JP5681608B2 - 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
光電変換素子およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5681608B2 JP5681608B2 JP2011227430A JP2011227430A JP5681608B2 JP 5681608 B2 JP5681608 B2 JP 5681608B2 JP 2011227430 A JP2011227430 A JP 2011227430A JP 2011227430 A JP2011227430 A JP 2011227430A JP 5681608 B2 JP5681608 B2 JP 5681608B2
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- group
- photoelectric conversion
- transport layer
- electron transport
- conversion element
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 143
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 10
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- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
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- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- CVOQYKPWIVSMDC-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;butanedioate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O CVOQYKPWIVSMDC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IRXRGVFLQOSHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;oxalate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O IRXRGVFLQOSHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FLAYZGYYOSGYDY-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;pentanedioate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CCCC([O-])=O FLAYZGYYOSGYDY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GOMCKELMLXHYHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;phthalate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O GOMCKELMLXHYHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HCDITHVDEPPNIL-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;propanedioate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])=O HCDITHVDEPPNIL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZUDYLZOBWIAUPC-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;pentanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CCCC([O-])=O ZUDYLZOBWIAUPC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- FGQSJRDKBCVFHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium(3+) pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Er+3].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O FGQSJRDKBCVFHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AKYVEELUVDHHLT-UHFFFAOYSA-K europium acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Eu+3].CC([O-])=CC(C)=O.CC([O-])=CC(C)=O.CC([O-])=CC(C)=O AKYVEELUVDHHLT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- UESISTHQAYQMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M formyloxythallium Chemical compound [Tl+].[O-]C=O UESISTHQAYQMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IQGAADOKZGEEQE-LNTINUHCSA-K gadolinium acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Gd+3].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O IQGAADOKZGEEQE-LNTINUHCSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000002350 geranyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])/C([H])=C(C([H])([H])[H])/C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])=C(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007646 gravure printing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- SKWCWFYBFZIXHE-UHFFFAOYSA-K indium acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)C=C(C)O[In](OC(C)=CC(C)=O)OC(C)=CC(C)=O SKWCWFYBFZIXHE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HLYTZTFNIRBLNA-LNTINUHCSA-K iridium(3+);(z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Ir+3].