JP6135667B2 - 二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6135667B2 JP6135667B2 JP2014521273A JP2014521273A JP6135667B2 JP 6135667 B2 JP6135667 B2 JP 6135667B2 JP 2014521273 A JP2014521273 A JP 2014521273A JP 2014521273 A JP2014521273 A JP 2014521273A JP 6135667 B2 JP6135667 B2 JP 6135667B2
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 35
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002000 Electrolyte additive Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 29
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 18
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 13
- -1 cyclic sulfonic acid ester Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 11
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 7
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 7
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000538 analytical sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005469 synchrotron radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002995 LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005595 deprotonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010537 deprotonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCCO1 MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- FFUQCRZBKUBHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl fluoride Chemical compound FP(F)(F)=O FFUQCRZBKUBHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4+ δ (1)
(式(1)において、0≦x<0.2、0≦δ<0.3である。)で示される化合物と、
下記式(2)
LiNi 1- α - βCoαMβO 2 (2)
(式(2)において、MはAl及びMnの少なくとも一方を含む。0.10≦α≦0.47、0.03≦β≦0.4、0.13≦α+β≦0.50である。)で示される化合物とを含む。
Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4+ δ (1)
(式(1)において、0≦x<0.2、0≦δ<0.3である。)で示される化合物と、
下記式(2)
LiNi 1- α - βCoαMβO 2 (2)
(式(2)において、MはAl及びMnの少なくとも一方を含む。0.10≦α≦0.47、0.03≦β≦0.4、0.13≦α+β≦0.50である。)で示される化合物とを含む。
前記式(1)において、0≦x<0.2、0≦δ<0.3である。0≦x≦0.15が好ましく、0≦x≦0.13がより好ましく、0≦x≦0.1がさらに好ましい。また、0≦δ≦0.25が好ましく、0≦δ≦0.23がより好ましく、0≦δ≦0.2がさらに好ましい。
前記式(2)において、MはAl及びMnの少なくとも一方を含む。0.10≦α≦0.47、0.03≦β≦0.4、0.13≦α+β≦0.50である。0.12≦α≦0.40が好ましく、0.13≦α≦0.35がより好ましく、0.15≦α≦0.30がさらに好ましい。0.04≦β≦0.3が好ましく、0.045≦β≦0.25がより好ましく、0.05≦β≦0.2がさらに好ましい。0.15≦α+β≦0.40が好ましく、0.16≦α+β≦0.35がより好ましく、0.17≦α+β≦0.30がさらに好ましい。前記式(2)で示される化合物において、Oの存在するサイトの一部は他の元素で置換されていてもよい。
(1)測定データの2階微分からピーク位置を特定する。
(2)測定データからバックグラウンドを引く。
(関数:A*atan((x−x0)/a)+1/2)、aはスペクトルの分解能である。)
(3)(2)の関数を(1)のピーク位置の複数関数でフィッティングする。
(関数はローレンツ関数、Pseudo−voigt関数が一般的である。)
(4)(3)の半値幅がスペクトルの分解能(励起寿命)以下の場合はノイズと判定する。
