JP5992911B2 - 分子計数による対立遺伝子呼び出しの信頼度の増加 - Google Patents
分子計数による対立遺伝子呼び出しの信頼度の増加 Download PDFInfo
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Description
別段の定義がない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての技術的および科学的用語は、この発明が属する技術分野において通常の技術を有する者によって一般に理解されるものと同一の意味を有する。さらに、所定の要素は、明白性および参照の容易性のために定義される。
本発明を説明する前に、この発明は、記載される特定の実施形態に制限されるものではなく、そのため当然のことながら変動し得ることを理解されたい。本発明の範囲は、添付の請求項によってのみ制限されるため、本明細書で使用される用語は、特定の実施形態のみを説明する目的であり、制限するものではないことも理解されたい。
本発明(以下に詳述される)は、ゲノムDNA、相補的DNA(cDNA)、RNA(例えば、メッセンジャーRNA,リボソームRNA、低分子干渉RNA、マイクロRNA等)、プラスミドDNA、ミトコンドリアDNA、合成DNA等を含むが、これらに限定されない、事実上任意の核酸源から目的とする核酸配列(またはポリヌクレオチド)の操作および解析に用いられ得る。さらに、任意の有機体、有機材料、または核酸含有物質は、本発明に従って処理される核酸の源として使用され得、植物、動物(例えば、爬虫類、哺乳類、昆虫、蠕虫、魚類等)、組織試料、細菌、菌類(例えば、酵母菌)、ファージ、ウイルス、死体組織、考古学的/古代試料等を含むが、これらに限定されない。所定の実施形態では、核酸試料中の核酸は、哺乳類に由来し、所定の実施形態では、哺乳類はヒトである。
本発明の態様は、特定の配列解析構成またはプロセスにおいて配列決定された同一起源の試料の同一ゲノム領域から生じる個別のポリヌクレオチド分子の数を決定または推定するための方法および組成物を含む。本発明のこれらの態様では、縮重塩基領域(DBR)は、後次に配列決定される出発ポリヌクレオチド分子に付着される(例えば、所定のプロセスステップ、例えば、増幅および/または富化、例えばPCRが行われた後)。以下に詳述されるように、配列決定ランに存在する異なるDBR配列の数(および場合によっては組み合わせ)は、特定のポリヌクレオチド(または目的とする領域、region of interest(ROI))について配列決定された異なる出発ポリヌクレオチドの数(または最小数)の確立を可能にする。この数を使用して、例えば、対立遺伝子呼び出しの信頼度の統計的測定を付与し、したがって、そのような対立遺伝子決定を行う際の信頼度を増加させる(例えば、ホモ接合性対立遺伝子を呼び出す(calling)とき)。DBRは、検出されない場合、遺伝子解析に負の影響を及ぼす、潜在的配列決定または増幅エラーの同定も可能にする。
上で詳述されるように、DBRは、複雑なゲノムまたはプールを含む、不均一試料中の配列変異型の統計的検証を可能にする。例えば、DBRは、腫瘍試料、微生物試料、環境試料等における複雑なゲノムの解析での使用が見出される。
上述のように、本発明の態様では、変性塩基ラン(DBR)を使用して、所与のプロセスで配列決定または解析されたテンプレート分子の実際の数を推定するか、または定量測定を行う。2つの読み出しは、その読み出しが同一のテンプレート分子を起源とするためか、または分子が偶然に同一のDBRを受容したために、同一のDBRを有し得る。配列決定された別個のテンプレート分子の潜在的な数は、DBRの数から読み出しの数の範囲である。出発分子の数からのDBRの分布は、占有分布により付与される[C.A.Charalambides and C.A.Charalambides.Combinatorial methods in discrete distributions.John Wiley and Sons,2005を参照]。DBRの観測された数を条件として、出発分子の可能な数は、最大の可能な推定、または他の適切な技法を使用して計算され得る。あるいは、それぞれのDBRについて、最も可能性の高いテンプレート分子は、その特定のDBRとともに、全ての読み出しのコンセンサス配列を使用して推定され得る。このアプローチは、特定の変異型と関連付けられたテンプレート分子の数の正確な推定を生成するように組み合わされ得る。