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O HLYTZTFNIRBLNA-LNTINUHCSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- FYDIWJWWROEQCB-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead(2+);propanoate Chemical compound [Pb+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O FYDIWJWWROEQCB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- DXUUIDJNCBRHDV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydron;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].OC(=O)C([O-])=O DXUUIDJNCBRHDV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OMAQJPSQYYDOKO-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydron;propanedioate Chemical compound [H+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])=O OMAQJPSQYYDOKO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RDURKEQPWGIVCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;propanedioic acid Chemical compound [Li].OC(=O)CC(O)=O RDURKEQPWGIVCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXMOZGKEVIBBCF-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;propanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CCC([O-])=O AXMOZGKEVIBBCF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000003588 lysine group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
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- CQQJGTPWCKCEOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dipropionate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O CQQJGTPWCKCEOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UHNWOJJPXCYKCG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium oxalate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O UHNWOJJPXCYKCG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GMDNUWQNDQDBNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;diformate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O GMDNUWQNDQDBNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NKBDSFGVUTVKAD-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;pentanedioate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCC([O-])=O NKBDSFGVUTVKAD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- APLYTANMTDCWTA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;phthalate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O APLYTANMTDCWTA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AICDYVDWYUUUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;propanedioate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])=O AICDYVDWYUUUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
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- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BHVPEUGTPDJECS-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diformate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O BHVPEUGTPDJECS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RGVLTEMOWXGQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O RGVLTEMOWXGQOS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VZTJFWPCNVIPHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);pentanedioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCC([O-])=O VZTJFWPCNVIPHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZGIHUCQOMWIMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);propanoate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O ZGIHUCQOMWIMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YZDKJTBRCYOBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese;propanedioic acid Chemical compound [Mn].OC(=O)CC(O)=O YZDKJTBRCYOBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001160 methoxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
