JP6160069B2 - 色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6160069B2 JP6160069B2 JP2012263630A JP2012263630A JP6160069B2 JP 6160069 B2 JP6160069 B2 JP 6160069B2 JP 2012263630 A JP2012263630 A JP 2012263630A JP 2012263630 A JP2012263630 A JP 2012263630A JP 6160069 B2 JP6160069 B2 JP 6160069B2
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Description
2.前記第1電極の表面粗さRaが、8〜55nmである、前記1に記載の色素増感型光電変換素子;
3.前記短絡防止層の膜厚が、0.01〜10μmである、前記1または2に記載の色素増感型光電変換素子;
4.第1電極、短絡防止層、半導体および増感色素を有する光電変換層、固体正孔輸送材料を有する電荷輸送層、ならびに第2電極を含む色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法であって、前記短絡防止層が、短絡防止層形成成分を含む塗膜を塗布法により形成する第1工程と、得られた塗膜に高エネルギー線を照射する第2工程と、によって形成されることを特徴とする、色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法;
5.前記1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の色素増感型光電変換素子、または、前記4に記載の方法によって製造される色素増感型光電変換素子を備える、太陽電池。
以下、添付した図面を参照しながら、本発明の色素増感型光電変換素子の実施形態を説明する。なお、図面の説明において、同一の要素には同一の符号を付し、重複する説明を省略する。また、図面の寸法比率は、説明の都合上誇張されており、実際の比率とは異なる場合がある。
図1は、本発明の一実施形態に係る色素増感型光電変換素子を模式的に表す断面図である。図1に示すように、色素増感型光電変換素子10は、基板1、第1電極2、短絡防止層3、光電変換層6、電荷輸送層7、および第2電極8が順次積層されてなる構成を有する。ここで、光電変換層6は、増感色素4および半導体5を含有する。図1に示されるように、第1電極2と光電変換層6との間には、短絡防止層3が配置されている。なお、図1中では、太陽光は、図下方の矢印9の方向から入射しているが、本発明は当該形態に限定されず、図上方から太陽光が入射してもよい。
色素増感型光電変換素子10は、以下の手順に従い光電変換を行う。すなわち、(1)第1電極2に光が照射されると、光電変換層6に含有される増感色素4は、光を吸収して電子を放出する。この際、増感色素4は、電子を失った状態、つまり酸化状態となる。(2)増感色素4により放出された電子は、光電変換層6内の半導体5に移動し、その後、半導体5から第1電極2へ移動する。(3)第1電極2へ移動した電子は、対極である第2電極8へ回り、第2電極8で電荷輸送材料を還元する。(4)前記酸化状態の増感色素4は、還元された電荷輸送材料より電子を受け取り、元の状態(増感色素4)に戻る。(5)前記(1)〜(4)を繰り返すことにより、第1電極2から第2電極8へ電子の移動が繰り返し行われて、電流が流れることになる。
第1電極は、光電変換素子から電流を取り出すための機能を有する。光電変換層へ光を効率よく供給するために、第1電極としては、好ましくは80%以上、より好ましくは90%以上の光透過率を有するものが用いられる。
本発明に係る短絡防止層は、受光により発生し、電荷輸送層に注入されたホールと、第1電極の電子との再結合である短絡(リーク)の発生を防止または抑制する機能を有するものである。図1に示されるように、短絡防止層は、第1電極と電荷輸送層とが接触しないように、第1電極と光電変換層との間に配置される。
次いで、本発明に係る光電変換層について説明する。
本発明において、光電変換層に用いられる半導体としては、シリコン、ゲルマニウムなどの単体、元素周期表の第3族(3A族)〜第5族(5A族)、第13族(3B族)〜第15族(5B族)に属する元素を有する化合物、金属カルコケニド、金属窒化物などを使用することができる。
本発明において、増感色素は、光照射時、光励起され、起電力を生じる機能を有する。より具体的には、光電変換層において、増感色素が存在している領域が、電子と正孔を発生する受光領域として機能する場であり、前述したように、増感色素は、半導体の外面または孔内面に沿って吸着しているため、増感色素による発生した電子は、当該増感色素と結合している半導体に移動し、その後、半導体より第1電極に向かって移動する。
本発明に係る電荷輸送層は、光励起によって、酸化された増感色素に電子を供給して還元し、増感色素との界面で生じた正孔を第2電極へ輸送する機能を有する。電荷輸送層は、多孔質の半導体層上に形成された層上部分だけなく、多孔質の半導体の空隙内部に充填されうる。
