JP5727393B2 - Jnkシグナル伝達経路の細胞透過性ペプチド阻害剤 - Google Patents
Jnkシグナル伝達経路の細胞透過性ペプチド阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
VQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、あるいは、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTT‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、あるいは、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、あるいは、PVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG。第1ドメインの末端のみにおいて削除が起こっている好ましい実施の形態は、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKR、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKである。
第1ドメインおよび第2ドメインにおいて削除が起こっている組み合わせは、例えば、それぞれ、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、PVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、または、VQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、あるいは、それぞれ、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTT‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、または、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、RPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、または、PVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKR、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、PVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、または、VQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、あるいは、それぞれ、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、DQSRPVQPFLNLTT‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、または、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、RPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、または、PVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRRQRRKK、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、PVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、または、VQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、あるいは、それぞれ、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、DQSRPVQPFLNLTT‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、または、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKR、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、または、PVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、PVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、または、VQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、あるいは、それぞれ、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTT‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、または、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、または、PVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RRQRRKKRG、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、PVQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、または、VQPFLNLTTPRKPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、あるいは、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPR‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、DQSRPVQPFLNLTT‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、または、QSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、SRPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRKP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、RPVQPFLNLTTPRK‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG、または、PVQPFLNLTTP‐Xn a‐Xn b‐RQRRKKRG。
なお、ペプチドが短くなれば、該ペプチドの(非特異的な)細胞毒性は低くなる。しかし、ペプチドは、生物機能(すなわち、該ペプチドの細胞膜透過性(第1ドメイン)、および、該ペプチドのJNK阻害機能(第2ドメイン))を保っている必要がある。
(i)本発明のJNK阻害剤配列および/または本発明キメラペプチド、ならびに/あるいは、それらの変異体、断片または誘導体の何れかを1以上、ならびに/あるいは、
(ii)本発明のJNK阻害剤配列および/または本発明のキメラペプチド、ならびに/あるいは、それらの変異体、断片または誘導体をコードする核酸、ならびに/あるいは、
(iii)本発明のJNK阻害剤配列および/または本発明のキメラペプチド、ならびに/あるいは、それらの変異体、断片または誘導体の何れかを1以上含んでいる細胞、ならびに/あるいは、
(iv)本発明のJNK阻害剤配列および/または本発明のキメラペプチド、ならびに/あるいは、それらの変異体、断片または誘導体をコードするベクターおよび/または核酸によりトランスフェクトされた細胞、
を含んでいる。
(i)JNKが活性化していることが頻繁に実証されている、様々な臓器系(肺、乳房、リンパ組織、胃腸および尿生殖路など)の悪性腫瘍、ならびに、
(ii)悪性腫瘍(大部分の大腸癌、腎細胞癌、前立腺癌、肺の非小細胞癌、小腸の癌および食道癌など)を含んでいる腺癌、
を予防および/または治療することに、本発明薬理学的組成物を用いてもよい。また、白血病、発癌性形質転換に関係する疾患または病態生理、ならびにJNKの活性化を明らかに必要とするBcr‐Ablにより発癌性形質転換された癌、も含まれる。
図1A‐Cは、示された転写因子における保存されたJBDドメイン領域のアライメントを示す図である。JNK阻害剤配列を、これらの配列のアライメントを精査することによって同定した。このアライメントの結果を、図1A〜1Cに例として示す。図1Aは、IB1、IB2、c‐JunおよびATF2のJDB同士の間において、最も高い相同性がある領域を示している。パネルBは、L‐IB1およびL‐IB1のJBSのアミノ酸配列を、比較するために示している。完全に保存されている残基を、アスタリスクで示す。また、GFP‐JBD23Mutベクターにおいてアラニンに変化した残基を、白丸で示す。図1Cは、JNK阻害剤配列および輸送配列を含んでいるキメラタンパク質のアミノ酸配列を示している。示された例では、輸送配列は、ヒト免疫不全ウィルス(HIV)のTATポリペプチドに由来し、JNK阻害剤配列は、IB1ポリペプチドに由来する。ヒト、マウスおよびラットの配列が、パネルBおよびCにおいて示されている。
<実施例1:JNK阻害剤の配列の同定>
JNKと効率的に相互作用するために重要なアミノ酸配列を、公知のJBD同士の配列アライメントにより、同定した。IB1(配列番号13)、IB2(配列番号14)、c‐Jun(配列番号15)、および、ATF2(配列番号16)というJBD同士の配列を比較することにより、弱く保存された8アミノ酸配列(図1A)が明らかになった。IB1およびIB2というJBDのJNKに対する結合力は、c‐JunまたはATF2のJNKに対する結合力よりも、100倍強いので(「Dickens ら Science 277 :693(1977)」)、IB1とIB2との間に保存された残基は、最大結合を付与することにとって重要であるに違いない、という結論が導かれた。IB1およびIB2というJBD同士を比較することで、2つの配列の間において高く保存されている7アミノ酸および3アミノ酸の2つのブロックが明らかになった。