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- TXCOQXKFOPSCPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J molybdenum(4+);tetraacetate Chemical compound [Mo+4].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O TXCOQXKFOPSCPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- ITUCOQTVTSFGRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium;butanoate Chemical compound [Sr+2].CCCC([O-])=O.CCCC([O-])=O ITUCOQTVTSFGRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RXSHXLOMRZJCLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium;diacetate Chemical compound [Sr+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O RXSHXLOMRZJCLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FXWRHZACHXRMCI-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium;diformate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O FXWRHZACHXRMCI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AYNNBBQUOJKZJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium;pentanedioate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]C(=O)CCCC([O-])=O AYNNBBQUOJKZJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KGCOMQDJRDGWDD-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium;phthalate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O KGCOMQDJRDGWDD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LVZZABGEQTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium;propanedioate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])=O LVZZABGEQTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKUCEQDKBKYEJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-(methylamino)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CNC1CCN(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C1 OKUCEQDKBKYEJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003518 tetracenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QKTRRACPJVYJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CN=C2SN=NC2=C1 QKTRRACPJVYJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- YJGJRYWNNHUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-J triacetyloxystannyl acetate Chemical compound [Sn+4].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJGJRYWNNHUESM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- YWBFPKPWMSWWEA-UHFFFAOYSA-O triazolopyrimidine Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC(C=2N=C3N=CN[N+]3=C(NCC=3C=CN=CC=3)C=2)=C1 YWBFPKPWMSWWEA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- SRWMQSFFRFWREA-UHFFFAOYSA-M zinc formate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C=O SRWMQSFFRFWREA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AGFGXVAAIXIOFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;butanedioate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O AGFGXVAAIXIOFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WDHVIZKSFZNHJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;butanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCC([O-])=O.CCCC([O-])=O WDHVIZKSFZNHJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZPEJZWGMHAKWNL-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;oxalate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZPEJZWGMHAKWNL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UXDZLUCNRYCZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;phthalate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O UXDZLUCNRYCZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XDWXRAYGALQIFG-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;propanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O XDWXRAYGALQIFG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
