JP5981853B2 - ニューレグリンアンタゴニスト及び癌の治療におけるそれらの使用 - Google Patents
ニューレグリンアンタゴニスト及び癌の治療におけるそれらの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2010年2月18日に出願された米国仮出願第61/305878号の利益を主張し、その開示内容は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
I.定義
本明細書における目的のための「アクセプターヒトフレームワーク」とは、下記に定義されるように、ヒト免疫グロブリンフレームワーク又はヒトコンセンサスフレームワークから得られる軽鎖可変ドメイン(VL)フレームワーク又は重鎖可変ドメイン(VH)フレームワークのアミノ酸配列を含有するフレームワークである。ヒト免疫グロブリンのフレームワーク又はヒトコンセンサスフレームワーク”に由来する”アクセプターヒトフレームワークは、その同一のアミノ酸配列を含んでもよく、又はそれはアミノ酸配列の変化を含み得る。幾つかの実施態様において、アミノ酸変化の数は、10以下、9以下、8以下、7以下、6以下、5以下、4以下、3以下、又は2以下である。幾つかの実施態様において、VLアクセプターヒトフレームワークは、Vはヒト免疫グロブリンのフレームワーク配列又はヒトコンセンサスフレームワーク配列に、配列が同一である。
分率X/Yの100倍
ここで、Xは配列アラインメントプログラムALIGN-2により、AとBのそのプログラムのアラインメントにおいて同一と一致したスコアのアミノ酸残基の数であり、YはBの全アミノ酸残基数である。アミノ酸配列Aの長さがアミノ酸配列Bの長さと異なる場合、AのBに対する%アミノ酸配列同一性は、BのAに対する%アミノ酸配列同一性とは異なることは理解されるであろう。特に断らない限り、本明細書で使用されるすべての%アミノ酸配列同一性値が、ALIGN−2コンピュータプログラムを使用し、直前の段落で説明したように、得られる。
本発明は、NRG自己分泌シグナル伝達が、他の化学療法感受性腫瘍における化学療法後の腫瘍細胞の小集団の生存及び増殖において重要な役割を果たしているという知見に基づくものである。本明細書ではこれらの生き残った腫瘍細胞は、「腫瘍再発生細胞」又は「TRIC」と呼ばれ、以前に治療薬で治療された患者では、癌の再発(relapse)と再発(recurrence)に関与している。一実施態様において、患者を治療するために使われる治療薬は化学療法剤である。その他の実施態様において、患者を治療するために使用される治療薬は、抗体又はその断片などの抗原結合剤である。
本発明の方法において有用なNRGアンタゴニストは、NRGに特異的に結合するポリペプチド、NRGに特異的に結合する、NRG抗体(抗NRG抗体)、RNAi、siRNA、shRNAなどのRNA、小分子、受容体分子、及び誘導体、例えばイムノアドヘシンが含まれる。(例えば、米国特許第6696290号及び第7659368号、米国特許出願公開第2010055093号及び第20100278801号を参照)及び融合タンパク質。NRGのアンタゴニストはまた、NRGのポリペプチド、RNAアプタマー及びNRGに対するペプチボディのアンタゴニスト変異体を含む。これらのそれぞれの例が以下に記載される。一実施態様において、NRGアンタゴニストは、NRG1アンタゴニストである。他の実施態様では、NRGアンタゴニストは、NRG2、NRG3、またはNRG4アンタゴニストである。
本発明の方法において有用な抗NRG抗体は、NRGに十分な親和性と特異性で結合し、NRGシグナル伝達を減少又は阻害することができる任意の抗体が含まれている。NRGアンタゴニストは、国際公開第1992020798号、米国特許第6953842号、及び米国特許第6252051号に記載される。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書において与えられる抗体は、解離定数(Kd)が、≦1μM、≦100nM、≦10nM、≦1nM、≦0.1nM、≦0.01nM、又は≦0.001nM(例えば、10−8M未満、例えば、10−8Mから10−13M、例えば、10−9Mから10−13M)。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、抗体断片である。抗体断片は、限定されないが、Fab、Fab’、Fab’−SH、F(ab’)2、Fv、及びscFv断片、及び下記の他の断片を含む。所定の抗体断片の総説については、 Hudson et al. Nat. Med. 9:129-134 (2003)を参照。scFv断片の総説については、例えば、 Pluckthun, in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp. 269-315 (1994)を参照;また、国際公開第93/16185号;及び米国特許第5571894号及び第5587458号も参照。サルベージ受容体結合エピトープ残基を含み、かつインビボ半減期を増加させたFab及びF(ab’)2断片の議論については、米国特許第5869046号を参照のこと。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、キメラ抗体である。