配列番号9に記載の本発明のJNK阻害剤融合タンパク質を、2つのプロリン残基から成るリンカーを介して、配列番号1に記載のC‐末端と、配列番号5に記載のHIV‐TAT4g 57(「Vives ら, J Biol. Chem. 272: 16010 (1997)」)に由来するN‐末端10アミノ酸長担体ペプチドとを共有結合させることにより合成した。前記リンカーを、柔軟性を最大にするためおよび二次的構造の好ましくない変化を防ぐために使用した。また、基本コンストラクトは、L‐IB1(配列番号1)およびL‐TAT(配列番号5)をそれぞれ調製および設計された。
JNKの生物活性に対するIB1の19aa長JBD配列の効果を、研究した。19aa配列は、N‐末端において緑蛍光性タンパク質と結合させた(GFP JBD19コンストラクト)。そして、IL1によって誘導された膵臓β細胞アポトーシスに対する前記コンストラクトの効果を、評価した。このアポトーシスの形態は、JBD1‐280のトランスフェクションすることにより妨害されることを予め示したが、ERK1/2またはp38に特異的な阻害剤により、防がれなかった(上記のAmmendrup らを参照)。
細胞に浸入するための、(i)TATペプチドおよび(ii)TAT-IB1ペプチド(TAT‐IBペプチド)のL‐およびD‐鏡像異性体の能力を評価した。L‐TAT、D‐TAT、本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1、および本発明のD‐TAT‐IB1ペプチド(それぞれ配列番号5、6、9、および12)を、蛍光色素に接合されたグリシン残基をN‐末端に付加することにより、標識した。標識ペプチド(1μM)を、実施例3に記載したように培養されているβTC‐3細胞の培養物に添加した。所定時間において細胞をPBSで洗浄し、次に、蛍光顕微鏡の下に検査する前に、氷冷のメタノール‐アセトン(1:1)に5分間固定した。フルオレセインで標識したBSA(1μM、12モル/モルBSA)を、対照として使用した。上記の全てのフルオレセインで標識されたペプチドは、培地に添加されると、効率的に、且つ、迅速に細胞に浸入した(5分間よりも短い)という結果が得られた。反対に言えば、フルオレセインで標識されたウシ血清アルブミン(1μM BSA、12モルフルオレセイン/モルBSA)は、細胞に浸入しなかった。
標的転写因子のJNKsに媒介されるリン酸化に対するペプチドの効果を、インビトロにおいて研究した。活性化していない組み換えJNK1、JNK2、およびJNK3を、転写・翻訳ウサギ赤血球溶解液キット(Promega)を用いて、生産した。c‐Jun、ATF2およびElk1(単独か、またはグルタチオン‐S‐トランスフェラーゼ(GST)と融合したもののどちらか)を基質として用いて固相キナーゼアッセイに使用した。本発明のL‐TATまたはL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチド(0‐25μM)を、反応緩衝液(20 mM Tris‐acetate、1mM EGTA、10mM p‐ニトロフェニル‐ホスフェート(pNPP)、5mMピロリン酸ナトリウム、10mM p‐グリセロホスフェト、1mMジチオスレイトール)において、組み換えJNK1キナーゼ、JNK2キナーゼ、または、JNK3キナーゼと20分間混合して、用量反応研究を行った。それから、10mM MgCl2、ならびに、5pCi 33P‐γ‐dATP、およびGST‐Jun(aa 1‐89)、GST‐AFT2(aa 1‐96)、またはGST‐ELK1(aa 307‐428)のどれかを1μg添加することにより、キナーゼ反応を開始させた。GST‐融合タンパク質を、ストラタジーン社(La JoIIa, CA)から購入した。
ストレス刺激により活性化したJNKsに対する、L‐TATまたは本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドの効果を、JNKsをプルダウンするためのGST‐Junを使用して、紫外光線を照射したHeLa細胞、または、IL‐1βを用いて処理されたPTC細胞から評価した。PTC細胞を、上記のように培養した。HeLa細胞を、10%ウシ胎仔血清、100μg/mLスレプトマイシン、100ユニット/mlペニシリン、および、2mMグルタミンを追加したDMEM培地に、培養した。細胞抽出物調製のために使用される1時間前に、HeLa細胞を紫外線(20J/m2)により活性化し、PTC細胞は上記のようにIL‐1βと一緒に活性化した。細胞抽出物を、溶解緩衝液(20mM Tris‐acetate、1mM EGTA、1% TritonX‐100、10mM p‐ニトロフェニル‐ホスフェート、5mMピロリン酸ナトリウム、10mM P‐グリセロホスフェート、1mMジチオスレイトール)中で細胞培養をスクレーピングすることにより、対照、紫外光線を照射したHeLa細胞、および、IL‐1βを用いて処理されたβTC‐3細胞から調製した。