撹拌装置、温度計、および還流冷却管を装着した1000mLのガラス製三口フラスコに、無水テトラヒドロフラン750mL、および3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン25g(0.15mol)を添加し、窒素気流下で撹拌しながらアセトン/ドライアイス浴中で内温が−70℃となるまで冷却する。この後、1.6mol/Lのn−ブチルリチウムヘキサン溶液113mL(0.18mol)をシリンジで5分間かけて反応系に滴下する。25分後、無水塩化銅23.5g(0.17mol)を添加し、そのまま3時間程度撹拌しながら反応させる。反応液を水10Lに添加し、生成物を濾過した後、乾燥させ、シリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(移動相:塩化メチレン)を用いて精製することにより、EDOTダイマー17.9g(収率:約72%)を黄白色結晶として得た。
次いで、本発明に係る第2電極について説明する。第2電極は、上述の第1電極とともに、光電変換素子から電流を取り出すための機能を有する。
一形態に係る色素増感型光電変換素子は、基板を有していてもよい。基板は、図1にも示すように、第1電極の短絡防止層と接する面と対向する面に配置されてもよい。
本発明の他の形態では、第1電極、短絡防止層、半導体および増感色素を有する光電変換層、固体正孔輸送材料を有する電荷輸送層、ならびに第2電極を含む色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法が提供され、この際、前記短絡防止層が、短絡防止層形成成分を含む塗膜を塗布法により形成する第1工程と、得られた塗膜に高エネルギー線を照射する第2工程と、によって形成されることを特徴とする。
第1電極は、例えば、前述の基板などの上面に形成することができる。第1電極の形成方法として、スプレー熱分解法(Spray Pyrolysis Deposition:SPD)や、大気下気相化学成長法(Chemical Vapor Deposition:CVD)などを挙げることができる。中でも、SPD法は、成膜温度が低い(例えば、400℃)、出発原料の選択自由度が高い、成分組成の調整が容易で、または低温でも成膜速度が速いなどの利点を有しているため、より好ましく用いられる。
本発明に係る短絡防止層の形成方法は、塗布法により、塗膜を形成する第1工程と、得られた塗膜に高エネルギー線を照射する第2工程とを含む。
ここで、第1工程の塗膜の形成方法としては、特に制限されず、インクジェット法、スピンコート法などの公知の手法が用いられるが、層の厚さの設定が幅広く行えるという観点から、インクジェット法が好ましい。
本発明に係る短絡防止層形成成分は、短絡防止層の形成材料(例えば、前記必須成分である酸化チタン)の前駆体(以下、「短絡防止層前駆体」とも称する)が挙げられる。本発明に用いられる酸化チタンの前駆体としては、有機または無機のチタン化合物などが挙げられ、特に、有機チタン化合物が好ましく用いられる。
塗布液に用いられうる溶媒としては、特に制限されないが、例えば、クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン等のハロゲン系有機溶剤;ブタン、ペンタン、ヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、クロロベンゼン等の芳香族炭化水素;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等のエステル類;メチルイソブチルケトン等の非水溶性ケトン類;テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、ブチルエーテル、ジオキサン等のエーテル類;メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノールなどの脂肪族アルコール類;アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、二硫化炭素、水等が挙げられる。これらの溶媒は、単独で使用してもよいし、これらの溶媒を2種以上組み合わせた混合溶媒として使用してもよい。
本発明の色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法は、第1工程で得られた塗膜に高エネルギー線を照射する第2工程に特徴を有する。
e+Xe→e+Xe*
Xe*+Xe+Xe→Xe2 *+Xe
Xe2 *→Xe+Xe+hν(172nm)
となり、励起されたエキシマ分子であるXe2 *が基底状態に遷移するときに172nmのエキシマ光を発光する。エキシマランプは、前記エキシマ光を利用する。
次に、光電変換層の形成方法について説明する。
この工程では、半導体粒子を公知の溶媒中へ投入、分散させることにより、塗布液を調製する。
この工程では、上述の半導体粒子を含む塗布液を短絡防止層へ塗布、乾燥などを行った後、空気中または不活性ガス雰囲気下で焼成処理を行うことにより、層状に半導体を固着させる。この層状に形成された半導体が、半導体層(半導体膜ともいう)と呼ばれるものである。
半導体層への増感色素の担持方法としては、特に制限されず、公知の方法が同様にしてあるいは適宜修飾されて適用できる。例えば、半導体層に増感色素を担持させる方法としては、増感色素を適切な溶媒に溶解し、その溶液中によく乾燥させた半導体層が設けられている基板を長時間浸漬する方法が一般的である。この際、半導体層を焼成により形成された基板を、予め減圧処理したり加熱処理したりして、膜中の気泡を除去しておくことが好ましい。このような処理により、増感色素が半導体層内部深くまで侵入できるようになり、半導体層が多孔質構造膜である場合には特に好ましい。