所定のキメラ抗体は、例えば、米国特許第4816567号、及びMorrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984))に記載されている。一例において、キメラ抗体は、非ヒト可変領域(例えば、マウス、ラット、ハムスター、ウサギ、又はサル等の非ヒト霊長類由来の可変領域)及びヒト定常領域を含む。更なる例において、キメラ抗体は、クラスまたはサブクラスが親抗体のものから変更された「クラススイッチ」抗体である。キメラ抗体は、その抗原結合断片を含む。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、ヒト抗体である。ヒト抗体は、当技術分野で公知の様々な技術を用いて生産することができる。ヒト抗体は一般的にvan Dijk and van de Winkel, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5: 368-74 (2001) 及びLonberg, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20:450-459 (2008)に記載されている。
本発明の抗体は、所望の活性または活性を有する抗体についてコンビナトリアルライブラリーをスクリーニングすることによって単離することができる。例えば、様々な方法が、ファージディスプレイライブラリーを生成し、所望の結合特性を有する抗体についてのライブラリーをスクリーニングするために、当該技術分野で知られている。そのような方法は、例えば、Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology 178:1-37 (O’Brien et al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, NJ, 2001)に総説され、更に、例えば、McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-554; Clackson et al., Nature 352: 624-628 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-597 (1992); Marks and Bradbury, in Methods in Molecular Biology 248:161-175 (Lo, ed., Human Press, Totowa, NJ, 2003); Sidhu et al., J. Mol. Biol. 338(2): 299-310 (2004); Lee et al., J. Mol. Biol. 340(5): 1073-1093 (2004); Fellouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(34): 12467-12472 (2004); 及びLee et al., J. Immunol. Methods 284(1-2): 119-132(2004)に記載されている。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、多重特異性抗体、例えば二重特異性抗体である。多重特異性抗体は、少なくとも二つの異なる部位に対して結合特異性を有するモノクローナル抗体である。所定の実施態様において、結合特異性の一つはNRGに対してであり、他は、任意の他の抗原に対してである。所定の実施態様において、二重特異性抗体は、NRGの2つの異なるエピトープに結合することができる。二重特異性抗体はまたNRGを発現する細胞に細胞傷害性薬剤を局所化するために用いることができる。二重特異性抗体は、全長抗体又は抗体断片として調製することができる。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体のアミノ酸配列変異体が企図される。例えば、抗体の結合親和性及び/又は他の生物学的特性を改善することが望まれ得る。抗体のアミノ酸配列変異体は、抗体をコードするヌクレオチド配列に適切な改変を導入することにより、またはペプチド合成によって調製することができる。このような改変は、例えば、抗体のアミノ酸配列内における、残基の欠失、及び/又は挿入及び/又は置換を含む。最終コンストラクトが所望の特性、例えば、抗原結合を有していることを条件として、欠失、挿入、及び置換の任意の組み合わせが、最終構築物に到達させるために作成され得る。
所定の実施態様において、一つ以上のアミノ酸置換を有する抗体変異体が提供される。置換突然変異の対象となる部位は、HVRとFRを含む。保存的置換は、表1の「保存的置換」の見出しの下に示されている。より実質的な変更が、表1の「例示的置換」の見出しの下に与えられ、アミノ酸側鎖のクラスを参照して以下に更に説明される。アミノ酸置換は、関心の抗体に導入することができ、その産物は、所望の活性、例えば、抗原結合の保持/改善、免疫原性の減少、又はADCC又はCDCの改善についてスクリーニングされた。
(1)疎水性:ノルロイシン、Met、Ala、Val、Leu、Ile;
(2)中性の親水性:Cys、Ser、Thr、Asn、Gln;
(3)酸性:His、Lys、Arg;
(4)塩基性:His、Lys、Arg;
(5)鎖配向に影響する残基:Gly、Pro;
(6)芳香族:Trp、Tyr、Phe.