残骸物(debris)を、SS‐34ベックマンローターにおいて、15,000rpmで5分間遠心分離することにより除去した。1‐100μg抽出物を、1μgのGST‐jun(アミノ酸1‐89)および10μLのグルタチオン‐アガロースビーズ(Sigma)と一緒に、室温で1時間インキュベーションした。スクレーピング緩衝液と一緒に4回洗浄した後、前記ビーズを、L‐TATまたは本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチド(25μM)が添加されている同じ緩衝液に20分間再懸濁した。それから、10mMMgCl2および5 pCi33P‐γ‐dATPを添加してキナーゼ反応を開始させて、30℃で30分間インキュベーションした。
本発明の細胞透過性ペプチドがインビボにおいてJNKのシグナル伝達を防ぐことができるかどうかを決定するために、非相同のGAL4システムを使用した。上記のように培養されたHeLa細胞を、GAL4 DNA結合ドメインに連結したc‐Junの活性化ドメイン(アミノ酸1‐89)を含んでいるGAL‐Jun発現コンストラクト(Stratagene)と、5xGAL‐LUCのレポーターベクターと一緒に同時トランスフェクションした。直接の上流キナーゼであるMKK4およびMKK7(「Whitmarshら., Science 285: 1573 (1999)」を参照)を発現するベクターの同時トランスフェクションにより、JNKを活性化させた。つまり、製造者の説明書によりDOTAP(Boehringer Mannheim)を使用して、3×105細胞に、3.5cmのディッシュにプラスミドをトランスフェクションした。GAL‐Junに関する実験のために、上記プラスミド(20ng)、レポータープラスミドであるpFR‐Luc(Stratagene)(1μg)、および、MKK4かMKK7を発現するプラスミド(0.5μg)を一緒にトランスフェクションした。トランスフェクションから3時間後、培養液を変えて、TATおよびTAT‐IB1ペプチド(1μM)を添加した。16時間後に、タンパク質の含有量に対して正規化を行った後、ルシフェラーゼ活性を、「2重報告システム(Dual Reporter System)」(Promega)を使用して測定した。TAT‐IB1ペプチドを添加することにより、MKK4およびMKK7に媒介されるJNKの活性化によるc‐Junの活性化が防止された。HeLa細胞は、JNK1およびJNK2のアイソフォームを発現しているが、JNK3のアイソフォームは発現していないので、JNK3を細胞にトランスフェクションした。また、TAT‐IBペプチドは、JNK2に媒介されるc‐Junの活性化を抑制した。
IL‐1により誘発されたβ細胞のアポトーシスの促進に対する本発明のL‐TAT‐IBペプチドの効果を研究した。βTC‐3細胞培養物を、本発明の1μMのL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドと一緒に30分間インキュベーションし、その後10ng/mL IL‐1を添加した。2回目のペプチド(1μM)の添加は、24時間後に行った。IL‐1βと一緒に2日間インキュベーションした後に、染色法のプロピジウムヨウ化物(赤く染色された細胞は死細胞である)およびHoechst 33342(青く染色された細胞は無傷の原形質膜である)を用いて、アポトーシスを起こした細胞を計測した。本発明のTAT‐IBペプチドを添加することにより、2日間IL‐1βの存在下において培養されたβTC‐3細胞のIL‐1に誘導されるアポトーシスが抑制された。
本発明のペプチドは、タンパク質の自然分解を防ぐために、反対に合成されたall‐D‐アミノ酸ペプチドであってもよい(すなわち、all‐D‐レトロ‐インベルソペプチド)。本発明のall‐D‐レトロインベルソペプチドは、天然ペプチドに類似の機能特性を有するペプチドを提供する。なお、アミノ酸の構成要素の側基は、天然ペプチドアライメントに相当するであろうが、プロテアーゼ耐性のバックボーンを保有しているであろう。
実施例5に記載したように、天然プロテアーゼによる分解から本発明のD‐TAT‐IBペプチドが保護されるために、天然L‐アミノ酸類似体と比較したときに、ペプチドヘテロ接合を含んでいる本発明のD‐TAT‐IBレトロ‐インベルソの生物活性が長続きすることを、予想できた。
JNKは電離放射線によっても活性化する。本発明のTAT‐IBペプチドが、放射線に誘導されるJNK損傷に対する保護を提供するかどうかを決定するために、D‐TAT、本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドまたは本発明のD‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドが存在する場合と、存在しない場合とについて、「WiDr」細胞に放射線を浴びせた(30Gy)。なお、上記ペプチドが存在する場合は、放射線を浴びせる30分前に、上記ペプチドを1μM添加した。対照細胞(CTRL)は、放射線を浴びていかった。細胞を、上記のように、P1およびHoechst3342の染色を用いて48時間後に解析した。標準誤差(SEM)を示す(n=3)。本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドおよびD‐TATIBペプチドは、両方とも、このヒトの結腸癌細胞株における放射線に誘導されるアポトーシスを防ぐことができる。