電荷輸送層の形成方法は、特に制限されず、公知の方法が同様にして、または適宜に修飾して適用できる。例えば、上述した固体正孔輸送材料を有機溶剤に溶解し、当該溶液に、光電変換層を有する基板を浸漬し、重合を行う方法が挙げられる。
第2電極の形成方法は、特に制限されず、公知の方法が適用できる。例えば、上記第2電極の材料を蒸着(真空蒸着を含む)、スパッタリング、塗布、スクリーン印刷等の方法が好ましく使用される。
本発明により提供される色素増感光電素子は、太陽電池に特に好適に使用できる。したがって、本発明のさらに他の実施形態によれば、本発明の色素増感型光電変換素子を有することを特徴とする太陽電池が提供される。
(1)基板の用意
縦25mm、横15mm、厚さ1.0mmの市販のソーダガラス基板を用意し、硫酸と過酸化水素水との混合液である洗浄液に浸漬し、85℃で洗浄処理を行った。
0.701gの塩化スズ(IV)五水和物(SnCl4・5H2O、分子量:350.60)を10mlのエタノール30%水溶液に溶解させ、これに0.592gのフッ化アンモニウム飽和水溶液を加え、超音波にて反応混合物を約20分間溶解させて第1電極形成材料の溶液を調製した。
短絡防止層前駆体としてのチタンテトライソプロポキシド1.2mlおよびアセチルアセトン0.8mlを、18mlのエタノールに溶解させた。得られた混合液を、上述で形成した第1電極の上にインクジェット法により塗布し、100℃で3分間加熱して仮乾燥させた。
まず、アナターゼ型酸化チタンペースト(平均1次粒径18nm(顕微鏡観察)、エチルセルロースに分散)を、前記形成された短絡防止層上に、塗布面積が25mm2となるようにスクリーン印刷法により塗布した。得られた塗膜を、200℃で10分間、および500℃で15分間焼成処理を行い、厚さが3.5μmの空隙を有する多孔質構造の酸化チタン膜(多孔質半導体層)を得た。
前記光電変換層が形成された基板を、一般式(2)に対応するモノマー:H1−1の二量体(H2−1)を0.01mol/Lの割合で含有し、Li[(CF3SO2)2N]を0.1mol/Lの割合で含有するアセトニトリル溶液(電解重合溶液)に浸漬した。この際、電解重合溶液の温度は25℃に調節した。作用極を前記半導体電極、対極を白金線、参照電極をAg/Ag+(AgNO3、0.01M)、保持電圧を−0.16Vとした。電解開始時の電流密度は100μA/cm2であり、終了時の電流密度2μA/cm2であった。半導体層方向から光を照射しながら(キセノンランプ使用、光強度22mW/cm2、430nm以下の波長をカット)10分間電圧を保持して、電荷輸送層を前記光電変換層表面に形成した。得られた半導体電極/電荷輸送層はアセトニトリルで洗浄、乾燥した。
前記形成された電荷輸送層上へ、真空蒸着法により、金を厚さが60nmとなるように蒸着させ、第2電極を形成した。
前記実施例1で素子1の製造において、第1電極の研磨時間および短絡防止層の形成時のエキシマ照射時間を、下記表1に示す条件に変更したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法を用いて、色素増感型光電変換素子2〜15(「素子2」〜「素子15」と略記)のそれぞれを製造した。また、得られた素子2〜15の第1電極の表面粗さRaおよび短絡防止層表面のTi/C比は、それぞれ表1に示される。
前記実施例1で素子1の製造において、第1電極の研磨時間および短絡防止層の形成時のエキシマ照射時間を、下記表1に示す条件に変更したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法を用いて、素子16および17を製造し、それぞれの表面粗さRaおよび短絡防止層表面のTi/C比は、それぞれ表1に示される。
前記実施例1で素子1の製造において、第1電極を形成した後に研磨操作をせず、および短絡防止層を形成した際のエキシマ照射時間を、下記表1に示す条件に変更したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法を用いて、素子18および19を製造し、それぞれの表面粗さRaおよび短絡防止層表面のTi/C比は、それぞれ表1に示される。
前記実施例1で素子1の製造において、短絡防止層を形成する際に、引用文献2に記載の焼成処理により短絡防止層を形成したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法を用いて、素子20を製造し、当該表面粗さRaおよび短絡防止層表面のTi/C比は、表1に示される。
実施例1〜9、参考例10〜15および比較例1〜5で製造した色素増感型光電変換素子についての性能評価を行った。
2 第1電極、
3 短絡防止層、
4 増感色素、
5 半導体、
6 光電変換層、
7 電荷輸送層、
8 第2電極、
9 太陽光、
10 色素増感型光電変換素子。
Claims (1)
- 第1電極、短絡防止層、半導体および増感色素を有する光電変換層、固体正孔輸送材料を有する電荷輸送層、ならびに第2電極を含む色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
前記短絡防止層が、有機チタン化合物を含む塗膜を塗布法により形成する第1工程と、得られた塗膜に高エネルギー線を照射する第2工程と、によって形成され、
前記短絡防止層が、前記第1電極上に積層され、かつ、当該短絡防止層表面のTi/C比が10〜30であり、
前記第1電極の表面粗さRaが、10〜50nmであることを特徴とする、色素増感型光電変換素子の製造方法。
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