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は抗体がグリコシル化される程度を増加または減少するように改変される。抗体へのグリコシル化部位の付加または欠失は、一以上のグリコシル化部位が作成または削除されるようにアミノ酸配列を変えることによって簡便に達成することができる。
所定の実施態様において、1つまたは複数のアミノ酸改変が、本明細書で提供される抗体のFc領域に導入することができ、それによってFc領域変異体を生成する。Fc領域の変異体は、1つまたは複数のアミノ酸位置においてアミノ酸修飾(例えば置換)を含むヒトFc領域の配列(例えば、ヒトIgG1、IgG2、IgG3又はIgG4のFc領域)を含んでもよい。
所定の実施態様において、抗体の1つ以上の残基がシステイン残基で置換されている、システイン改変抗体、例えば、「thioMAbs」を作成することが望まれ得る。特定の実施態様において、置換された残基は、抗体のアクセス可能な部位で起きる。それらの残基をシステインで置換することにより、反応性チオール基は、それによって抗体のアクセス可能な部位に配置され、本明細書中でさらに記載されるように、イムノコンジュゲーを作成するために、例えば薬物部分またはリンカー−薬剤部分などの他の部分に抗体をコンジュゲートするために使用することができる。所定の実施態様において、以下の残基のいずれかまたは複数がシステインに置換され得る:軽鎖のV205(Kabat番号付け);重鎖のA118(EU番号付け);及び重鎖Fc領域のS400(EU番号付け)。システイン改変抗体は、例えば、米国特許第7521541号に記載のように生成され得る。
l)抗体誘導体
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、当技術分野で知られ、容易に入手されている追加の非タンパク質部分を含むように更に改変することができる。抗体の誘導体化に適した部分としては、限定されないが、水溶性ポリマーを含む。水溶性ポリマーの非限定的な例は、限定されないが、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、エチレングリコール/プロピレングリコールの共重合体、カルボキシメチルセルロース、デキストラン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリ−1,3−ジオキソラン、ポリ−1,3,6−トリオキソラン、エチレン/無水マレイン酸共重合体、ポリアミノ酸(単独重合体又はランダム共重合体の何れか)及びデキストラン又はポリ(n−ビニルピロリドン)ポリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール単独重合体、プロピレンオキシド/エチレンオキシド共重合体、ポリオキシエチル化ポリオール(例えばグリセロール)、ポリビニルアルコール及びこれらの混合物を包含するポリエチレングリコールプロピオンアルデヒドはその水中での安定性のために製造において好都合である。ポリマーは何れかの分子量のものであってよく、そして分枝鎖又は未分枝鎖であってよい。抗体に結合するポリマーの数は変動してよく、そして、1つより多い重合体が結合する場合は、それらは同じか又は異なる分子であることができる。一般的に、誘導体化に使用するポリマーの数及び/又は種類は、限定されないが、向上させるべき抗体の特定の特性又は機能、抗体誘導体が特定の条件下で治療に使用されるのか等を考慮しながら決定することができる。
抗体は、例えば米国特許第4816567号で説明したように、組換えの方法および組成物を用いて製造することができる。一実施態様において、本明細書に記載される抗NRGの抗体をコードする単離された核酸が提供される。このような核酸は、抗体のVLを含むアミノ酸配列、及び/又は抗体のVHを含むアミノ酸配列(例えば、抗体の軽鎖及び/又は重鎖)をコードし得る。更なる実施態様において、そのような核酸を含む1つ以上のベクター(例えば、発現ベクター)が提供される。更なる実施態様において、そのような核酸を含む宿主細胞が提供される。一実施態様において、宿主細胞は〜を含む(例えば、〜で形質転換される):(1)抗体のVLを含むアミノ酸配列、及び抗体のVHを含むアミノ酸配列をコードする核酸を含むベクター、又は(2)抗体のVLを含むアミノ酸配列をコードする核酸を含む第一ベクター、及び抗体のVHを含むアミノ酸配列をコードする核酸を含む第ニベクター。一実施態様において、宿主細胞は、真核生物、例えばチャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞、またはリンパ系細胞(例えば、Y0、NS0、Sp20細胞)である。一実施態様において、抗NRG抗体を作る方法が提供され、その方法は、上記のように、抗体の発現に適した条件下で、抗体をコードする核酸を含む宿主細胞を培養することを含み、および必要に応じて、宿主細胞(または宿主細胞培養培地)から抗体を回収することを含む。