本発明のTAT‐IBペプチドの放射線防護の効果を決定するために、フィリップRT 250 R‐rayを用いて、0.74Gy/min(17mA、0.5mm 銅フィルタ)の線量率で放射線を、C57B1/6マウス(2〜3月齢)放射線に照射した。照射する30分前に、TAT、本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチド、または本発明のD‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドのどれかを、前記マウスの腹腔内に注射した(1mM溶液の301)。つまり、次のようにマウスに照射した。(i)マウスの頭を小さなプラスチック箱の外に横たわらす状態で、マウスを該箱に配置した。(ii)前記マウスを、照射器の下にマウスを仰向けにして配置し、つぎに、(iii)マウスの頭を正しい位置に維持できるように、マウスの首を小さなプラスチック性のトンネルに固定した。(iv)マウスの体を鉛で保護した。
ゲルリターデイションアッセイを、AP‐1 二重標識プローブ(5'- CGC TTG ATG AGT CAG CCG GAA-3'(配列番号27))を用いて行った。上記のように5ng/mlのTNF‐αにより1時間処理されたまたは処理されていないHeLa細胞核を抽出する。TATおよび本発明のL‐TAT‐IB1ペプチドを、TNF‐αにより処理する30分前に添加した。特異的なAP‐1 DNA複合体(非標識の特異的な競合物および標識された非特異的な競合物を用いた競合実験により実証されるようなAP‐1 DNA複合体)を有するゲルの部分だけを示す。
局所性脳虚血は、12日齢のラットに引き起こされた。幼若ラットを、2%イソフルレンを用いて誘導チェンバーにおいて麻酔した。そして、手術の間、麻酔を、2%イソフルレン未満のマスクを用いて維持した。MCAOを、中大脳動脈(MCA)の主枝を電気凝固することにより引き起こした。ラットを右側を下にして配置し、耳と目との間において、皮膚を斜めに切開した。側頭筋を切除した後、頭蓋骨を、前頭縫合線から頬骨弓より下の部位まで除去した。左のMCAが嗅脳溝上に現れたあとに、該MCAを露出させた。そして、前頭枝と前頂枝とに二分岐する前のMCAにおいて、下大脳静脈の段階で、MCAを恒久的に電気凝固した。それから、頭蓋の皮膚切開部分を閉じた。それから、幼若ラットが目覚めるまで、37℃を維持した保温器に配置し、ラットの母親に委ねた。
『成体マウスにおける一過性虚血』。雄マウスICR‐CD1(6週齢;18‐37g;ハーラン(Harlan))を用いて、(i)内頚動脈へ、総頚動脈から微細繊維を導入し、(ii)動脈輪へ、該微細繊維を進行させ、それによって、(iii)中大脳動脈を塞ぐことにより、虚血を誘発した。再かん流から10分後まで、頭蓋骨を固定するプローブを用いてレーザードップラー流量測定法により、虚血の全域にわたって局所脳血流を測定した。
対照 n=5 72 17
XG102 0.3 n=5 16 4
XG102 1 n=1 16
XG102 3 n=5 15 5
100μM NMDAに継続的に照射される前に、示された濃度のペプチドまたはMK‐801を用いて30分間予め処置された姉妹培養物における、一般式で表されたD‐TAT‐IB/D‐JNKl1ペプチド(配列番号12)の神経防護の効果を評価した。対照と比べてLDHの放出が顕著に抑制されていることから分かるように、NMDA処理から12時間後、一般式で表された5μMのD‐TAT‐IB/D‐JNKl1を用いて予め処理された培養物において、NMDAの暴露に起因する変性変化が完全に阻害された(図5)。形態学的な外見、数および分布は対照と変わらなかった。
HepG2細胞を、実験前日に、3,000細胞/ウェルで接種した。それから、JNKを活性させるために、インターロイキン‐1β[IL‐1β(ν)]、または腫瘍壊死因子α[TNFα(●)]のどれかの濃度を増やしながら30分間添加した(a)。細胞を、20mM Hepes、0.5%Tween pH7.4の溶液に溶かし、そして、アルファスクリーン(AlphaScreen)JNK用に処理した。(b)JNK活性に関するZ'を、10ng/ml IL‐1βにより誘導した、および384ウェル/プレート(n=96)において測定した。(c)キメラJNK阻害剤[スタウロスポリン(○)およびSP600125(●)]を用いた内在性のIL‐1βに誘導されるJNK活性の抑制を示す。(d)IL‐1α依存性のJNK活性に対する、(i)配列番号9に記載のペプチド阻害剤L‐TAT‐IB1(図6ではL‐JNKi(ν)と省略する)、(ii)配列番号11に記載のペプチド阻害剤D‐TAT‐IB1(図6ではD‐JNKi(◆)と省略する)、および(iii)JBD(●)(TAT配列を有していないL‐JNK1に相当する)の効果を示す。すべてのパネルは、3つの独立な実験を表す(n=3)。
