に入り込み、かつスート粒子に浸透する。ピッチとスート粒子との体積比は、この場合、浸透の後に特記するほどの空いた細孔体積が残らない程度にピッチが細孔を満たすように選択される。約30分の浸透時間の後に、細孔の浸透は十分に完了されている。SiO2スート粒子の細孔は、粘性のピッチ材料で十分に充填されている。
炭素材料の被覆は、シュウ酸白金(Pt−オキサラート)の使用下で行われる。
Pt−オキサラートの製造は、水中でのH2[Pt(OH)6]とシュウ酸との反応によって行われる。脱イオン水54.29g並びにH2[Pt(OH)6](Pt 10.0g;50mmol)18.01gを250mlの三口フラスコ中に、開始剤として0.04Pt−オキサラート溶液(Pt 0.24mmol)と共に室温で攪拌(250rpm)しながら添加した。この懸濁液を、23℃から始めて水浴中で20分間で40℃に加熱した。この懸濁液を、この温度で5時間保持し、1時間毎にシュウ酸二水和物2.568gの量を絶え間なく攪拌しながら添加した。攪拌しながら20℃に冷却した後で、この懸濁液を0.2μmの薄膜フィルタで濾過した。この濾過は30分間で行われ、かつ0.5gの濾過残留物が生じた。13.40%のPt含有率を示すPt−オキサラート溶液74.49gが得られ、これは99.82%のPt収率に相当した。
容器中で、黒鉛化されかつ活性化された炭素粒子50gに、連続的に混合しながら、10.12%の白金含有率を示すシュウ酸白金溶液42.37gを滴加する。この場合、Pt含有溶液の溶液量は、実験により、この量が、いわゆるインシピエントウェットネス法(incipient wetness-Methode)による材料の細孔比容積に一致するように設定され、これは所定の細孔容積が、この溶液によって完全に充填されることを意味する。
担持触媒の電気化学的挙動は、回転するディスク型電極を用いサイクリックボルタンメトリー測定により説明される。この場合、電解質中で作用電極(=測定電極)に上昇する電位及び引き続き低下する電位を印加し、それに依存して電流強度を記録する。作用電極の電位は、参照電極に対して決定される。
P5−K:標準カソード:120cm2Pt/cm2=0.040m2Pt/mgPt
H5−K:本発明によるカソード:122cm2Pt/cm2=0.041m2/mgPt
「a」=2サイクル
「b」=25サイクル
「c」=50サイクル
K1 白金−オキサラートを用いて、Pt 40.32質量%
K2 白金−エチルアミンを用いて、Pt 10.13質量%
K3 白金−オキサラートを用いて、Pt 8.96質量%
K4 白金−オキサラートを用いて、Pt 9.03質量%
この質量の記載は、それぞれ担持触媒の全質量を基準とする。
Claims (16)
- 次の方法工程:
(a) 無機の鋳型素材からなる多孔質の鋳型骨格の準備、
(b) 炭素前駆体による前記多孔質の鋳型骨格の含浸、
(c) 前記炭素前駆体の熱処理、
(d) 粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料の形成下での前記鋳型骨格の除去、及び
(e) 触媒作用物質による前記粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料の被覆
を含む、電気化学的用途のための金属ナノ粒子で覆われた多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料の製造方法において、
・ 方法工程(c)での前記炭素前駆体の熱処理は、炭化温度での前記炭素前駆体の炭化を含み、
・ 方法工程(d)で、鋳型骨格を除去することにより形成された粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料を、前記炭化温度より高い黒鉛化温度で黒鉛化して、粒子状の多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料にし、
・ 前記黒鉛化された炭素材料を、酸化作用する雰囲気中で活性化処理に供し、
・ ここで、前記黒鉛化された炭素材料は、少なくとも0.5cm3/gの細孔容積を示す階層的な細孔構造を示し、ここで、前記細孔容積の少なくとも75%は、100〜5000nmのサイズ範囲のマクロ孔に該当する
ことを特徴とする、金属ナノ粒子で覆われた多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料の製造方法。 - 方法工程(a)での前記鋳型骨格の準備は、出発材料から火炎加水分解又は熱分解により、無機の鋳型素材からなる多孔質の粒子を作製し、かつこの多孔質の粒子を気相から鋳型骨格の形成下に堆積させる手段を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記黒鉛化温度は、1400〜2500℃の温度範囲にあることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記黒鉛化された炭素材料の前記活性化処理を、酸素含有雰囲気中で、かつ400〜500℃の温度で行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 方法工程(d)での前記鋳型骨格の除去の後に得られた、前記多孔質の炭素材料は、20m2/g〜500m2/gの範囲の比表面積(BET)を示すことを特徴とする、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 20μm未満の粒度を示す粒子状の多孔質の炭素材料を黒鉛化し、ここで、前記粒度の調節のために、前記多孔質の炭素材料を、前記鋳型骨格の除去の前又は除去の後で粉砕することを特徴とする、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 触媒作用物質として、白金族から選択される貴金属、又は前記貴金属の合金を使用することを特徴とする、請求項1から6までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 方法工程(e)での触媒作用物質による被覆は、貴金属化合物の溶液を前記炭素材料に施与し、かつ前記多孔質の炭素材料上での触媒作用する粒子の堆積物の形成下で分解処理に供する手段を含むことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記分解処理を300℃未満の温度で行うことを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 方法工程(e)での触媒作用物質での被覆の際に、1〜10nmの平均サイズを示す貴金属ナノ粒子が作製されることを特徴とする、請求項1から9までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 触媒作用物質で被覆された、多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料からなる導電性担体を含む、電気化学的用途のための担持触媒において、前記多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料は、多結晶質の炭素からなり、前記多結晶質の炭素は、0.338nm未満の基底面間隔d002により定義される黒鉛化度を示し、かつ少なくとも0.5cm3/gの細孔容積を示す階層的な細孔構造を示し、ここで、前記細孔容積の少なくとも75%は、100〜5000nmのサイズ範囲のマクロ孔に該当することを特徴とする、担持触媒。
- 前記多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料は、5m2/g〜200m2/gの範囲の比表面積(BET)を示すことを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の担持触媒。
- 前記多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料は、20μm未満の平均粒度を示す粒子の形で存在することを特徴とする、請求項11又は12に記載の担持触媒。
- 前記多孔質の黒鉛化された炭素材料は、シェラー法により測定して、少なくとも20nmの寸法を示すクリスタリットを有することを特徴とする、請求項11から13までのいずれか1項に記載の担持触媒。
- 触媒作用物質として、白金族から選択される貴金属又は前記貴金属の合金が設けられていて、かつ前記貴金属は、1〜10nmの平均サイズを示す貴金属ナノ粒子の形で存在することを特徴とする、請求項11から14までのいずれか1項に記載の担持触媒。
- 前記貴金属粒子は、クリスタリット粒界の領域内に堆積されていることを特徴とする、請求項11から15までのいずれか1項に記載の担持触媒。
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