本明細書で提供されるNRGアンタゴニストは、同定され、当技術分野で公知の様々なアッセイによってその物理的/化学的性質および/または生物学的活性についてスクリーニングされ、または特徴づけることができる。
特異的にNGRに結合するNRG結合ポリペプチドまたはその断片は、例えば、NGRタンパク質に結合して隔離することで、シグナル伝達からそれを阻止するために、本発明の方法で使用することができる。好ましくは、NRGポリペプチド又はその断片は、水溶性の形態である。幾つかの実施態様において、ポリペプチドの可溶性形態は、NGRに結合することによりその天然の結合パートナーと会合することを防ぐことによって、NGRの生物活性に対する阻害効果を発揮する。
アプタマーは、NRGのポリペプチドなどの標的分子に特異的に結合する三次元構造を形成する核酸分子である。アプタマーの生成と治療上の使用は、当技術分野で確立されている。米国特許第5475096号を参照。アプタマーに関する更なる情報は、米国特許出願公開第20060148748号に見いだすことができる。
ペプチボディは、免疫グロブリン分子の断片または一部をコードするアミノ酸配列に連結されたペプチド配列である。ポリペプチドは、限定されないが、ファージディスプレイ技術を含む、特異的結合のための任意の方法によって選択されたランダム化された配列に由来し得る。好ましい実施態様において、選択されたポリペプチドは、免疫グロブリンのFc部分をコードするアミノ酸配列に連結させることができる。NRGに特異的に結合して拮抗するペプチボディは、本発明の方法においても有用である。
他のNRGアンタゴニストは、アンチセンス技術を用いて調製されたアンチセンスRNA又はDNAコンストラクトであり、例えば、アンチセンスRNA又はDNA分子は、標的mRNAにハイブリダイズし、タンパク質の翻訳を防止することにより、直接mRNAの翻訳を阻害するように作用する。アンチセンス技術は、三重らせん形成またはアンチセンスDNAまたはRNAによって遺伝子発現を制御するために使用することができ、どちらの方法も、DNAまたはRNAへのポリヌクレオチドの結合に基づく。例えば、本明細書で成熟したNRGポリペプチドコード化するヌクレオチド配列の5'コーディング部分を、長さ約10から40塩基対のアンチセンスRNAオリゴヌクレオチドを設計するために使用することができる。DNAオリゴヌクレオチドは、転写に関与する遺伝子の領域に相補的であるように設計されており(三重らせん−Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science, 241: 456 (1988); Dervan et al., Science, 251:1360 (1991)を参照)、それによって転写及びNRGポリペプチドの産生を防止する。アンチセンスRNAオリゴヌクレオチドは、インビボでmRNAにハイブリダイズし、mRNA分子のNRGポリペプチドへの翻訳を遮断する(アンチセンス−Okano, Neurochem., 56:560 (1991); 遺伝子発現のアンチセンス阻害剤としてのオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド(CRC Press:Boca Raton,FL,1988)。上記のオリゴヌクレオチドは、アンチセンスRNA又はDNAがNRGポリペプチドの産生を阻害するためにインビボで発現され得るように細胞に送達することができる。アンチセンスDNAを用いる場合には、例えば、標的遺伝子の塩基配列の約−10と+10の位置の間の翻訳開始部位に由来するオリゴデオキシリボヌクレオチドが好ましい。
本発明のNRG結合オリゴペプチドは、好ましくは特異的に、本明細書に記載したようにNRGに結合するオリゴペプチドである。NRG結合オリゴペプチドは既知のオリゴペプチド合成手法を用いて化学的に合成することができるか、組換え技術を用いて調製され、精製することができる。NRG結合オリゴペプチドは、通常長さが少なくとも5個のアミノ酸であり、あるいは長さが少なくとも約6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99、または100アミノ酸かそれ以上であり、本明細書に記載されるように、好ましくは、特異的に、NRGにすることが可能であるオリゴペプチドである。