- C07C49/92—Ketonic chelates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/152—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising zinc oxide, e.g. ZnO
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/381—Metal complexes comprising a group IIB metal element, e.g. comprising cadmium, mercury or zinc
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
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Description
M(X)a (1)
上記(1)式において、Mはアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、2B、3B族の金属、遷移金属から成る群より選ばれ、Xはハロゲン、カルボキシラート基、アルコキシ基、アルキル基、および下式で表されるアセトナート基から選ばれ、aはMの価数に応じて決まる、正の整数である。
図1は、実施の形態に係る光電変換素子10の構成を示す概略断面図である。本実施の形態の光電変換素子10は有機半導体を含む光電変換層を有する有機薄膜太陽電池である。
M(X)a (1)
上記(1)式において、Mはアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、2B、3B族の金属、遷移金属から成る群より選ばれ、Xはハロゲン、カルボキシラート基、アルコキシ基、アルキル基、および下式で表されるアセトナート基から選ばれ、aはMの価数に応じて決まる、正の整数である。
また、上述した物質の反応物とは、部分的あるいは全て加水分解したり、部分的に縮合した中間生成物を指す。具体的には、例えば、上述した物質を含む溶液を基板に塗布し、100℃以上150℃以下で加熱することで形成されるものや、前記(1)式中のXがカルボキシラート基または、アセトナート基である場合、電子輸送層中のカルボキシル基吸収係数が0.5×105cm−1以上2.5×105cm−1以下であるものが望ましい。
加熱温度が100℃未満だと、電子輸送層として機能せず、光電変換性能が著しく低下したり、全く光電変換しなくなる。一方、加熱温度が150℃を超えると、イオン化ポテンシャルが大きくなりすぎ、光電変換性能が低下する。
また、前記溶液は、上記(1)式で表される材料を、所定の溶媒に溶解させることで作製することができる。溶媒としては、上記(1)式で表される材料を溶解できれば特に限定されないが、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、1−プロパノール、2−メトキシエタノール、2-エトキシエタノールなどのアルコール系溶媒や、それらの混合物などが挙げられる。
また、前記溶液中の上記(1)式で表される材料の濃度は、特に限定されないが、1mg〜1g/ml、好ましくは、5mg〜500mg/ml、さらに好ましくは10mg〜100mg/mlが望ましい。
また、電子輸送層を形成するのに好ましい材料としては、酢酸亜鉛、酢酸マグネシウム、アルミニウムアセチルアセトナート、塩化アルミニウム、ガリウムアセチルアセトナート、塩化ガリウム、亜鉛アセチルアセトナート、塩化亜鉛、ジエチル亜鉛が望ましく、中でも、酢酸亜鉛がもっとも望ましい。
好ましくは、フラーレン、フラーレン誘導体である。なお、フラーレンとは、C60、C70、C76、C78、C80、C82、C84、C90、C96、C240、C540、ミックスドフラーレン、フラーレンナノチューブを表し、フラーレン誘導体とはこれらに置換基が付加された化合物のことを表す。
また、Yは置換基を表す。置換基としては、前述のWを用いることができる。
置換基として好ましくは、アルキル基、アリール基、又は複素環基であり、好ましいもの及びそれらの好ましい具体例はWで示したものが挙げられる。アルキル基としてさらに好ましくは、炭素数1〜12のアルキル基であり、アリール基、及び複素環基として好ましくは、ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナントレン環、フルオレン環、トリフェニレン環、ナフタセン環、ビフェニル環、ピロール環、フラン環、チオフェン環、イミダゾール環、オキサゾール環、チアゾール環、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、ピリミジン環、ピリダジン環、インドリジン環、インドール環、ベンゾフラン環、ベンゾチオフェン環、イソベンゾフラン環、ベンズイミダゾール環、イミダゾピリジン環、キノリジン環、キノリン環、フタラジン環、ナフチリジン環、キノキサリン環、キノキサゾリン環、イソキノリン環、カルバゾール環、フェナントリジン環、アクリジン環、フェナントロリン環、チアントレン環、クロメン環、キサンテン環、フェノキサチイン環、フェノチアジン環、またはフェナジン環であり、さらに好ましくは、ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナントレン環、ピリジン環、イミダゾール環、オキサゾール環、またはチアゾール環であり、特に好ましくはベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、またはピリジン環である。これらはさらに置換基を有していてもよく、その置換基は可能な限り結合して環を形成してもよい。なお、nが2以上のとき複数のYは同一であっても異なっていてもよい。また、複数のXは可能な限り結合して環を形成してもよい。
紫外線をブロックする手段を設ける位置は、素子を紫外線からブロックできれば特に限定されないが、光照射側の基板表面に上述したような紫外線ブロック機能を有する層を設けたり、紫外線ブロック機能を有するフィルムを貼り付けることや、光照射側基板として、紫外線ブロック機能付のものを使用することや、光照射側基板と透明導電膜との間に紫外線ブロック機能を有する層を設けることや、サブストレート構造(金属電極側から積層した構造)の素子の場合には、封止材に紫外線ブロック機能を付与したものを使用することなどが挙げられる。
ブロックする紫外線の波長領域としては、特に限定されないが、330nm以下、好ましくは350nm以下、より好ましくは、370nm以下、さらに好ましくは390nm以下、もっと好ましくは400nm以下、の波長領域で、透過率が10%以下、好ましくは1%以下、さらに好ましくは0.1%以下が望ましい。
<負極の形成>
ITOをスパッタ法により成膜したガラス基板(面抵抗値15Ω/□)を洗浄して負極(電子取出電極)を形成した。
<電子輸送層の形成>
溶液塗布法により電子輸送層を作製した。具体的には、酢酸亜鉛・2水和物(アルドリッチ社製)を濃度20mg/mlになるように2−メトキシエタノール中に溶解させ、さらに、モノエタノールアミンを添加(55μl/ml)して溶液を調製した。上述した負極用のITO上に、前記溶液を2000rpm(30秒)でスピンコートし、ホットプレート上で100℃、5分間熱処理して電子輸送層を形成した(表1参照)。
<光電変換層の形成>
P3HTとICBAを質量比1.0:1.0で混合し、合計濃度が2.5質量%となるようにオルトジクロロベンゼンに溶解させた。上記電子輸送層を形成した基板上に750rpm(10秒)でスピンコートし、光電変換層を形成した。
<正孔輸送層の形成>
光電変換層を作製した基板上にWO3を抵抗加熱法により真空蒸着した。WO3層の膜厚は10nmである。蒸着時の真空度は10−6Torr以下とした。
<正極の形成>
上記正孔輸送層まで作製した基板上にAgを抵抗加熱法により真空蒸着した。Ag層の膜厚は100nmである。蒸着時の真空度は10−6Torr以下とした。