理論:アルファスクリーン(AlphaScreen)(登録商標)は、マイクロプレートフォーマットにおいて、生体分子相互作用を研究するために用いられる、非放射活性ビーズに基づく技術である。ALPHAの頭文字は、増幅ルミネッセンス近接ホモジニアスアッセイ法(Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogenous Assay)を意味している。それは、ごく近くに、「ドナー」および「アクセプタ」ビーズをもたらす生物学的な相互作用に関する。それから、化学反応のカスケードが作用して、増幅したシグナルが生産される。680nmにおけるレーザー励起により、「ドナー」ビーズにおける光線感作物質(フタロシアニン)は、周囲の酸素を励起一重項状態に転換させる。4μsec半減期内に、一重項酸素分子は、溶液において、およそ200nmまで拡散することができる。アクセプタビーズがその近接の範囲内であれば、一重項酸素は、「アクセプタ」ビーズにおけるチオキソ誘導体と反応する。これにより、該「アクセプタ」ビーズに含まれたフルオロフォアをさらに活性させる370nmの化学発光が生じる。励起状態のフルオロフォアは、その後に520‐620nmの光を放出する。アクセプタビーズがない場合、一重項酸素は基底状態に下降し、シグナルは発生されない。
モルモットの3グループ(各グループには6匹の動物が含まれる)は、100μMの濃度で、蝸牛窓の膜上に沈着された、2μlの2.6%の緩衝化したヒアルロン酸(Hylumed, Genzyme Corp.)ゲル中に含まれるD‐TAT‐IB1を、騒音(6kHzにおける120dB、30分間)による外傷を受ける30分前、30分後、または4時間の何れかに受け取った。対照として未処置の耳を設けた。騒音によって外傷を受けてから20分間後(一時的な閾値の変化、TTS)および15日後(永久的な閾値の変化、PTS)の聴覚脳幹反応測定により、聴力の閾値の変化を評価した。前記未処置の耳と比較して、D‐TAT‐IB1の投与をすることで、たとえ、過剰な騒音を晒した後に適用したとしても、永久的な聴力損失が防がれた。騒音によって外傷を受けた後に、D‐TAT‐IB1を早く投与すればするほど、防護効果が高かった。従って、騒音によって外傷を受けることについて、D‐TAT‐IB1は、非常に有効な耳を保護する化合物である。
本発明のJNK阻害剤配列では、前記JNK阻害剤配列のアミノ酸残基の範囲が、5‐150、より好ましくは10‐100、さらに好ましくは10‐75、および最も好ましくは15‐50である、ことが好ましい.
本発明のJNK阻害剤配列では、本発明は、前記JNK阻害剤配列がc‐Junアミノ端末キナーゼ(JNK)と結合する、ことが好ましい.
本発明のJNK阻害剤配列では、前記JNK阻害剤配列は、JNK阻害剤配列がJNKを発現する細胞に存在するときに、JNKが標的とする転写因子の少なくとも1つの活性化を阻害する、ことが好ましい.
本発明のJNK阻害剤配列では、前記JNKが標的とする転写因子が、c‐Jun、ATF2、およびElklから成る群より選ばれる、ことが好ましい.
本発明のJNK阻害剤配列では、前記JNK阻害剤配列は、ペプチドがJNKを発現する細胞に存在するときに、JNKの効果を変える、ことが好ましい.
また、本発明は、共有結合により連結した少なくとも1つの第1ドメインおよび少なくとも1つの第2ドメインを含んでいるキメラペプチドであって、前記第1ドメインは輸送配列を含んでおり、前記第2ドメインはJNK阻害剤配列を含んでいる、キメラペプチドに関する.
本発明のキメラペプチドでは、前記輸送配列が、ヒト免疫不全ウィルスのTATポリペプチドのアミノ酸配列を含んでいる、ことが好ましい.
本発明のキメラペプチドでは、前記輸送配列が、配列番号5、6、7、または8に記載のアミノ酸配列を含んでいる、ことが好ましい.
本発明のキメラペプチドでは、前記輸送配列が、ペプチドの細胞取り込みを増大させる、ことが好ましい.
本発明のキメラペプチドでは、ペプチドの核局在化を方向づける、ことが好ましい.
本発明のキメラペプチドでは、上記JNK阻害剤配列を含んでいる、ことが好ましい.
本発明のキメラペプチドでは、前記ペプチドが、配列番号9、10、11、または12の何れか1項に記載のアミノ酸配列、あるいはその断片または変異体を含んでいる、ことが好ましい.
また、本発明は、上記JNK阻害剤配列、または上記キメラペプチドをコードする単離された核酸に関する.
また、本発明は、上記核酸を含んでいるベクターに関する.
また、本発明は、上記ベクターを含んでいる細胞に関する.
また、本発明は、上記JNK阻害剤配列、または上記キメラペプチドと、免疫特異的に結合する抗体に関する.
また、本発明は、上記JNK阻害剤配列、または上記キメラペプチド、または上記核酸、および薬理学的に許容可能な担体を含んでいる薬理学的組成物に関する.
また、本発明は、被検体におけるJNKの活性化と関連する病態生理を治療するための薬理学的組成物を調製するための、上記JNK阻害剤配列または上記キメラペプチドの使用に関する.