NRG結合オリゴペプチドは、周知の技術を用いて過度の実験なしに同定することができる。この点に関して、特異的に標的ポリペプチドに結合することができるオリゴペプチドについてオリゴペプチドライブラリーをスクリーニングするための技術が、当技術分野において周知であることが留意される(例えば、米国特許第5556762号、第5750373号、第4708871号、第4833092号、第5223409号、第5403484号、第5571689号、第5663143号;PCT公開番号国際公開第84/03506号及び国際公開第84/03564号; Geysen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81:3998-4002 (1984); Geysen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82:178-182 (1985); Geysen et al., in Synthetic Peptides as Antigens, 130-149 (1986); Geysen et al., J. Immunol. Meth., 102:259-274 (1987); Schoofs et al., J. Immunol., 140:611-616 (1988), Cwirla, S. E. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6378; Lowman, H.B. et al. (1991) Biochemistry, 30:10832; Clackson, T. et al. (1991) Nature, 352: 624; Marks, J. D. et al. (1991), J. Mol. Biol., 222:581; Kang, A.S. et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:8363, and Smith, G. P. (1991) Current Opin. Biotechnol., 2:668)。
NRG結合小分子とは、いくつかの実施態様では、本明細書に定義されたオリゴペプチド又は抗体以外の、本明細書に記載されるように好ましくは特異的にNRGに結合する、有機分子である。NRG結合有機小分子が同定され、化学的に既知の方法論を用いて合成することができる(例えば、PCT公開番号国際公開第00/00823号及び国際公開第00/39585号を参照)。NRG結合有機小分子は、通常約2000ダルトン未満の大きさであり、あるいは、1500、750、500、250又は200ダルトンより小さい大きさであって、本明細書に記載されるように、好ましくは特異的にNRGに結合することができるそうした有機小分子は、周知の技術を用いて過度の実験なしに同定することができる。この点に関して、標的ポリペプチドに結合することができる分子について、有機小分子ライブラリーをスクリーニングするための技術は、当技術分野において周知であることが特記される(例えば、PCT公開番号国際公開第00/00823号及び国際公開第00/39585号を参照)。NRGの結合有機小分子は、例えば、アルデヒド、ケトン、オキシム、ヒドラゾン、セミカルバゾン、カルバジド、第一アミン、第二級アミン、第3級アミン、N−置換ヒドラジン、ヒドラジド、アルコール、エーテル、チオール、チオエーテル、ジスルフィド、カルボン酸、エステル、アミド、尿素、カルバメート、カーボネート、ケタール、チオケタール、アセタール、チオアセタール、ハロゲン化アリール、アリールスルホン酸塩、アルキルハライド、アルキルスルホン酸塩、芳香族化合物、複素環化合物、アニリン、アルケン、アルキン、ジオール、アミノアルコール、オキサゾリジン、オキサゾリン、チアゾリジン、チアゾリン、エナミン、スルホンアミド、エポキシド、アジリジン、イソシアネート、塩化スルホニル、ジアゾ化合物、酸塩化物、等であり得る。
本発明はまた、化学療法剤又は薬物、成長抑制剤、毒素(例えば、タンパク質毒素、細菌、真菌、植物、または動物起源の酵素活性毒素、又はそれらの断片)、又は放射性同位元素など、1つ以上の細胞傷害性薬物にコンジュゲートした本明細書中のNRGアンタゴニストを含むイムノコンジュゲートを提供する。
所定の実施態様において、本明細書で提供されるNRGアンタゴニストは、生物学的サンプル中のNRGの存在を検出するのに有用である。本明細書で使用する「検出」という用語は、定量的または定性的検出を包含する。所定の実施態様において、生物学的サンプルは、肺組織又は乳房組織などの細胞または組織を含む。
本明細書で提供されるNRGアンタゴニストを、治療方法で使用することができる。