DBRを使用して、PCR反応のテンプレートとして使用される出発分子の数を推定するか、または測定を行うことができる。例えば、出発ポリヌクレオチド試料は、PCRプライマー対を使用して、最初のサイクルまたは最初の数サイクルのためにPCR増幅されてよく、一方(または両方)のプライマーは、一般的プライマー配列および標的特異的配列に対するDBR5′を含む。初期サイクル(複数可)の後、このDBRを含有するPCRプライマー対は、除去され得るか、または不活性化され、残りのサイクルに対するDBRを有しないPCRプライマーと置き換えられてよい。DBRを含有するプライマーの除去/不活性化は、任意の便宜的な方法で、例えば、物理的または生化学的手段により達成されてよい。例えば、DBRを含有するプライマーは、そこに結合対の第1の構成要因(例えば、ビオチン)を付着させてもよく、それによって固体支持体に付着された結合パートナー(例えば、固体支持体に結合されたストレプトアビジン)に試料を接触させて、非結合画分を収集することにより、これらのプライマーの除去を促進する。あるいは、遊離DBRを含有するプライマーは、試料を一本鎖特異的エキソヌクレアーゼ(例えば、エキソヌクレアーゼI)で処理するか、プライマーをさらなるプライマー伸長工程に関与できないようにするか(例えば、ジデオキシヌクレオチドを3′末端に組み込むことによる)、または固相可逆的不動化(SPRI)プロセス(例えば、Agencourt AMPure XP−PCR Purification,Beckman Coulter)によりプライマーを除去され得る。第2のPCRプライマーは、最初のサイクル/最初の数サイクルで使用されるDBRを含有するPCRプライマーから生成されたテンプレートでDBRを複製するように、第1群のプライマーのそれぞれの5′末端上に存在する配列を含むように設計される。したがって、PCRの残りのサイクルは、DBRを含有する最初のサイクル/最初の数サイクルの生成物のみを増幅させる。別の実施形態では、DBRを含有するプライマーは、DBRを含有しない第2群のプライマーよりも高いTmを有するように設計され得る(すなわち、第1のPCRプライマーの標的特異的配列のTmが、5′一般的プライマー配列に特異的な第2のPCRプライマーのそれよりも高い)。この例示的なシナリオでは、DBRを含有するプライマーは、制限量で存在する場合があり、PCRの最初のサイクル/最初の数サイクルは、より高いTmで行われ、DBRを含有するプライマーのみがアニールし、核酸合成に関与するようにする。DBRを含有するプライマーが制限量で存在するため、それらは最初のサイクル/最初の数PCRサイクルで使い果たされる。残りのPCRサイクルをより低いTmで行うことは、DBRを含まない第2群のPCRプライマーによるさらなる増幅を可能にするが、最初のサイクル/最初の数サイクルの生成物からDBRを複製する(上述のとおり)。
表I 単一の二本鎖テンプレート(AおよびB)に対するPCR反応のサイクル0〜3におけるDBRタグ付け
DBRはまた、腫瘍試料中、例えば、対象の単一腫瘍内または異なる腫瘍間の染色体異常の異種性を評価する際の使用が見出される。例えば、1つ以上の腫瘍試料は、単一の腫瘍から(例えば、腫瘍内または周囲の異なる位置)および/または対象の異なる腫瘍から取得され、1つ以上の染色体位置での遺伝的変異について解析され得る。所定の実施形態では、試料は、経時的に腫瘍(または対象)から取得され得る。そのような変異は、当該技術分野において知られているように、特異的な塩基変化、欠失、挿入、複製等を含み得る。DBRを用いて、特異的な遺伝的変異を同定する前に、腫瘍試料(複数可)内のポリヌクレオチドをタグ付けしてよく、それにより同定される任意の変異型を認証する統計解析を行う方法を提供する。例えば、統計解析を使用して、検出された変異が、腫瘍の細胞のサブセットにおける変異を表すか否か、対象における特定の腫瘍に特異的な変異であるか否か、個体の非腫瘍細胞において見出される変異であるか否か、または変異型が同定されたプロセスのアーチファクト(例えば、PCRアーチファクト)であるか否かを決定することができる。
DBR解析は、単一試料中または異なる試料(例えば、異なる時点で、または異なる位置から収集された試料)の間でマイクローブ/ウイルスの集団の遺伝的変異/多様性を決定する際に使用することもできる。例えば、感染の経過で個体から収集された試料は、本明細書に記載されるDBRを使用して、感染プロセス中の遺伝的変異について解析され得る。しかしながら、微生物/ウイルス試料の型に関するいかなる制限も意図されず、そのため試料は任意の源、例えば、感染した対象、環境源(土壌、水、植物、動物、または動物の排泄物等)、食物源、または1つ以上の遺伝子座または領域において、試料中の微生物の遺伝的多様性の決定が望ましい任意の他の試料に由来し得る。この方法を実践する際に、試料から派生したポリヌクレオチドは、本明細書に記載されるように、DBRで標識され(富化工程の前または後のいずれか)、目的とする1つ以上の遺伝子部位または遺伝子座における遺伝的変動を同定するように処理される。次にDBRの解析を行って、目的とする遺伝子座(複数可)において決定された試料中のマイクローブの遺伝的多様性の高い信頼度を提供することができる。そのような解析は、様々な源から、および/または源からの様々な時点で収集された試料上で行うことができる。微生物多様性を評価する際に使用が見出される例示的な遺伝子座は、これらに限定されないが、リボソームRNA、例えば、16SリボソームRNA,抗生物質耐性遺伝子、代謝酵素遺伝子等が含まれる。