本発明の使用では、前記病態生理は、肺、乳房、リンパ組織、胃腸および尿生殖路の悪性腫瘍、ならびに、大腸癌、腎細胞癌、前立腺癌、肺の非小細胞癌、小腸の癌および食道癌のような悪性腫瘍を含んでいる腺癌、ならびに、白血病、発癌性形質転換に関係する疾患または病態生理、およびBcr‐Ablにより発癌性形質転換された癌、乾癬、増殖性天疱瘡、ベーチェット症候群、急性呼吸窮迫候群(ARDS)、虚血性心疾患、透析後症候群、関節リウマチ、後天性免疫不全症候群、血管炎、敗血症ショックから選ばれる、悪性ではない、または免疫に関係している細胞増殖性の病気、再狭窄、聴力損失、耳の傷害、虚血、脳梗塞から選ばれる、細胞におけるJNKの活性化に関連する病態生理、および/または、免疫細胞の成熟および分化に関連している疾患もしくは病態生理、再かん流傷害、低酸素症、アポトーシスが関連している病気、ストレス刺激に対する反応、ならびに、炎症性サイトカインを用いた治療に起因する副次的効果に関連している疾患もしくは病態生理、糖尿病もしくは細胞のせん断応力に関連する影響であって、(i)心肥大および心臓肥大、動脈硬化性病変を含む動脈性高血圧により誘導される病理状態、ならびに、血管の分岐部における動脈性高血圧により誘導される病理状態、(ii)放射線療に用いられる電離放射線、および紫外線(紫外線光)により誘導される病理状態、(iii)化学療法薬を含むDNAに損害を与える作用物質に由来するフリーラジカルにより誘導される病理状態、(iv)虚血/再かん流傷害により誘導される病理状態、(v)低酸素により誘導される病理状態、(vi)高体温および低体温により誘導される病理状態から選ばれる、影響、あるいは、炎症性疾患、自己炎症性疾患、免疫疾患、自己免疫疾患、変性疾患、ミオパチー、心筋ミオパチー、および拒絶反応を阻害するための病理状態、であることが好ましい.
本発明の使用では、薬理学的組成物が、腹腔内送達、経鼻送達、静脈内送達、経口送達、およびパッチ送達から成る群より選択される投与経路により、投与される、ことが好ましい.
また、本発明は、上記キメラペプチドを調製するための方法であって、(a)キメラペプチドの発現を提供する条件下において上記核酸を含んでいる細胞を培養する工程、および(b)発現したペプチドを回収する工程を含んでいる方法に関する.
また、本発明は、上記JNK阻害剤配列、および/または、(ii)上記キメラペプチド、および/または、(iii)上記核酸、および/または、(iv)上記ベクター、および/または、(v)上記細胞、および/または、(vi)上記抗体を含んでいるキットに関する。
Claims (7)
- 共有結合により直接的に連結した第1ドメインおよび第2ドメインからなるキメラペプチド、あるいは、第1ドメイン、第2ドメイン、および第1ドメインと第2ドメインとを連結するリンカー配列からなるキメラペプチドであって、前記第1ドメインは配列番号6に記載のアミノ酸配列からなる輸送配列からなり、前記第2ドメインは配列番号2に記載のアミノ酸配列からなるJNK阻害剤配列からなり、前記リンカー配列は1〜10アミノ酸からなる、キメラペプチド。
- 前記リンカー配列が、1〜5アミノ酸からなる、請求項1に記載のキメラペプチド。
- 前記リンカー配列が、L‐アミノ酸、D‐アミノ酸、またはそれらの組合せで構成されている、請求項1または2に記載のキメラペプチド。
- 前記輸送配列が、ペプチドの細胞取り込みを増大させる、請求項1〜3の何れか1項に記載のキメラペプチド。
- 前記輸送配列が、ペプチドの核局在化を方向づける、請求項1〜3の何れか1項に記載のキメラペプチド。
- 請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載のキメラペプチド、および薬理学的に許容可能な担体を含んでいる薬理学的組成物。
- 請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載のキメラペプチドを含んでいる、キット。
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