本発明の他の実施態様において、上述した障害の治療、予防、及び/又は診断に有用な材料を含む製造品が提供される。製造品は、容器とラベルまたは容器上にあるまたは容器に付属するパッケージ挿入物を含む。好適な容器は、例としてボトル、バイアル、シリンジ、IV輸液バッグ 等を含む。容器はガラス又はプラスチックなどの様々な材料から形成されうる。容器は、疾患の治療、予防、及び/又は診断に有効である、それ自体か、又はその他の組成物と併用される化合物を収容し、無菌のアクセスポートを有し得る(例えば、容器は皮下注射針による穴あきストッパーを有する静脈内溶液バッグ又はバイアルであってよい)。組成物中の少なくとも一の活性剤は本発明の抗体である。ラベルまたはパッケージ挿入物は、組成物が特定の症状の治療のために使用されることを示している。更に、製造品は、(a)組成物が本発明の抗体を包含する組成物を含む第一の容器;および(b)組成物が更なる細胞障害性又はその他の治療的薬剤を包含する組成物を含む第2の容器を含み得る。本発明の本実施態様における製造品は、組成物が特定の疾患を治療することに用いることができることを示すパッケージ挿入物をさらに含んでいてもよい。別法として、または加えて、製造品は、薬学的に許容されるバッファー、例えば注射用静菌水(BWFI)、リン酸緩衝化塩水、リンガー溶液およびデキストロース溶液を含む第二(または第三)の容器をさらに含んでもよい。これは、他のバッファー、希釈剤、フィルター、針、およびシリンジを含む、商業的およびユーザーの立場から望まれる他の物質のさらに含んでもよい。
以下は本発明の方法および組成物の例である。上記提供される一般的な説明を前提として、他の様々な実施態様が実施され得ることが理解される。
実施例1:方法
細胞株
NSCLC細胞株Calu3、H441、H1299、H1993、A549およびH596、およびKPL4乳癌細胞株は、アメリカン・タイプ・カルチャー・コレクション(ATCC)、マナッサスから得た。これらの細胞株は、10%FBS、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンおよびL−グルタミンを含有するPRMIで維持された。Calu3は、RPMIの代わりにATCC培地で培養された。Calu3、H441及びKPL4細胞株はTZV−b−アクチンeGFPのレンチウイルスで形質導入した。複数回の継代後、高GFP発現細胞が選別されて増幅され、約95%のGFP陽性細胞を得て、これらの下位株はCalu3−GFPおよびH441−GFPおよびKPL4−GFPと記載された。マウスNSCLC細胞株のLKPH1とLKPH2は、KrasLSL−G12D/+、p53FL/+、Z/EG肺腫瘍担持マウスからの2つの独立した腫瘍由来であった。細胞株は、はじめに、5%のFBS、ウシ下垂体抽出物、N2サプリメント、EGF、FGF、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンおよびL−グルタミンを含むDMEM/F12培地で樹立された。LKPH1及びLKPH2は、10%FBS、ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン及びL−グルタミンを含むDMEM高グルコース培地で培養した。
shNRG1:5’−GATCCCCCATGGTGAACATAGCGAATTTCAAGAGAATTCGCTATGTTCACCATGTTTTTTGGAAA−3’(センス)(配列番号1)
及び
5’−AGCTTTTCCAAAAAACATGGTGAACATAGCGAATTCTCTTGAAATTCGCTATGTTCACCATGGGG−3’(アンチセンス)(配列番号2)。
shNRG1.2:5’GATCCCCGAGTATATGTGCAAAGTGATTCAAGAGATCACTTTGCACATATACTCTTTTTTGGAAA−3’(センス)(配列番号3)及び
5’−AGCTTTTCCAAAAAAGAGTATATGTGCAAAGTGATCTCTTGAATCACTTTGCACATATACTCGGG−3’(アンチセンス)(配列番号4)。
shErbB4:5’−GATCCCCGATCACAACTGCTGCTTAATTCAAGAGATTAAGCAGCAGTTGTGATCTTTTTTGGAAA−3”(センス)(配列番号5)及び
5’AGCTTTTCCAAAAAAGATCACAACTGCTGCTTAATCTCTTGAATTAAGCAGCAGTTGTGATCGGG−3’(アンチセンス)(配列番号6)。
shErbB3:5’−GATCCCCAAGAGGATGTCAACGGTTATTCAAGAGATAACCGTTGACATCCTCTTTTTTTTGGAAA−3’(センス)(配列番号7)及び