<封止処理>
上記のように作製した光電変換素子(有機太陽電池素子)を熱硬化性封止剤を用いてカバーガラスと貼り合せ、封止素子を得た。
実施例2および実施例3の光電変換素子の作製方法は、電子輸送層を形成する際の熱処理温度がそれぞれ120℃、150℃であることを除き、実施例1の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。
実施例4および実施例5の光電変換素子の作製方法は、光電変換層に用いるn型有機半導体として、それぞれ、Bis−PCBM、PCBMを用いたこと以外は、実施例1の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。
比較例1、比較例2および比較例3の光電変換素子の作製方法は、電子輸送層を形成する際の熱処理温度がそれぞれ25℃、60℃、80℃であることを除き、実施例1の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。
比較例4、比較例5および比較例6の光電変換素子の作製方法は、電子輸送層を形成する際の熱処理温度がそれぞれ200℃、300℃、400℃であることを除き、実施例1の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。なお、比較例4−6の光電変換素子では、熱処理温度が高いため酢酸亜鉛が酸化して酸化亜鉛となっている。
比較例7の光電変換素子の作製方法は、電子輸送層を下記のように作製したことを除き、実施例1の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。
<電子輸送層の形成>
炭酸セシウム(アルドリッチ社製)を濃度1.86mg/mlになるように2−エトキシエタノール中に溶解させ、溶液を調製した。上述した負極用のITO上に、前記溶液を5000rpm(30秒)でスピンコートし、ホットプレート上で150℃、10分間熱処理して電子輸送層を形成した。
比較例8の光電変換素子の作製方法は、電子輸送層の作製に用いる溶液として、炭酸セシウムの濃度を10倍にした以外は、比較例7の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。
得られた素子は、全く光電変換性能を示さず、歩留まりは算出できなかった。
比較例9および比較例10の光電変換素子の作製方法は、光電変換層に用いるn型有機半導体として、それぞれ、Bis−PCBM、PCBMを用いたこと以外は、比較例5の光電変換素子の作製方法と同様である。
各実施例、各比較例の光電変換素子について、室温で1000W/m2疑似太陽光を照射しながら電流電圧特性を測定した。得られた電流−電圧特性より太陽電池の光電変換効率を計算した。光電変換効率について得られた結果を表2に示す。
実施例1〜5、比較例1〜6および9、10の各電子輸送層中のカルボキシル基吸収係数を、FT−IR法を用いて評価した(Takashi Ehara*, Takafumi Otsuki, Junya Abe, Takaaki Ueno, Masahiro Ito, and Takafumi Hirayama, Phys. Status Solidi A 206, No. 9, 2139-2142 (2009) 参照)。電子輸送層の赤外吸収スペクトルの測定には、島津製作所製フーリエ変換赤外分光光度計IRPrestige-21を用いた。赤外吸収スペクトルを測定する際に、ITO基板上に実施例1〜5、比較例1〜6および9、10の電子輸送層に相当する膜を成膜した試料を用いた。測定の分解能は2cm−1、積算回数は256回以上とした。赤外吸収スペクトル測定結果から吸収係数を評価する為、電子輸送層の膜厚についても評価した。膜厚測定方法には、触針式膜厚計(Dektakなど)や、電子顕微鏡による測定を用いた。
各実施例、各比較例の光電変換素子について、それぞれ、Voc(開放電圧)を測定した。開放電圧に関して得られた結果を表2に示す。
各実施例、各比較例の歩留まりに関しては、以下のように算出した。歩留まりに関して得られた結果を表2に示す。
(1)同じ素子を10個以上作製し、光電変換効率を評価する。
(2)ショートしているなど明らかに光電変換効率が低い素子は除いた上で、光電変換効率の平均値を算出する。
(3)算出した平均値の75%以上のものを良品として、歩留まり[%]=100×良品数/全数で歩留まりを算出する。
電子輸送層のイオン化ポテンシャルは、理研計器(株)社製AC−3大気下光電子分光装置を用いて測定した。具体的には、ガラス基板上に電子輸送層溶液を塗布した後、熱処理を行ってイオン化ポテンシャル測定を行った。
なお、光電変換素子に組み込まれた電子輸送層のイオン化ポテンシャルを評価する場合には、光電変換素子の最外層に位置するガラスやフィルムの一方を剥ぎ取り、封止材や光電変換層などを溶媒で溶解、除去して、透明導電膜などの電極上に電子輸送層を残存させる。電子輸送層膜面より上述した方法により、イオン化ポテンシャルを測定する。
A.J.Bard著「Electochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications」を参考に以下のように実施した。
テトラブチルアンモニウム過塩素酸塩のo−ジクロロベンゼン0.1M溶液を作製し、内部基準物質として50mLあたり4mgのフェロセン添加し測定溶液を調製する。この溶液2mLにフラーレン誘導体を1.5mg添加し、掃引速度20mV/sにて酸化還元電位をポテンショスタットガルバノスタット(ALS製エレクトロケミカルアナライザーモデル630A)にて測定する。第一還元電位は内部基準物質として添加したフェロセンの酸化/還元電位(Fc/Fc+)を基準とし、第一還元ピークとその酸化ピークの平均として決定する。
なお、光電変換素子に組み込まれた光電変換層のn型材料の酸化還元電位の同定する場合には、光電変換素子のカバーガラスの一方を剥ぎ取り、光電変換層をo−ジクロロベンゼンで溶解した後、テトラブチルアンモニウム過塩素酸塩、内部基準物質として溶媒50mLあたり4mgのフェロセン添加し測定溶液を調製する。得られた溶液を用いて、掃引速度20mV/sにて酸化還元電位をポテンショスタットガルバノスタット(ALS製エレクトロケミカルアナライザーモデル630A)にて測定する。第一還元電位は内部基準物質として添加したフェロセンの酸化/還元電位(Fc/Fc+)を基準とし、第一還元ピークとその酸化ピークの平均として決定した。
Claims (6)
- 光電変換層と、
前記光電変換層の一方の主表面側に設けられた電子取出電極と、
前記光電変換層の他方の主表面側に設けられた正孔取出電極と、
前記光電変換層と前記電子取出電極との間に設けられた電子輸送層とを、
備え、
前記電子輸送層が下式の物質およびその反応物を含有し、
前記電子輸送層のイオン化ポテンシャルが6.0eV以下であることを特徴とする光電変換素子。
M(X)a (1)
上記(1)式において、Mはアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、2B、3B族の金属、遷移金属から成る群より選ばれ、Xはハロゲン、カルボキシラート基、アルコキシ基、アルキル基および下式で表されるアセトナート基から選ばれ、aはMの価数に応じて決まる、正の整数である。
- 前記(1)式中のXがカルボキシラート基または、アセトナート基であり、前記電子輸送層におけるカルボキシル基吸収係数が0.5×105cm−1以上2.5×105cm−1以下である請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記電子輸送層が酢酸亜鉛、酢酸マグネシウム、アルミニウムアセチルアセトナート、塩化アルミニウム、ガリウムアセチルアセトナート、塩化ガリウム、亜鉛アセチルアセトナート、塩化亜鉛、ジエチル亜鉛からなる群より選ばれる1以上の金属化合物およびその反応物を含む請求項1または2に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記光電変換層が1160mV(vs Fc/Fc+)以上の第一還元電位を有するフラーレン誘導体を含む請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記フラーレン誘導体がICBA(ビスインデンニルC60)である請求項4に記載の光電変換素子。