DBR解析は、試料中の異なるポリヌクレオチド種のレベルを評価する際にも使用することができる。特異的に、DBR解析は、試料中の親ポリヌクレオチドの数を決定(または推定)することができるため、相対量または定量の特異的ポリヌクレオチド種およびそのような種の決定における信頼度が評価され得る。例えば、DBRを使用するcDNA試料の解析を用いて、試料中の異なるcDNA種の相対レベルまたは定量レベルを評価することができ、したがって、それらの相対遺伝子発現レベルを決定する方法を提供する。
DBRの別の適用は、プールされた試料中のそれぞれのポリヌクレオチドが、その試料の起源に特異的なMIDを含む(上で詳述される)、プールされたポリヌクレオチド試料に関して遺伝子解析を行うことにある。これは、使用者が、プールされた試料を生成するために複合された試料のそれぞれの起源から、特異的なポリヌクレオチド種(または複数の種)の配列カバレージを決定することを可能にする。これは、プールされた試料中のそれぞれの出発試料からのポリヌクレオチドが適切に表されることを保証する機序を提供する。したがって、本発明の実施形態は、プールされた試料中のポリヌクレオチドの配列解析を含み、それぞれのポリヌクレオチドは、MIDおよびDBRを含有する。これらの実施形態では、試料特異的配列解析で使用されるのはMID/DBRの複合であるため、同一のDBR設計は、全ての親試料/MIDと併用されてよい。
対象の方法を実践するため、すなわち、DBRを使用して特定のポリヌクレオチドについて配列決定された異なる出発ポリヌクレオチドの数(または最小数)を決定するためのキットおよびシステムも対象の発明により提供される。そのためシステムおよびキットは、DBRを含有するポリヌクレオチド(例えば、アダプター)ならびに本明細書に記載される目的とする任意の他の機能ドメイン(例えば、配列決定プライマー部位、MID、再帰的配列等)を含んでよい。システムおよびキットは、親試料中のポリヌクレオチドにアダプターを付着させること、アダプター/DBR付着のための親試料、ならびに/または配列決定反応を行うための試薬(例えば、リガーゼ、制限酵素、ヌクレオチド、ポリメラーゼ、プライマー、配列決定プライマー、dNTP、ddNTP、エキソヌクレアーゼ等)を調製することにおける任意の工程を行うための試薬も含み得る。このシステムおよびキットの様々な構成要素は、別個の容器に存在し得るか、または必要に応じて、所定の適合構成要素が単一の容器に、事前に組み入れられてもよい。
マウスゲノムDNAの2つの同一試料をアダプターで標識した。1つの例は、7つの塩基(RYBDHVB)から成る重複して合成された領域を有するアダプターを使用し、それぞれ塩基ACAに続く2つの塩基(RおよびY位)または3つの塩基(B、D、H、またはV位)(または合計972の異なる配列)のうちの1つであり得、第2の試料は、7つの塩基(RYBDHVB)から成る重複して合成された領域を有するアダプターを使用し、それぞれ塩基ACGに続く2つの塩基(RおよびY位)または3つの塩基(B、D、H、またはV位)(または合計972の異なる配列)のうちの1つであり得る。太字の下線付き塩基は、合成多形部位に対応することに留意されたい。これらのアダプターにおいて、配列RYBは、DBR領域として機能し、DHVBはMIDとして機能する。したがって、12の可能なDBR(2×2×3)コードおよび81の異なるMID(3×3×3×3)が存在した。
図1は、試料中の各MIDの対立遺伝子比を示す。6つのパネルのそれぞれの上部にある数字は、使用されるゲノムDNAのインプット質量(ナノグラム)を示す。横座標は、任意の特定のMIDについて、A配列読み出しの画分、または決定の総数に対する決定(すなわち、合成SNP位における多形塩基の1つの読み出し数)の比、例えば、(A決定)/(A決定+G決定)の比を示す。これは、対立遺伝子比と呼ばれる。座標は、特定の対立遺伝子比(上記のMIDの総数は81)で観察されるMIDの数である。インプットDNAは、50/50のA/G比であることが知られているため、それぞれの試料の対立遺伝子比は、0.5であるはずである。
Claims (20)
- 多型領域の対立遺伝子が試料中に存在するか否かを決定する方法であって、
試料内の出発ポリヌクレオチド分子にアダプターを付着させることであって、このとき、前記アダプターが、R、Y、S、W、K、M、B、D、H、V、N、およびこれらの修飾型から選択される少なくとも1つのヌクレオチド塩基を含む、縮重塩基領域(DBR)を含むものであることと、
前記アダプターを付着させたポリヌクレオチドを増幅して、増幅したアダプター付着ポリヌクレオチドを製造することと、
複数の前記増幅したアダプター付着ポリヌクレオチドを配列決定することであって、このとき、前記DBRおよび前記ポリヌクレオチドの少なくとも一部分の配列が、前記複数のアダプター付着ポリヌクレオチドのそれぞれについて得られるものであることと、
標的多型領域の対立遺伝子について、前記複数の配列決定されたアダプター付着ポリヌクレオチド内に存在する別個のDBR配列の数を決定して、対立遺伝子についての出発ポリヌクレオチドの数を評価することと、