5’−AGCTTTTCCAAAAAAAAGAGGATGTCAACGGTTATCTCTTGAATAACCGTTGACATCCTCTTGGG−3’(アンチセンス)(配列番号8)。
マウスshNRG1:5”−GATCCCCCATGGTGAACATAGCGAATTTCAAGAGAATTCGCTATGTTCACCATGTTTTTTGGAAA−3’(センス)(配列番号9)及び
5’−AGCTTTTCCAAAAAACATGGTGAACATAGCGAATTCTCTTGAAATTCGCTATGTTCACCATGGGG−3”(アンチセンス)(配列番号10)。
化学療法に応答して著しい回帰を示し、その後治療の中止後に腫瘍の再発が起きる幾つかの癌のモデルが作成され、腫瘍再発生に関与する細胞の研究に用いられた。これらの細胞は、腫瘍再発生細胞(TRIC)である。モデルを作成するために、GFP標識ヒト腫瘍細胞が皮下移植され、それぞれのモデルに示すように、腫瘍の大きさが約200立方ミリメートルに達したときに、マウスをビヒクル又は化学療法のいずれかで処置した。GFP+腫瘍細胞が、酵素消化と解離後に、FACSソーティングによって退行腫瘍又はビヒクル処置腫瘍から単離した。腫瘍は、化学療法の最終投与後、腫瘍増殖の再開前の最低1週間収集した。
各モデルの所定の成長曲線に基づいて、退行またはビヒクルで処置した腫瘍は、最後の治療後1−3週間の間で、化学療法で処置した腫瘍の再増殖の発症前に採取された。腫瘍組織を酵素的に消化し、解離し、GFP陽性腫瘍細胞を、蛍光活性化細胞選別(FACS)により単離した。
残存腫瘍細胞で観察されるNRG1の発現の増加は、原発腫瘍に存在する細胞のNRG1発現亜集団の濃縮から生じる可能性がある。あるいは、化学療法は、細胞毒性効果にその後耐性がある細胞でNRG1発現を誘導する可能性があり、または発現レベルが、腫瘍の大きさや増殖速度に影響される可能性がある。これらの可能性を区別するために、NRG1発現レベルが、化学療法の後にqPCRによって、異なる体積の腫瘍で様々な時点で評価された。NRG1のmRNAレベルは、化学療法(シスプラチン+パクリタキセル)の単回投与の後には増加しなかった。実際には、残存腫瘍を除いて、NRG1レベルは試験された全ての時間と体積において同等であった。これらの結果は、NRG1の発現が化学療法によって誘発されないか、または腫瘍の大きさに影響されないことを示しており、NRG1発現細胞の既存の亜集団の濃縮と一致している。
リガンドとその受容体の両方を共発現するモデルを同定するために、親のCalu3細胞とH441細胞並びに更なるヒトNSCLC細胞株のパネルにおいて、NRG1とその受容体の発現を調べた。NRG1αとNRG1βの転写産物の発現レベルは細胞株間で異質であったが、それらは正常な肺と比較した場合、細胞株の大半ではるかに高かった。驚いたことに、H441細胞では、NRG1転写物は、細胞がインビボで腫瘍として増殖されたときだけ存在していた。培養されたH441細胞は、検出可能なNRG1α又はNRG1β転写産物を発現せず、インビトロ及びインビボで増殖した細胞の特性の違いを強調している。4つのHER受容体のウェスタン分析は、6つのヒトNSCLC株のなかで異種発現を明らかにした。Calu3は、他の細胞株に比して4つの受容体全てにおいて、インビトロ発現の最高レベルを持っていた。
化学療法後の原発腫瘍の増殖や再発におけるNRG1ノックダウンの影響を、NRG1ノックダウン単独または化学療法との併用での影響を評価することにより決定した。HERファミリー受容体の異なる発現パターンを示す3つのヒトNSCLCのモデルが、この研究で用いられた。Calu3モデルは、すべての受容体の高タンパク質レベルを有し、H441は、HER2及びHER3の強い発現、及びHER1の中程度の発現を示し、H1299は、HER1、Her2及びHer3の中程度の発現レベルを示している。
LSL−K−rasG12D;p53Fl/+マウスモデルにおける化学療法後に再発を促進する上でNRG1シグナル伝達の役割をテストするために、NRG1を隔離し、インビボでの受容体へのその結合を防止するために、リガンド−トラップ・アプローチを採用した。マウスIgG2AのFcに融合したヒトHER4細胞外ドメインの融合(HER4−ECD)が生成された。HER4はNRG1の高親和性結合を示している(Tzahar et al., 1994)。HER4−ECDが、インビトロで血清飢餓LKPH1とLKPH2細胞に添加した場合、NRG1/HER3シグナル伝達の阻害は、減少したP−HER3レベルにより示されるように観察された。したがって、インビトロで、分子は、自己分泌媒介NRG1シグナル伝達を妨害するにおいて期待されるように振る舞った。