- 一対の電極と、当該一対の電極の間に位置する光電変換層と、一方の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられた電子輸送層とを有する光電変換素子の製造方法であって、
下式の物質を含有する溶液を塗布により成膜した後、100℃以上150℃以下で加熱することにより前記電子輸送層を形成する工程を備えることを特徴とする光電変換素子の製造方法。
M(X)a (1)
上記(1)式において、Mはアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、2B、3B族の金属、遷移金属から成る群より選ばれ、Xはハロゲン、カルボキシラート基、アルコキシ基、アルキル基および下式で表されるアセトナート基から選ばれ、aはMの価数に応じて決まる、正の整数である。
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EP2899219B1 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2020-01-01 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Conjugated polymer, and electron-donating organic material, photovoltaic element material and photovoltaic element comprising same |
JP6592429B2 (ja) * | 2013-05-27 | 2019-10-16 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングMerck Patent Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung | 有機電子デバイスの電子注入層における使用のための改善された電子移動組成物 |
JP2014241369A (ja) * | 2013-06-12 | 2014-12-25 | 株式会社クラレ | 光電変換素子とその製造方法 |
US10584202B2 (en) | 2014-04-14 | 2020-03-10 | Toray Industries, Inc | Photovoltaic element |
KR20170071520A (ko) | 2014-10-14 | 2017-06-23 | 도레이 카부시키가이샤 | 유기 반도체 조성물, 광 기전력 소자, 광전 변환 디바이스, 및 광 기전력 소자의 제조 방법 |
JP6005785B1 (ja) | 2015-03-25 | 2016-10-12 | 株式会社東芝 | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 |
JP6382781B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-15 | 2018-08-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 半導体素子の製造方法および製造装置 |
JP7014718B2 (ja) * | 2015-12-23 | 2022-02-01 | アファンタマ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | ディスプレイデバイス |
CN106711272B (zh) * | 2016-11-29 | 2018-05-11 | 华中科技大学 | 基于Bi基四元卤化物单晶的半导体辐射探测器及制备方法 |
CN107369768B (zh) * | 2017-08-07 | 2019-09-27 | 电子科技大学 | 一种基于新有机铅源的钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备方法 |
CN108365109A (zh) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-08-03 | 华南师范大学 | 一种乙酰丙酮铝阴极修饰的聚合物太阳能电池及其制备方法 |
JP6733832B1 (ja) | 2018-11-26 | 2020-08-05 | 東レ株式会社 | 有機太陽電池モジュール、その製造方法、電子デバイス、光センサーおよび撮像デバイス |
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JP3480298B2 (ja) | 1998-03-09 | 2003-12-15 | 三菱化学株式会社 | C60誘導体 |
JP3438571B2 (ja) | 1998-03-09 | 2003-08-18 | 三菱化学株式会社 | C70誘導体 |
JP4115674B2 (ja) | 2001-02-20 | 2008-07-09 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 炭素クラスターアニオン及びこれを含む金属錯体 |
JP2003196881A (ja) | 2001-09-03 | 2003-07-11 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | フラーレン系色素及びその用途 |
JP4279509B2 (ja) * | 2002-05-16 | 2009-06-17 | 住友化学株式会社 | 高分子材料を用いた光電子素子 |
WO2008060642A2 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2008-05-22 | The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York | High density coupling of quantum dots to carbon nanotube surface for efficient photodetection |
CN101529610B (zh) * | 2006-06-13 | 2013-01-02 | 普雷克托尼克斯公司 | 包含富勒烯及其衍生物的有机光伏器件 |
JP5675189B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-07 | 2015-02-25 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機電子素子用機能性膜 |
TWI393282B (zh) * | 2009-08-11 | 2013-04-11 | Univ Nat Taiwan | 具有電極反轉結構之可撓性光電元件及其製作方法 |
CN101654442A (zh) * | 2009-09-11 | 2010-02-24 | 大连理工大学 | 2-(2’-羟苯基)苯并噻唑螯合锌衍生物及其制备方法和应用 |
WO2011074411A1 (ja) * | 2009-12-14 | 2011-06-23 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子 |
JP5585066B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-14 | 2014-09-10 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 有機薄膜型太陽電池及びその製造方法 |
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