前記対立遺伝子についての出発ポリヌクレオチドの数に基づいて、前記対立遺伝子が前記試料中に存在するか否かを決定することと、
を含む、方法。 - 標的多型領域の一つの対立遺伝子について、前記対立遺伝子に関連する異なるDBR配列の数を決定することと、
標的多型領域の前記対立遺伝子について、異なるDBR配列のそれぞれを含む配列読み出しの数を決定することと、
計数した異なる配列の数と計数した配列読み出しの数とを用いて、前記対立遺伝子が前記試料中に存在する可能性を算出することと、
前記対立遺伝子が前記試料中に存在するか否かを決定することであって、このとき可能性が高いほど前記決定の信頼度が増すこと、
を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記アダプターが、再帰的配列、およびプロモーター部位のうちの1つ以上をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記DBRが、少なくとも2個のヌクレオチド塩基を含み、前記少なくとも2個のヌクレオチド塩基のそれぞれが、R、Y、S、W、K、M、B、D、H、V、およびNから選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記DBRが3〜10個のヌクレオチド塩基を含み、前記3〜10個のヌクレオチド塩基のそれぞれが、R、Y、S、W、K、M、B、D、H、V、およびNから選択される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記アダプターが試料を同定する固有の多重識別子を含み、前記方法が、配列決定の前に前記試料を他の複数の試料とプールすることを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、ゲノムDNA試料である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記他の複数の試料が、異なる対象に由来する、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記試料がヒトゲノムDNAの試料である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- さらに前記試料が、試料内の出発ポリヌクレオチド分子にアダプターを付着させる前に、目的とする領域に対して富化される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 目的とする領域に対して、前記アダプター付着ポリヌクレオチドを富化することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アダプターが非対称アダプターであり、第1のアダプタードメインが前記ポリヌクレオチドの第1の末端に存在し、第2のアダプタードメインが前記ポリヌクレオチドの第2の末端に存在し、前記DBRが、前記第1のアダプタードメイン内の少なくとも2個のヌクレオチド塩基のうちの1つ以上と、前記第2のアダプタードメイン内の少なくとも2個のヌクレオチド塩基のうちの1つ以上とを含む、分割DBRである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記アダプターが、増幅反応において前記ポリヌクレオチド分子に付着され、前記DBRが、前記増幅反応に用いられる合成プライマーに存在する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増幅反応がPCRである、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、前記試料中の前記ポリヌクレオチドの遺伝的異質性を決定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、腫瘍組織に由来するポリヌクレオチドを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が、微生物および/またはウイルスに由来するポリヌクレオチドを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、前記他の複数の試料に存在する前記ポリヌクレオチドの遺伝的異質性を決定することを含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記他の複数の試料が、経時的な対象に由来する、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記試料が感染を有する対象から収集され、経時的に前記感染の病原体(一又は複数)の遺伝的異質性が決定される、請求項6に記載の方法。
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