どのHER受容体が、NSCLCのNRG1自己分泌性シグナル伝達で使用されているかを理解するために、我々はHER3及びHER4のノックダウンの影響を評価した。Calu3 NSCLCモデルは、他の細胞株と比較して、すべてのHERファミリー受容体を高レベルで発現した。安定したdox誘導性shHER3(Calu3−shHER3)とshHER4(Calu3−shHER4)Calu3細胞亜系統、並びにルシフェラーゼにdox誘導性shRNAを運ぶコントロール細胞株が生成された。qPCRのによって測定されるようにHER3およびHER4転写レベルは、dox(2μg/mlの)の存在下でCalu3−shHER3とCalu3−shHER4のそれぞれにおいて減少し、ウェスタンブロット法による測定でタンパク質量の減少をもたらした。興味深いことには、doxの存在下でCalu3−shHER3で観察されたp−AKTのダウンレギュレーションの程度はCalu3−shHER4に見られるはるかに大きく、HER3がCalu3モデルでNRG1自己分泌シグナル伝達を仲介する優勢な受容体であることを示唆している。
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Claims (3)
- ニューレグリン1(NRG1)アンタゴニストを含む、癌患者の腫瘍再発までの時間を増やすための剤であって、該剤は化学療法剤と組み合わせて投与され、該化学療法剤がパクリタキセル又はシスプラチン、又はパクリタキセルとシスプラチンの組み合わせであり、NRG1アンタゴニストがNRG1に結合する抗NRG1抗体、RNA、又はNRG1受容体分子であり、ここでNRG1受容体分子がイムノアドヘシンである、剤。
- 癌が非小細胞肺癌、乳癌、卵巣癌、頭頸部癌、子宮頸癌、膀胱癌、食道癌、前立腺癌、及び大腸癌からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の剤。
- RNAが、アンチセンスRNA、iRNA、siRNA、shRNA、又はRNAアプタマーである、請求項1又は2に記載の剤。
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AU2011218125A1 (en) | 2012-07-19 |
ZA201204423B (en) | 2015-03-25 |
WO2011103242A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
HK1179997A1 (en) | 2013-10-11 |
EP2536748B1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
BR112012017405A2 (pt) | 2018-08-14 |
SG183333A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
ES2519348T3 (es) | 2014-11-06 |
SI2536748T1 (sl) | 2014-12-31 |
CN102892779B (zh) | 2016-12-21 |
EP2536748A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
KR20130000384A (ko) | 2013-01-02 |
RU2012139825A (ru) | 2014-03-27 |
AU2016201848A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
MY160556A (en) | 2017-03-15 |
US20110229493A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
PL2536748T3 (pl) | 2015-01-30 |
RU2587619C2 (ru) | 2016-06-20 |
CN102892779A (zh) | 2013-01-23 |
DK2536748T3 (da) | 2014-10-13 |
JP2013520431A (ja) | 2013-06-06 |
CA2784211A1 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
MX2012008958A (es) | 2012-08-23 |
CA2784211C (en) | 2019-12-24 |
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