(充放電前二次電池の作製)
正極活物質(LiMn2O4:LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2=4:1(質量比))および導電性付与剤としてのカーボンブラックを乾式混合した。該混合物を、バインダーであるPVDFを溶解させたNMP中に均一に分散させて、スラリーを作製した。該スラリーを正極集電体であるアルミニウム金属箔(厚さ20μm)上に塗布した。その後、NMPを蒸発させることにより正極を作製した。正極中の固形分比率は、正極活物質:導電性付与剤:PVDF=90:5:5(質量%)であった。
作製した充放電前二次電池に対し、充放電レート1Cで充電終止電圧4.2V、放電終止電圧3Vの条件にてサイクル試験を行った。充放電のサイクル数は1回、100回、1000回の3種類とした。なお、初回(1回目)の充放電により、正極及び負極に前記鎖状ジスルホン酸エステルに由来する保護皮膜が形成される。
前記サイクル試験を1回行った後の放電容量に対する、前記サイクル試験を1000回行った後の放電容量の割合を容量維持率として算出した。
1回のサイクル試験後、二次電池をグローボックス内で解体し、正極をDECで十分洗浄した。その後、該正極を分析用試料として1cm×1cmのサイズに切り出した。該分析用試料をラミネートパックに封止後、該分析用試料について高エネルギー加速器研究機構BL−9Aにて硫黄のK吸収端でXAFS測定を行った。なお、正極活物質中には不純物としてSO4成分が存在するため、表面転換電子収量法を用いて表面のみの情報を取り出した。また、エネルギー校正を行うために、標準試料としてNa2SO4の粉末試料をペレット状に成形して、硫黄のK吸収端にて同様にXAFS測定を行った。結果を図2に示す。
1回及び100回のサイクル試験後、正極をDECで十分洗浄した。その後、該正極を分析用試料として1cm×1cmのサイズに切り出した。該分析用試料をラミネートパックに封止後、該分析用試料について高エネルギー加速器研究機構BL−9AにてリンのK吸収端でXAFS測定を行った。なお、正極活物質中には不純物としてSO4成分が存在するため、表面転換電子収量法を用いて表面のみの情報を取り出した。結果を図3に示す。
1000回のサイクル試験後、負極をDECで十分洗浄した。その後、該負極を分析用試料として1cm×1cmのサイズに切り出した。ラミネートパックに封止後、該分析用試料について蛍光X線分析装置(Rh Kα線、60kV 66mA、分光結晶LiF(200)、パナリティカル製)を用いてマンガンの定量分析を行った。
添加剤として、末端がベンゼン環の鎖状ジスルホン酸エステルである下記式(4)で示される化合物を用いて電解液を調製した以外は実施例1と同様に充放電前二次電池を作製し、サイクル試験、各種測定を行った。
12 正極活物質含有層
13 負極集電体
14 負極活物質含有層
15 正極
16 負極
17 セパレータ
Claims (4)
- リチウム塩、該リチウム塩を溶解可能な非水溶媒及び添加剤を含む電解液と、リチウムを挿入、脱離可能な正極活物質を含む正極と、負極とを備える二次電池であって、
前記正極活物質の表面に、硫黄のK吸収端X線吸収微細構造スペクトルにおいて2476eV以上、2479eV以下の範囲にピークを有する化合物が形成されており、
前記添加剤が下記式(3)
前記正極活物質が、下記式(1)
Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4+ δ (1)
(式(1)において、0≦x<0.2、0≦δ<0.3である。)
で示される化合物と、
下記式(2)
LiNi 1- α - βCoαMβO 2 (2)
(式(2)において、MはAl及びMnの少なくとも一方を含む。0.10≦α≦0.47、0.03≦β≦0.4、0.13≦α+β≦0.50である。)
で示される化合物とを含む二次電池。 - 前記ピークの強度の最大値を示すエネルギー位置が、Na2SO4のピークの強度の最大値を示すエネルギー位置に対して、1eV以上、2eV以下低エネルギー側に位置している請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電解液が、前記電解液の質量に対して前記添加剤を1質量%以上、5質量%以下含む請求項1又は2に記載の二次電池。
- リチウム塩、該リチウム塩を溶解可能な非水溶媒及び添加剤を含む電解液と、リチウムを挿入、脱離可能な正極活物質を含む正極と、負極とを備える充放電前二次電池を組み立てる工程と、
前記充放電前二次電池を充放電する工程と、を含む二次電池の製造方法であって、
前記充放電により、前記正極活物質の表面に、硫黄のK吸収端X線吸収微細構造スペクトルにおいて2476eV以上、2479eV以下の範囲にピークを有する化合物が形成され、
前記添加剤が下記式(3)
前記正極活物質が、下記式(1)
Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4+ δ (1)
(式(1)において、0≦x<0.2、0≦δ<0.3である。)
で示される化合物と、
下記式(2)
LiNi 1- α - βCoαMβO 2 (2)
(式(2)において、MはAl及びMnの少なくとも一方を含む。0.10≦α≦0.47、0.03≦β≦0.4、0.13≦α+β≦0.50である。)
で示される化合物とを含む二次電池の製造方法。
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